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Hawaiian Annexation

-1892-Annexation Club of US backed planters who organised in secret with the help of the US Marines overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and negotiated a treaty of annexation. This treaty was later rejected by President Grover Cleveland when he entered into office. -1898-congress voted for annexation

Jacob Coxey / March on Washington

-1894 -HUGE march of unemployed workers to make the govt. provide relief and more jobs. Unemployment=bigger problem now that more americans relied on a wage -however nothing happened

Pullman Strike

-1894 -the Pullman(RR) company has a town built for its workers and refuses to lower rent although wages are cut. -strike is led by Eugene Dubs, a part of the Union Railway Union. Militia is brought in and violence ensues then the military is brought in and shuts the strike down. -mail system is shut down and Dubs goes to jail -nothing achieved

National Association of Colored Women

-1896 -made by black women in reaction to the growth of segregation and disenfranchisement -through local chapters, black women arranged orphan care, homes for elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns -determined to carry domesticity into the public sphere

Plessy vs. Ferguson

-1896, supreme court case -settled issues of race and rrs, but NOT FAIR -Homer Plessy, one eighth black, was ordered to leave a first class RR car and move to a colored car. Plessy refused and was arrested -Court ruled that such segregation in RR did not violate the fourteenth amendment as long as the facilities were "separate but equal" to those of whites. -basically approving segregation until 1954, when brown vs. board struck it down

Teller Amendment

-1898, added by Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado to the war bill -disclaimed any US intention to occupy Cuba -assured Americans that democracy would upheld both at home and abroad

Florence Kelley / National Consumer's League

-1899 -Kelley was a socialist, hull house worker, and former chief factory inspector of Illinois. -She was the head of the National Consumer's League and helped in become one of the most powerful progressive organizations -advocated worker protection laws (better wages, hrs, and an end to child labor)

Gospel of Wealth

-1899 -essay written by Andrew Carnegie -advocated for the wealthy to distribute their wealth by sharing it with the poor because it is the "obligation" of the wealthy -Promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Open Door Policy

-1899 established by US secretary of state, John Hay. -feared US would be shut out of China, so the US sent letter the the major world powers, Japan, Russia, Germany, France, and GB that claimed the right of equal trade access to do business in China -Hay's note only got noncommittal responses -after Boxer rebellion Hay asserted a second principle in which China was to be preserved as a territorial and administrative entity.

Boxer Rebellion

-1900 -boxers were a secret society of Chinese nationalists. They rebelled in 1900 against foreign occupation. -US sent 5,000 troops to join a multinational campaign to break up the boxers seize of EU offices in Beijing. and Hay released a second open door principle

Insular Cases

-1901 -a set of decisions in which Congress decided the annexed people's civil rights and political status -Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were marked as colonies, not future states. Therefore, citizenship was not extended to those people.

Socialist Party

-1901 Socialist Party of America was formed by a merger between the Social Democratic Party, and a wing of the older Socialist Labor Party of America. -Emphasized the democratic process as a means to destroy capitalism. Drew strength from the west (which had reform movements and farmer-labor activism) -supported socialism in which working people own and control the means of production and distribution through community ownership -flourished in numerous ethnic enclaves 1904-1912, -Eugene Debs as presidential candidate. -splintered over support for World War I

Platt Amendment

-1902 -US forced Cuba to accept this proviso in its constitution -Blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except for the US, gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs when it saw fit, and granted the US a lease on Guantanamo Bay(became US navy base)

Mother Jones / March of the Children

-1903 -organized group of textile workers, mostly children, march to raise awareness to child labor issues. -limited success, awareness brought -Jones was a labor activist who fought against child labor and led the march

Women's Trade Union League

-1903, founded in NY by wealthy women -began in single city then grew into a national league -trained working-class leaders (Rose Schneiderman) -joined to fight for women's rights and labor issues

Elkins Act

-1903. Was pushed through by Roosevelt -Prohibited discriminatory railway rates that favored powerful customers. ICC was now able to fine RR companies for giving excessive rebates. Also the ICC could set what would be considered an excessive rebate. -increased powers of ICC

Ida Tarbell / History of the Standard Oil Company

-1904 -Ida Tarbell was a muckraker -her book exposed John Rockefeller's monopoly on oil and talked about his company as a criminal organization. -Encouraged breaking up monopolies which caused many problems

Lincoln Steffens / Shame of Cities

-1904 -Lincoln Steffens,one of the most famous muckrakers, wrote the book "Shame of Cities" -was first published in McClure's magazine -the novel denounced corruption in the american govt. -used dramatic language to expose politicians -focused on the philadelphia political machines

Roosevelt Corollary

-1904 -a unilateral declaration sanctioned by US military and economic might that said the US would police all the Carribean -turned the monroe doctrine upside down by asserting US' unrestricted right to regulate Caribbean affairs -resulted in US interference in the Caribbeans and Central American Nations for the next 3 decades

Niagara Movement

-1905 -W.E.B Du Bois met with a group of black intellectuals in Niagara Falls, Canada, to discuss a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks. -Pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices -1909,four years later, they were joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP

Lochner vs. New York

-1905 -supreme court told NY state that it couldn't limit bankers' workdays to ten hours because that violated bakers' rights to make contracts -This decision was backed by the 14th amendment which was used to protect contract rights and the freedom of workers from govt. regulation

Industrial Workers of the World

-1905, created by the Western Federation of Miners -IWW or wobblies, supported the marxist class struggle. Believed that through workplace resistance and strikes, workers could overthrow capitalism. And a new society run by workers would emerge -height in 1916 with 100,000 members, although divided by internal conflicts -sparked a number of high-profile strikes

Upton SInclair / The Jungle

-1906 -Sinclair was a writer and muckraker who later went into politics -his novel the jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry in Chicago. -gained a lot of attention in particular by T.R.

Pure Food and Drug Act

-1906 -prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs -partly passed b/c of Sinclair's "The Jungle" -food and drug administration was made to oversee compliance to this new law

Meat Inspection Act

-1906 -Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines. -In response to Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle

Hepburn Act

-1906. Pushed by Roosevelt -Increased the power of Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) -The ICC was now able to set RR rates

Great White Fleet

-1907-1909 -Roosevelt sent a Navy fleet of 16 white ships on a world tour to show the world the U.S.' naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Luisa Moreno

-1907-1992 -leader in the United States labor movement and a social activist. -She unionized workers, led strikes, wrote pamphlets in English and Spanish, and convened the 1939 Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española, the "first national Latino civil rights assembly", before being deported to Guatemala in 1950.

Muller vs. Oregon

-1908 -supreme court decision upheld oregon law limiting women's workday to 10 hrs -"brandeis brief" used data to back its argument and cleared the way for social science research to be used in court decisions -major victory for women -encouraged women's organizations to lobby for further reforms. -the case did not protect men and treated ll women as potential mothers

Root-Takahira Agreement

-1908 signed by US and Japan -Japanese recognition of the American annexation of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the Philippines and American recognition of Japan's position in northeast China and right to annex.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

-1909, emerged from niagara movement -Black civil rights organization in the US whose mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination" -fought for equal rights

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

-1911 -fire broke in Triangle Shirtwaist Company, and spread quickly. Due to locked doors(safety violations), many workers burned to death or jumped to their deaths -146 died -Shocked New Yorkers and led to labor reform and passage of safety/fire laws for buildings.

Federal Reserve Act

-1913 -Made the US banking system more resistant to crises like the failure of the knickerbocker trust company in 1907 which almost led to the collapse of the entire banking system -12 district reserve banks were created. They were funded and controlled by their member banks and had regulations imposed on them by the Federal Reserve Board. -Federal Reserve could issue currency and set interest rates. Thereby regulating the flow of credit to the general public

16th Amendment

-1913 -reenactment of the federal progressive income tax that rose as incomes rose. -1930s-1970s reduced America's extremes of wealth and poverty

17th Amendment

-1913 -required US Senators be chosen not by State Legislatures, but by popular vote -enhanced power of voters in many complicated ways

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

-1914 -amended the sherman act -left definition of illegal practices flexible and subject to the test of whether action lessened competition. -gave new Federal Trade commission's broad powers to decide what was fair, investigate companies, and issue cease and desist orders to anticompetitive practices.

Birth of a Nation

-1915 -popular film that glorified the KKK during the reconstruction era -publically praised by president Wilson -sparked revival of the KKK

Lusitania

-1915, Germany sent a warning that ships flying flags of the allies would be liable to destruction. -a few weeks after the warning, a German U-boat(submarine) torpedoed the British luxury liner the Lusitania (a passenger ship) off the coast of Ireland. -1,198 people killed, 218 were americans -the sinking of the Lusitania prompted President Wilson to endorse $1 billion into a US military buildup. -the next year the Germany agreed to the Sussex pledge to not target passenger liners or merchant ships unless they were carrying weapons

National Park Service

-1916, Wilson signs the act creating the National Park Service. -by 1917, 13 parks in the system -A federal agency established to help supervise/manage national parks and monuments

Selective Service Act

-1917 -Required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft -established a military draft in the United States

Zimmerman Telegram

-1917 -a dispatch sent by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman that was intercepted and published by newspapers. -The telegram urged Mexico to join the Central Powers. It promised that Germany would help Mexico recover lost territories(Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona) if the US entered the war. -this threat to the US changed public opinion. -led to US declaring war on Germany later that year

Food Administration / Herbert Hoover

-1917 created -one of the most successful wartime agencies -led by engineer Herbert Hoover. -Slogan= "Food will win the war" -convinced farmers to double their acreage of grain, allowing a threefold rise in food exports to EU

Committee on Public Information / George Creel

-1917 formed by Wilson to suppress wartime dissent -CPI was a government propaganda agency headed by journalist George Creel -goals: educate citizens about democracy, assimilation of immigrants, and ending isolation of rural like. Wanted to mold the US into one mass of war patriotism -distributed 75 million pieces of literature and enlisted thousands of volunteers to deliver short pro war speeches at movie theaters. -also wanted immigrants to become "100% Americans"

National Woman's Party

-1917, founded by Alice Paul after she learned she was dismissed by congressmen as a NAWSA lobbyist -NWP began to picket the White House. Members including Alice Paul were arrested for obstructing traffic and sentenced to 7 months in jail. They retaliated with a hunger strike that was met with force feeding. Their treatment shocked the public, drawing attention to the suffrage cause -confrontational approach to suffrage -led to 19th amendment

American Protective League

-1917-1919 -an organization of private citizens that cooperated with the Justice department and the Bureau of Investigation during WWI to spy on German residents suspected of disloyal behavior -made to counteract activities of radicals and anarchists.

National War Labor Board

-1918 formed -NWLB established an 8 hr work day for war workers with 1.5X pay for overtime. Also endorsed equal pay for women. -supported worker's right to organize in return for a no-strike pledge, which was a major victory to the labor movement. -established wages, hours, and working conditions -encouraged workers to join unions and helped organised labor grow

Boston Police Strike

-1919 -Boston police demanded a union and striked to get it. Strike FAILED -MA governor Calvin Coolidge fired the entire police force. A majority of the public supported Coolridge

18th Amendment

-1919 -Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages(prohibition) -attempt to improve morality and family life. -Repealed by 21st amendment

Fourteen Points

-1919 -Wilson's blueprint for peace presented at Paris Peace Conference and earlier that year to congress -embodied an important stand in progressivism, calling for open diplomacy: freedom of sea navigation, arms reduction, removal of trade barriers, and national self determination for people of the central powers. -called for creation of the League of Nations

Schenck vs. United States

-1919 -the supreme court upheld the conviction of a socialist who was jailed for circulation of pamphlets that urged army draftees to resist induction. -supported the espionage and sedition acts

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

-1919 -women's organization for sustained activism -WILPF denounced imperialism, stressed human suffering caused by militarism, and proposed social justice measures. -Jane Addams was a leading American member -faced serious opposition especially during the Red Scare

Treaty of Versailles

-1919, Paris Peace Conference was held in Versailles. It was a diplomatic victory -1919, The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and was created by the allies nations. However it is one of history's great catastrophes as it created conditions for future horrific bloodshed (WWII) -The treaty made germany pay $33 billion in reparations, acknowledge guilt for causing WWI, strip all military forces, and not manufacture weapons. Also made 9 new nations to act as a buffer to protect W EU form communist Russia. Established British mandate in Palestine

19th Amendment

-1920 -Gave women the right to vote -Cannot be deprived the right to vote based on sex

Palmer Raids

-1920 -federal agents invaded homes and meeting halls of suspected radicals. 6,000 citizens and aliens arrested and denied access to legal counsel. -led by the U.S. attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer

League of Nations / Article X

-1920 founded after Paris Peace Conference -an internal regulatory body that would eventually guarantee each country's "independence and territorial integrity" -the league would mediate disputes, supervise arms reduction -according to its Article X, the league would curb aggressor nations through collective military action. -Part of Wilson's fourteen points. He hoped it would end all wars

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

-1920, Sacco,a shoremaker, and Vanzetti, a fish peddler(italian self-proclaimed anarchists) were arrested for the murder of 2 men during a robbery of a shoe company. -convicted of murder, both went to jail for 6 years -1927, Judge Webster Thayer denied a motion for a new trial and sentenced both to death -case was clearly biased by prosecutors referenced to their ties to radical groups during the height of the red scare.

Hollywood

-1920, reigned as the world's movie capital. Producing ~90% of all films -in CA

Flapper

-1920s -a tiny minority of women who flaunted their boyish figures, wore knee-length skirts, and shocked older generations by smoking and wearing makeup. -The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. -became influential symbols of women's sexual and social emancipation b/c of movies and advertising -inspired immigrant women to buy makeup, wear flapper fashions, and dance to jazz

Harlem Renaissance

-1920s -emerged from social upheavals of WWI -celebrated african american culture. An era of black pride in Harlem, NY -talented black individuals moved to Harlem, a "promise land for blacks", and created bold new art forms and asserted ties to africa -African-American achievements in art, music, and literature flourished

Welfare Capitalism

-1920s -in place of unions -a system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employee's well being -pioneered by Henry Ford and others before WWI -had serious limitations in the tangible benefits it offered workers

Car Culture

-1920s and 30s -automobile became a popular possession that revolutionized American life -car sales=major role in economic boom(1929, $2.58 billion spent in US), by 1930, 23 million cars owned. Sales stimulated steel, petroleum, chemical, rubber, glass production, and created 3.7 million jobs. However mostly bought on credit which threatened the economy -highways and infrastructure(shopping, gas, drive in...) built around cars and driver. -RRs suffered, used less for transportation

Consumer Credit

-1920s many people, regardless of socioeconomic status used credit to buy things -"Buy now, pay later" -particularly perilous for those living on economic margins -contributed to the great depression -auto loans and installment plans were common

Jazz Age

-1920s spread nationwide and was popularised. Also signature improvised solo created -dubbed by novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald -Jazz=product of the Harlem Renaissance. Brought black music to center stage in America -Jazz: style of music that borrowed from blues, ragtime, etc. in which performers improvised around a basic melody while keeping a rapid ragtime beat. -Harlem=center of commercial jazz

Washington Naval Conference

-1921 -Military disarmament conference organized by the US govt. -attended by the USA, Japan, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, China, France, and Italy. -agreed to limit production of warships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Adkins vs. Children's Hospital

-1923 -court struck down federal legislation regulating child labor -voided the minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia. Reversed the gains achieve by Muller vs/ Oregon -caused membership in labor unions to drop

Dawes Plan

-1924 -Created by Charles Dawes, a banker -A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. -This circular flow of money was a success until the stock market crash of 1929.

F. Scott Fitzgerald / The Great Gatsby

-1925 -Fitzgerald wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" -"The Great Gatsby" illustrated the condemnable mindless American pursuit of pleasure and material wealth

The Jazz Singer

-1927 -The first movie with sound("talkie") -about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

-1928 -agreement in which many nations (United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states) agreed to outlaw war -Renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

-1930, enacted by republicans and approved by Hoover, despite being told not to be thousands of economists -charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries -triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, hindering global trade and creating greater economic contraction throughout the industrialized world.

Dust Bowl

-1930-1941, ecological disaster -severe drought hit the great plains(Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas, and Kansas). And with the native vegetation stripped, the land became vulnerable to wind erosion of topsoil. Winds hit and clouds of dusts rolled over the land -prompted a mass exodus

Stimson Doctrine

-1932 -In reaction to Japan's 1932 occupation of Manchuria -Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria(by force)

Bonus Army

-1932, vets protested -bonus army=a group of 15,000 unemployed WWI vets who hitchhiked to Washington to demand immediate payment of pension awards that were do to be paid in 1945 -the army's leaders unsuccessfully lobbied congress and the bonus army set up camps near the Capitol building -Hoover sent in the US army under General Douglas MacArthur to forcefully evict the marchers and burn their main camp to the ground. -Hoover's popularity plunged

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

-1933 -attacked declining production -authorized the President to regulate industry -the National Recovery Administration(NRA) was set up to implement the act. The NRA set up separate self-governing private associations in 6 industries who set their own prices and production quotas

Glass-Steagall Act / Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

-1933 -the act created the FDIC which insured deposits up to $2,500. The act prohibited banks from making risky, unsecured investments with the deposits of ordinary people -this act further restored public confidence

Emergency Banking Relief Act / Bank Holiday

-1933, day after FDR's inauguration -FDR declared a national "Bank holiday" closing all banks and calling congress into special session -4 days later Emergency Banking Act was passed. It permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves.

New Deal

-1933-1938, a few later as well -a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. most notably social security -FDR's plan in response to the Great Depression. Focused on "3 Rs", Relief, Recovery, and Reform -represented a new form of liberalism and of individual rights -had many critics

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

-1934, created to regulate the stock market -had broad powers to determine how stocks and bonds were to be sold to the public, to set rules for credit transactions, and to prevent stock sales from by those with inside information on corporate plans

Schecter vs. U.S.

-1935 -"sick chicken case" -declared NIRA unconstitutional because it delegated Congress's lawmaking power to the executive branch and extended federal authority to intrastate commerce -Schecter poultry company convicted for breaking the Live Poultry Code. The Court held that the code exceeded the powers of Congress because the activities it policed were beyond what Congress could constitutionally regulate.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

-1935 -FDR won its funding b/c election of 1936 was coming soon -under the direction of Henry Hopkins, the WPA employed 8.5 million Americans from 1935-1943 -the agencies workers constructed or repaired road, bridges, public buildings, parks, and airports -only reach 1/3 of nation's unemployed

Social Security Act

-1935 -had 3 main provisions. 1st, old age pensions for workers. 2nd, a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers. 3rd, a payment program for widowed mothers and the blind, deaf, and disabled -FDR limited the reach of the legislation and dropped the provision for national health insurance -milestone in the creation of an American welfare state

Wagner Act

-1935 -named after its sponsor, senator Wagner of NY -upheld the right of industrial workers to join union workers -outlawed many practices used by employers to suppress unions, such as firing workers for organizing activities. -established the National Labor Relations Board(NLRB), a fed agency with the power to protect workers from employer coercion and the guarantee collective bargaining.

U.S. vs. Butler

-1936 -Supreme court ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 AAA were unconstitutional -Said that its tax benefitted one sector of society

court packing plan

-1937 -legislative initiative proposed by FDR to add more justices to the Supreme court for every justice over the age of 70. -FDR wanted this to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that the court had ruled unconstitutional. at the time it would have added 6 new justices to the court. -Congress rejected this plan. Failed

Roosevelt recession

-1937-1938 -Economic downturn which happened when FDR tried to reduce government spending on relief and job programs. FDR cut the fed budget and WPA funding which halted recovery from the depression. -stock market dropped sharply and unemployment jumped to 19% -another blow to the president

Munich Conference

-1938 -GB and France agree to let Germany annex the Sudetenland(german speaking border of Czechoslovakia) in return for Hitler's promise to seek no more territory. -GB thought the agreement would guarantee peace, Hitler saw his enemies as week -FAILED. Hitler broke his promise and within 6 mo, Germany overtook Czechoslovakia and wanted poland next, and GB and France threatened War

John Steinbeck / Grapes of Wrath

-1939, novel written by Steinbeck -immortalized the "Okies" who loaded up their belonging and headed to CA to escape the dust bowl

Atlantic Charter

-1941 -joint press release between FDR and GB prime minister Winston Churchill that showed FDR's support for the Allied cause -called for economic cooperation, national self determination, and guarantees of political stability after the war to protect individual freedoms. -provided the ideology for the western cause -basis for American-led transatlantic alliance after the War's conclusion -but its promise of national self-determination set up potential conflict in Asia and Africa where EU powers wanted to keep their imperial holdings

Lend Lease Act

-1941, FDR convinced congress to pass the act -authorised the president to "Lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of" arms and equipment to GB or any other country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the US -1941, extended the lend lease to the Soviet Union after Hitler broke his nonaggression pact between Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union -unofficial entrance of the US into WWII

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

-1941, created under Executive Order 8875 -controlled money (price control) and rents after the outbreak of World War II to prevent inflation -also rationed supplies and authorized subsidies to stabilize prices

War Powers Act (1941)

-1941, passed by congress -gave president FDR unprecedented control over all aspects of the War Effort -marked the beginning of imperial presidency(far reaching use of executive power during the late 20th century

James Farmer / Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

-1942 -In Chicago, James Farmer, a civil rights activist, helped found CORE -CORE would become known nationwide in the 1960s for its direct action protests such as sit-ins. It fought for civil rights.

Japanese internment / Executive Order 9066

-1942, FDR issues the executive order 9066 in response to anti-Japanese fears -the order authorized the War Department to force Japanese Americans from their West Coast homes and hold them in relocation camps for the rest of the war. 112,000 japanese americans were ordered to move to desolate internment camps for "public safety" -few public leaders opposed the plan -the plan shocked Japanese Americans who were 2/3+ nisei(native born US citizens) -families were given only a few days to pack up their belongings and dispose of their properties and businesses

Office of War Information

-1942, established by FDR to take charge of domestic propaganda through films, books, and other media. (propaganda machine) -the OWI disseminated news and promoted patriotism -urged advertising agencies to link their client's products to the war effort, believing patriotic ads would not only sell good but inspire citizens to join the war cause.

War Production Board

-1942, made by FDR to supervise war production during World War II -the WPB awarded defense contracts, allocated scarce resources for military use(rubber, copper, and oil), persuaded businesses to convert to military production(Ex: Ford built tanks in exchange for tax advantage), and approved "cost-plus" contracts that guaranteed corporations a profit and let them keep new infrastructures. -prefered to deal with large businesses over smaller ones to secure maximum production. -American businesses made huge amount of military hardware which helped lead to the victory in WWII

Tehran Conference

-1943 -meeting between U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran -main outcome of the Tehran Conference was the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany(1944 assault on France) and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Zoot suit riots

-1943, LA, CA -at that time, hispanic youth formed pachuco gangs and dressed in zoot suits(felt hats, long jackets, padded shoulders, pegged trousers and clunky shoes) to show their rejection of middle class values -rumors that a pachuco gang had beat up a white sailor sparked a 4 day riot -during the riots, white servicemen roamed through mexican american neighborhoods and attacked zoot-suiters -the biased LA police only arrested mexican youth and wearing of zoot suits was outlawed.

Korematsu vs. United States

-1944 -Korematsu refused to report to a relocation center and said his civil right were being violated. -the court allowed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast on the basis of Military necessity. the court avoided ruling on the constitutionality of the incarceration program -this decision underscored the fragilities of civil liberties in wartime -It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Potsdam Conference

-1945 -Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. They gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier -The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaty issues, and countering the effects of the war.

Yalta Conference

-1945 -a major meeting of the Big 3(The US, GB, and the Soviet Union) at Yalta(resort town of the Black Sea) -the leaders FDR, Churchill, Stalin discussed important and controversial issues of the treatment of Germany, status of Poland, creation of the United Nations, and Russian entry into WWII against Japan -the agreements mirrored a new balance of power and set the stage for the cold war.

First, Second, and Third Hundred Days

-1st 100 days of FDR's presidency in which congress enacted 15 major bills that focused primarily on 4 problems:banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment -the new policies and agencies created represented the emergence of a new American state

Filipino American War

-3 years 1899-1902 -1899 fighting broke between US and Filipino patrols in Manila. Emilio Aguinaldo led rebels in a fight against occupying US forces in order to fight for their independence. -lasted longer and was more ferocious than the Spanish American War -US used savage tactics like burning crops villages and rounding up civilians to combat filipino guerillas -About 200,000 Filipinos died(mostly civilians and children) and 4,200 Americans died.

Hurons

-A Native American group that engaged in trade with the French -The French tried to Christianize them, and some even learned their languages and values

Squanto

-A Native American local to Plymouth at the time of Pilgrims -Taught Pilgrims how to grow crops and introduced them to the fur trade

Lord Baltimore

-A catholic aristocrat granted Maryland by Kind Charles I of England -The land was a refuge to persecuted catholics in England, and granted because of Charles' soft-spot towards catholics -Maryland also had 200 artisans and laborers

Joint-stock corporation

-A commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources -Stock is owned by joint shareholders -Allowed an increase in voyages to the New World, as the financial costs would be less risky for one single party

Hoover Dam

-A dam built from 1931-1936, with funding from the federal government, to control the Colorado River -it gave jobs to thousands of unemployed workers during the Great Depression

Quakers

-A developed form of Christianity that ridded extravagance -Persecuted in England, so they moved to America -Settled in Pennsylvania and ruled, in sense, by William Penn

Gullah

-A dialect that combined African languages and English that was spoken by black people in the Carolinas

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

-A federal agency established under the federal housing act of 1934 -made to increase homeownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. -changed the mortgage system and set the foundation for post WWII homeownership expansion

Puritains

-A form of Protestantism who sought out to fix the hierarchy of the Church of England -Believed in predestination- that God only saved a few chosen people from hell, and did so in an inalterable way -Left England when Protestantism became increasingly oppressive under King Charles I

Massachusetts General Court

-A governing system established by a few shareholders who were given said right by King Charles I in 1629 -Royals settled and governed the Massachusetts Bay Colony with virtues of self governance, political freedom, and Puritanism

Island Hopping

-A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific pacific islands important to the Allied advance toward Japan, and bypassing others -The US took control of numerous Pacific islands to get close enough to Japan to attack.

Tammany Hall

-A political machine within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800s and early 1900s) -in exchange for jobs and other social services, got votes from immigrants that kept politicians in office -gave the democrats a bad reputation

Bracero Program

-A program in which the US govt. brought in tens of thousands of Mexican contract laborers into the US to meet wartime labor demands -the braceros were paid little and treated poorly. Exploited for labor in oppressive farm conditions

Social Gospel Movement

-A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions (3rd great awakening) -the goal of renewing religious faith through dedication to justice and social welfare -optimized by Charles Sheldon's novel(1896) "In His Steps" which called for men to do what god was do in order to end social problems -stemmed from protestants in response to urban challenges

Mayflower Compact

-A system of self-governance created by the Puritan religious values of pilgrims -Created in response to the lax attention of British royalty to Plymouth -1620

Immigration Act of 1917

-Abolished the national-origins quotas -providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere -increased the number of immigrants allowed to settle in the United States

Ring-shout

-African-American slaves celebrated their religion, Methodist Church, by dancing and singing -a group would sing hymns while keeping a beat to which others would dance in a circular motion

Samuel Gompers / American Federation of Labor / "bread and butter unionism"

-After Haymarket violence, AFL made. -AFL comprised of skilled and well-paid workers who were interested in winning more corporate rewards. Small at first but grew drastically later. -led by Samuel Gompers, a dutch Jew cigar-maker for 30 years -Gompers made doctrine of pure(membership) and simple(goals that immediately benefit workers) unionism. Working to earn reasonable demands by bargaining with employers -mostly Successful

Pocahontas

-Algonquian princess of Chesapeake Bay Indians, daughter of ruler Powhatan -Saved John Smith, and later went on to live with him in England -Spoke up for Indians

Margaret Sanger

-American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. -As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. -1921, founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.

Frederic Remington

-American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the Old American West.

Town meetings

-An encouraged form of democratic representation in the Massachusetts Bay Colony political scene -Meetings were utilized to face the town's issues and to choose the members of their government

Headright system

-An institution in early English colonies that guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who bought an additional indentured servant to America

Indentured servitude

-An institution in which servants could be hired for labor on plantations for 7-year periods -Popularized in American colonies previous to their adoption of slavery

Hiroshima

-August 6, 1945 -As ordered by President Truman, the US drops and atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan -100,000 people died at Hiroshima, which was obliterated -prompted Japanese surrender

Nagasaki

-August 9, 1945 -As ordered by President Truman, the US drops and atomic bomb on Nagasaki Japan -60,000 people died at Nagasaki, which was obliterated -prompted Japanese surrender

Helen Hunt Jackson/ A Century of Dishonor

-Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. She also protested the Dawes Severalty Act -The book exposed the U.S. government's many broken promises to the Native Americans and unjust treatment of natives.

J.P. Morgan

-Banker -Buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. -Bought railroads, by 1900 he controlled 1/2 of the railroads in the nation.

Predestination

-Believed by Puritans -God only saves a certain amount of people from hell, and his decision is unalterable by human action

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson

-Believed that the Puritanism practiced in the Massachusetts Bay Colony was corrupt, in that it stressed access to Heaven based upon good deeds rather than faith -Resulted in their banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which stressed how much the Colony wanted a unified servitude towards Puritanism

Cowboy Era / Cowtowns

-Bison removal in 1860s and 1870s opened opportunities for cattle ranchers -Because of the long drive, cowtowns were made -cowtowns were made up of cowboys in saloons who had sold their longhorn cattle. For example, Abilene and Dodge City in Kansas -Cowboys were a diverse group of wageworkers on horseback who worked long hours for low pay herding cattle. -symbols of the "wild west"

Booker T. Washington / Atlanta Compromise

-Booker T. Washington emerged as a leading voice for black people. Born a slave. Believed social detachment and education were going to better black people's lives and lessen inequality. Avoided confrontation and focused on cultivating white patronage. -1895, Atlanta Compromise Address given at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta,GA. The address outlined the atlanta compromise and seemed to support segregation. Called for unity in things essential for mutual progress. -The agreement was that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law. -The Atlanta compromise was first supported, and later opposed by W. E. B. Du Bois and other African-American leaders.

Andrew Carnegie / U.S. Steel

-Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant who came to the U.S. in 1848 at age 12. Beginning with a job at the PA railroad, he worked his way up the managerial ladder. -1865, found success as an iron manufacturer -opened a massive steel mill outside of Pittsburgh PA which utilized the Bessemer converter. Used vertical integration -symbol of the "American dream" -wrote the famous 1889 essay, "The Gospel of Wealth" -U.S. Steel was made by J.P. Morgan who bought out carnegie steel. It was the first billion dollar corporation in the nation. Had a monopoly on the US steel industry..

George Washington Carver

-Carver was a freed slave that became a botanist and inventor -Carver called for poor farmers and freed slaves to grow sweet potatoes, soybean, peanuts, and other alternative crops rather than growing cotton -worked on improving soil quality -He promoted hundreds of recipes using peanuts but none were very successful -He received awards from the NAACP and was regarded as a very talented man even in the white community

W.E.B. DuBois / Talented Tenth

-Co-Founder of the NAACP, DuBois was another prominent African American political leader -Called for more representation and equal rights. No social detachment -DuBois also believed that education and a class of African American elite were necessary to get equality. This elite 10% would bring up the rest of african americans.

Civil Service Reform

-Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service(civil service laws.)(ex:pendleton act) -downside: tilted balance toward middle-class applicants who were good test takers -upside:put talented officials into office and prevented appointing unqualified party hacks. Also brought stability and consistency to govt. Reduced corruption.

De Jure vs De Facto segregation

-De Jure segregation was separation of races as required by by law -De Facto segregation was racial separation that exists as a matter of social custom rather than as a legal requirement

William Penn

-Designed and lead Pennsylvanian settlements in the image of the Quakers

Maryland Act of Toleration 1649

-Despite being a refuge to oppressed English catholics, Maryland was largely inhabited by Protestant artisans and laborers -Protestants had anti-catholic views that forced Lord Baltimore to make the Act of Toleration- stating that the colony was to be religiously tolerant to Catholics

Treaty of Paris 1898

-Ended the Spanish American War (War of 1898) -Spanish met military defeat -Spain ceded the Philippines to the US for $20 million -under a preliminary peace agreement, Cuba was liberated and Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the US

John Smith

-English colonist in Jamestown -Helped prosper corn growth with help of Indians -Powhatan and surrounding Indians were going to kill him before Pocahontas stepped in and saved him

John Rolfe

-English colonist in Jamestown -Responsible for finding West Indian tobacco for plantations -Chosen by Powhatan to be married to Pocahontas to create prosperity between settlers and Indians, but marriage fell apart and war ensued

Chesapeake colonies

-English settlement -Virginia and Maryland -Economic boom with tobacco -Indentured servitude was popular, then slave labor

Fireside Chats

-FDR's evening radio address to the American public -made FDR an intimate presence in people's lives, people felt they had a personal relationship with him

Red Scare (1920s)

-Fear of communism that caused hysteria among native born americans - The rise of the bolshevik leaders in the Soviet Union shifted hatred toward the Bolsheviks who were called "reds" after the color of the communist flag. Native born americans feared communism from incoming immigrants. -several bomb threats discovered directed towards the govt. -Mitchell Palmer, attorney general, used a bombing outside a Washington town house to incite public fear of communism. Palmer set up an anti radical division of the Justice Department(FBI). This division deported many aliens with anarchist beliefs. -Red Scare began to disappear after the summer of 1920 as no new stikes or bombings occurred.

Fair Labor Standards Act

-Federal Law that established certain minimum requirements for employee's hours, wages, premium overtime, age, and payroll records -part of the new deal

Office of War Mobilization

-Federal agency formed to settle issues between agencies related to war production during WWII -coordinated all government agencies involved in the war effort. Supervised the OES, and also the War Production Board and other agencies

Jamestown

-First English settlement (James I) -Settlers were looking to escape home or find wealth in gold -Swampy ground and disease lead to soaring death rates -Settlers rivaled Indians, who were ruled by Powhatan

Panic of 1873

-Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver) -stockmarket crashed

Marquette and Joliet

-French explorers who (in 1673) reached the Mississippi River in present-day Wisconsin -Expansion provided by these explorers increased the area for the fur trade

Central Powers

-Germany -Austria-Hungary

Massachusetts Bay Colony

-Governed by John Winthrop - A "city upon a hill" that showcased the Puritan lifestyle as having tight-knit communities dedicated to serving God and one another

Liberty Loans

-Government bonds sold by the U.S. Treasury Department largely through propaganda campaigns (like the Committee on Public Information) -Were used to raise two thirds of the cost to pay for WWI -americans were encouraged to buy to help pay for the war

Proprietorships/ proprietor colony

-Grantees own the land and can rule them however they want, as long as their laws somewhat conformed to England's laws

patronage

-Granting favors,giving contracts, or making appointments to office in return for political support. -giving party loyals govt. jobs

Allies

-Great Britain -France -Russia -The US traded with the allies during WWI and lent them $2.5billion

Henry Ford / Model T / moving assembly line

-Henry Ford was an automaker who pioneered welfare capitalism. He paid $5 a day, offered profit-sharing plan to employees who met moral standards. Also, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production -1908, Model T=automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company. First affordable automobile thanks to the assembly line. The car that opened travel to the common middle-class American -moving assembly line: a manufacturing process in which parts are added, as the semi-finished assembly moves from workstation to workstation until the product is finished. Resulted in faster production using less labor

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

-Hoover's most innovative program -provided federal loans to RRs, banks, and other businesses -lent money too cautiously. By the end of 1932 it had only lent 20% of its $1.5 billion in funds -not aggressive enough given the severity of the depression

Huey Long / Share Our Wealth

-Huey Long, a Louisiana senator, who broke from the New Deal by establishing a national movement with his Share Our Wealth Society -His populist "Share Our Wealth"program was made to spread the nation's wealth so ordinary families could buy goods. -The program promised to make "Every Man a King." Every family was to receive $5,000, supposedly at the expense of the prosperous, who were to be taxed 100% on all income over $1 million on all inheritances over $5 million. -Long threatened FDR's reelection in 1936, so FDR hoped to "steal Long's thunder" by embracing some of his causes.

Homesteading

-Immigrants from Europe as well as American settlers participated to better themselves economically -Union veterans received favorable claims and terms. -a family affair, success of the farm depended on all family members -faced environmental challenges (Insects, fires, hailstorms, tornados, blizzards, lack or resources) -by late 1880s, thousands of homesteads were abandoned as homesteaders fled after their farms failed -farming in west required new methods: Dry farming -Also the 160 acre plots were too large for dry areas where irrigation required irrigation systems

Northern Securities Company

-Important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled many RRS. -The company was sued by President Theodore Roosevelt -(1904) The first case in which the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) was successfully invoked to break up a business monopoly. T.R's first trust-bust.

Bacon's Rebellion

-In 1670's Virginia, land was ruled by a small and elite circle of Englishmen with royal connections, which left small parcels of it to freed indentured servants- who made up the majority of the population -Tensions escalated when Governor Berkeley exempted taxes from his inner circle and heightened them for landless freemen. Landless freemen were then revoked of voting rights -Nathaniel Bacon lead the rebellion and attacked neighboring Indians, demanding their land and voting rights

Pueblo/ Pope's revolt

-In 1680's New Mexico, Spanish migrants attempted to Christianize the Pueblo by arresting and killing their holy men -In response, Pope- a Pueblo man- lead a revolt to kill 400 Spaniards and 35 priests -The Spanish returned to the area 13 years later, realized they couldn't Christianize the Pueblo, and became friends -An example of their friendship; previous to the Revolt, the encomienda system didn't allow Pueblos to worship in kivas. After the revolt, this ban was lifted

Three Mile Island and Love Canal incident

-In 1979, the reactor core at a nuclear plant in Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, PA almost had a meltdown. Environmentalists, for years, had warned that this could happen. Now, the public became swayed towards the environmentalism movement -Love Canal was an area in upstate New York that was massively polluted with toxic waste. Woke the public up to the reality of dangers that could have drastic, negative impacts on the environment

George Washington Plunkitt

-Irish tammany ward boss/leader -gave families new homes after their previous ones burned down and offered other services -controlled 15th district that was made up of Russian jews and italians by 1890s. -favored "honest graft"(profits from insiders who knew which lands to buy) and made most of his $ off building wharves on Manhattan's waterfront

Nisei

-Japanese Americans whose parents were immigrants, but they were native born American Citizens -many sent to internment camps under Executive order 9066

Duke Ellington

-Jazz star(piano and composer) -white audiences flocked to hear him play -Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. -Influential jazz figure

John Collier / Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

-John Collier, and intellectual critic of past Bureau of Indian Affair practices(BIA), was the progressive commissioner of the BIA. Collier helped write and push the Indian Reorganization Act through congress -the Indian Reorganization Act reversed the Dawes Act of 1887 by promoting self-govt. through formal constitutions and democratically elected tribal councils. -This law gave Indians greater religious freedom and tribal govt. regained semi sovereign status. However, it was not compatible to some tribes and the BIA and congress continued to interfere in indian internal affairs and retain financial control over tribal govts. -a majority of Indians accepted the act's reorganization policy.

D-Day

-June 6, 1944 -the US invasion of France, retaking of france -largest armada ever assembled moved across the English Channel under the command of General Eisenhower. When US, GB and Canada hit beaches of Normandy they suffered terrible casualties, but secured a beachhead. -1.5+ million soldiers and thousands of tons of supplies flowed into France. the Allies liberated paris in August, and driven germans mostly out of France and Belgium -turning point of World War II.

Revival of the Ku Klux Klan (1915)

-KKK=white supremacy group formed in post civil war south -after Birth of a Nation released, a group of southerners gathered in GA to revive the KKK -motto="native, white, protestant supremacy" -recruited supporters across the nation -harassed blacks, immigrants, jews, and catholics with physical intimidation, arson, and boycotts -at its haight it had 3 million+ members including women and had serious political power -declined nationally in 1925, but remained strong in south

The Grange / Oliver Hudson Kelley

-Kelley started the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers that became popularly known as the Grange -the grange was a union of local farmers that joined to benefit themselves

Slave codes

-Laws that instituted segregation; black people couldn't buy guns, join militia, or own English servants -Created in response to the growing presence of Africans in the Americas, and the racial tensions that ensued

Chief Joseph

-Leader of the Nez Perce who tried to help them escape their homeland in Oregon to freedom in Canada in 1877. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations -Last resistance chief in Northwest

William Bradford

-Leader of the pilgrim's expedition -Oppressed Puritan coming from England

Calvin Coolidge

-MA governor -won popularity with his declaration during the Boston Police Strike that, "There is no right to strike against the public safety of anybody, anywhere, anytime" -nominated VP in 1920 -president 1923-1929

Metacom's (King Phillip's) War

-Metacomb's war was sparked by the lack of resources possessed by the Wampanog tribe and, when they tried to copy European styles of agriculture, Puritans accused them of selling at lower rates and banned them from trade -Wampanog's allied with neighboring Indians to attack English in New England- ruining one fifth of towns

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

-NY governor who initiated innovative relief and unemployment programs -1921, got polio -ran for presidency in 1932 and won easily over hoover -president 1933-1945, during depression -created the new deal

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

-New Deal environmental undertaking that sponsored dams and electrical projects -1933, funded by congress -integrated flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, and agricultural and industrial development. -dams and hydroelectric plant provided cheap power for homes and factories -the project won worldwide praise

Warren G. Harding

-Ohio senator who won the election of 1920 by a landslide against Ohio gov. James Cox -president 1921-1923. Corrupt administration -died of a heart attack 1923

Firing of Gifford Pinchot / US Forest Service

-Pinchot, the U.S. Forest Service Chief, was T.Rs friend. He was fired by Taft because he openly criticized ballinger, taft's appointee who was accused of shady Alaskan Coal deals. Was a major factor in splitting the Republican Party in election of 1912 -US Forest Service=Branch of the USDA established in 1905 to sustain the health, diversity and productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

Chickasaw Wars

-Pinned two armies of alliances against one another- the Chickasaw Indians (allied w/ British) and the Choctaw and Illini Indians (allied w/ French). -The triumphant Chickasaw Indians allowed for France to give land to the British -The French originally wanted control over the Mississippi River region

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

-Popular between the 1870s and 1930s -founded to minister to the spiritual needs of young men in cities -revival of Christian values in cities

Terrence Powderly / Knights of Labor

-Powderly was the leader of the Knights of labor who warned against alcohol use -The Knights were founded in 1869. They began as a society of garment workers in Philadelphia and then expanded to try and appeal to all unskilled workers. They accepted almost everybody and became HUGE. used strikes as a last resort.. Were decentralized -Believed ordinary people should control their perspective enterprises and only electoral action could lead to fruition of their goals. Also they wanted safety laws, prohibition of child labor, public ownership, govt. recognition of their right to organise and a tax on the wealthy. 8 hour day! -associated with violence

Indian War of 1622

-Powhatan's younger brother, Opechancanough, grew sick of English colonists and their attempts to Christianize Indian children -In 1607, O killed one-third of the English settlers in a surprise attack -In turn, the English seized Indian fields and food -The war continued back and forth for ten years

Initiative

-Procedure whereby voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters. -allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it

Prohibition / Al Capone

-Prohibition was the banning of alcohol in the US. A goal of protestants. 18th amendment ratified in 1917=culmination of prohibition campaign. 1920 took effect prohibiting manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the US -Al Capone: an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit (Italian mafia/mob). Distributed bootleg liquor during prohibition. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old.

Salem witchcraft trials

-Puritains believed in satan through wizards and witches existent in their world -It was common to "hunt" witches and punish them to death -The Salem witch trials elevated the situation by prosecuting three girls who experienced random seizures which they blamed on the witchcraft of their neighbors. Multiple people were killed after the case

Pilgrims

-Puritains who came to America to escape the oppression of the Church of England

Cornelius Vanderbilt

-Railroad Baron -1st made money in the steamboat business then moved onto the RR business and came to own a monopoly. Merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad. -popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

John D. Rockefeller / Standard Oil Trust

-Rockefeller was the king of petroleum. He left his career as a grain dealer in Ohio to join the kerosene business, borrowing lots of money to expand his business -His company Standard Oil of Ohio became Cleveland's leading refiner. he used vertical integration and pioneered horizontal integration. This company came to control 95% of the nation's oil refining capacity by 1880s (held a monopoly on oil) -1882, the trust is made. This trust entailed that a small group of associates(the board of trustees) hold stock from a group of combined firms and manages them as a single entity.

Square Deal

-Roosevelt advocated for americans to get a Square Deal -Roosevelt's plan that aimed to control corporations (Anthracite coal strike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protect consumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act) -aimed to help middle class citizens by giving all people equal opportunities and rewards

Theodore Roosevelt

-Roosevelt became president after McKinley's assassination (from 1901-1908). -Republican. -As president, he blended reform with the need of private enterprise and occasionally challenged cooperations. Reining in Big Business -Attacked trusts -loved nature -came up with the square deal

Theodore Roosevelt / "Big Stick" Policy

-Roosevelt became president after McKinley's assassination (from 1901-1908). a reformer republican. -Roosevelt's foreign policy: In international affairs, ask first peacefully but threaten to use force when necessary. "speak softly, and carry a big stick. By big stick, T.R. meant naval power

Election of 1912

-Roosevelt declared himself as the republican candidate, but Taft was chosen as the actual republican candidate. So, Roosevelt became the progressive party candidate. -Taft(Republican) vs. Wilson(Democrat) vs. Roosevelt(progressive) vs. Debs(socialist) -Wilson won! partially because many blacks voted for Wilson and because the republican party votes were split between taft and T.R.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I-1972, and SALT II-1979)

-SALT I was created in 1972 by Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev, and was a symbolic step towards the end of the Cold War arms race -SALT II was created in 1979 by Carter and limited bombers and missiles. Was later withdrawn by Carter when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan

Sinclair Lewis / Babbitt

-Sinclair Lewis was the most savage critic of conformity -1922, he wrote the novel "Babbitt" which depicted the delusionment of an ordinary small-town salesman. Babbitt was widely denounced as "un-american" -Lewis's work was found to be superb, even by critics -1930, 1st american to win nobel peace prize for literature

Sitting Bull / Great Sioux Reservation

-Sitting Bull was the chief of the Sioux who led the indians to victory in the Battle of Little Bighorn. HE also wished for his children to be educated like white kids -the Great Sioux Reservation was established by the Treaty of Fort Laramie, included 1/2 of South Dakota & the Black Hills

U.S.S. Maine

-Steel Hulled battleship. a US battle cruiser -1886, congress ordered it be built. -exploded and sunk in Havana harbor with 260 seamen lost

Indian Boarding Schools (Carlisle Indian School)

-Strict off-reservation schools where only english could be spoken. In addition to school lessons, boys learned farming and girls housekeeping. Utilized punishments to enforce rules. -made by reformers and missionaries for the acculturation of native americans (adoption of whiteways/ assimilation) -Native Families were exhorted, bullied, and bribed to send children to these schools

Syngman Rhee vs Kim iL Sung

-Syngman Rhee was the Nationalist leader of Southern Korea, and was supported by the United States. -Kim iL Sung was the Communist leader of Northern Korea, and was supported by the Soviet Union

Frederick Taylor/ Scientific management

-Taylor was a metal-cutting expert who invented scientific management. -Scientific management was a program of industrial efficiency in which employers eliminate all mental labor from manual labor. Experts were to be hired to create rules for the shop floor and workers were expected to obey quickly to orders without protest. Also, sometimes pay incentives were given to increase worker speed. -Scientific management was not successful. Too expensive and workers did not comply -however parts of Scientific management have been adopted by corporate managers

Reasons for French colonization (fur trade)

-The French colonized in Quebec (1608), where Samuel de Champlain turned the region into a marketplace for the fur trade -Neighboring Native Americans would buy goods from French in exchange for animal pelts

Halfway covenant

-The Halfway covenant was a document created to lessen the gap between the predestined few and their other fellow Puritains by giving them partial membership rights to the Church

John Winthrop

-The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , who firmly believed that England was "morally corrupt", which made his colony a so-called peak of civilization -He coined the term "city upon a hill" in reference to the model of Christian charity he believed the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be

Northwest Passage

-The idea that there was a water route that extended through the Americas to reach Asia -Inspired European expeditions to the New World -Never disproven until Lewis and Clark's expedition

Plymouth Plantation

-The plantation maintained by pilgrims -Provided pilgrims with economic prosperity

New Amsterdam

-The region occupying present-day Manhattan where Dutch settlers made trade posts for furs and other goods

Powhatan

-The ruler of Algonquian Indians in the Chesapeake Bay region -Urged for prosperous relations with colonists (guns, metals in trade), but wars eventually ensued (land-hungry)

Beaver Wars

-The series of military conquests preformed by the Iroquois, who were allied with the English. They fought against the French -Both sides wanted to monopolize the fur trade and expand their territory -Damaged the financial alliance between the French and the Algonquians

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

-The use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters -1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare (broke Sussex Pledge) and in response President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany .

Granger Laws

-Triggered by Greenback pressure -1880s -economic regulatory actions(aka laws to regulate rr) -29 states made rr commissions to oversee rr rates and policies, others appointed commissions to regulate insurance and utility companies -starting points for reform, although not effective

General John Pershing

-US general -Chosen by Wilson to head the AEF -waited to send in the AEF to help allies until they were a full strength late 1918

Dollar Diplomacy

-US loan guarantees in foreign countries and military interventions -1924, coined by Samuel Guy Inman -managed to get local loans repaid, but the loans often ended up in the pockets of local elites -gave money to countries in debt to use it as leverage.

Vertical vs. Horizontal integration

-Vertical: Pioneered by Gustavus Swift. A model in which a company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods. This model allowed for greater control over prices -Horizontal: Pioneered by Rockefeller. A model in which competitors are driven towards failure through predatory pricing and then invited to merge into a larger company (holding company)that controls many smaller companies.

Pequot War

-Violence erupted when the Pequot tribe allied with the Dutch and, therefore, killed John Oldham (an English trader) -In return, Massachusetts and Connecticut militia men partnered with the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes to murder 500 Pequots -In the following months, New Englanders toppled the Pequot

War Industries Board / Bernard Baruch

-WIB made in 1917 -WIB directed military production. At first it wasn't very successful, but after Wilson reorganised the board and placed Bernard Baruch at its head it ran successfully. -Bernard Baruch was a wall street financier and superb administrator -Under Baruch, WIB allocated scarce resources among industries, ordered factories to make war products, set prices, and standardized procedures

Election of 1896

-William Jennings Bryan(Democratic nominee) vs. William McKinley(Republican nominee) -William Jennings Bryan was also endorsed by the Populist party -William McKinley Won the election 271/176 electoral votes. -Many farmers and workers voted for McKinley after he changed his platform to allow for free silver. This change to allow some free silver secured McKinley's win -republicans had control over the Northeast and Midwest -McKinley's victory was a triumph for business

Woodrow Wilson / New Freedom

-Wilson was president from 1913-1921 -democrat. Labor interests and farmers=part of his base -New Freedom=Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. -passed landmark measures. Most notable, the federal progressive income tax(1890s, later 16th amendment) which rose with higher incomes.

Thomas Paine

-Writer of Common Sense -American revolutionary

Langston Hughes

-a Harlem Renaissance, African American poet. -defined the upbeat spirit of the Harlem Renaissance when he asserted, "I am a Negro- and beautiful" -described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem

Federal Writer's Project

-a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. -employed 5,000 writers, including the great saul Bellow, Ralph Ellison, and John Cheever -collected oral histories too, including 2,000 from former slaves

Fascism

-a anti-democratic movement sparked by the GD -originated in Italy during 1920s, developed in Germany Spain and Japan. -characterized by authoritarian, militaristic governments led by dictators(mussolini, Hitler, Franco-spain, Toko-Japan) -economic collectivism -1930s movements worldwide

Double V Campaign

-a black WWII campaign that stood for two victories for black Americans: a victory at home over racism and a victory abroad over fascism. -orchestrated by the Pittsburgh Courier, a weekly black newspaper. -called for integration and for the possibility of fighting for freedom everywhere. -united african americans under this double victory campaign cause

Popular Front

-a broad coalition opposed to fascism consisting of US and french liberals and western EU communists -supported many international causes(helping loyalists fight Franco in Spanish Civil War) -drew from many US social groups -not popular in US, but they did encourage FDR to take a stronger stand against EU fascism. advocated

Black Cabinet

-a cabinet of prominent African American intellectuals that advised New Deal agencies -Under FDR

Holding company

-a company created to buy and possess the shares of other companies, which it then controls. -existed to gain a monopoly over an industry by buying large number of shares of stock in as many companies as possible in that industry. (As seen in John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil corporation.)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

-a compromise between protectionists (supporters of tariffs and similar gov. regulations) and people who supported the free silver policy -the Act passed a higher tariff and ordered the Treasury to buy more silver for coinage

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

-a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955 -promoted industrial unionism which united all workers in an industry into a single union

Comstock Lode

-a immense silver deposit in Nevada -discovered in 1859 by Henry Comstock -built the boomtown of Virginia City which eventually became a ghost town in the 1880s

Bryn Mawr College

-a liberal arts women's college -First official college for women that offered a graduate education Ph. D. program. -trained women for roles in society -contributed to a growing middle class with more educated women who participated in their communities.

Francis Townsend

-a populist -a doctor from California who spoke for the elderly who had no pensions and feared poverty -created the Townsend plan which proposed giving $200 a month to US citizens over 60 who retired -created a movement in support for old-age pensions

Ida B. Wells

-accomplished radical reformer. An black woman -a tennessee school teacher, journalist, writer -led boycotts on white businesses, campaign against lynching.

Spanish American War

-aka War of 1898 -war between Spain, Cuba, and the US -originally a war between Spain and Cuba as Cubans fought for independence. The US stepped in later to help Cuba after learning of Spain killing Cubans in camps(Spanish atrocities). -1898-War declared by Spain on the US, sparking a US war fever. -US military force=superior to Spain's, especially the navy. -US and Cuba Win -many died from disease

Scopes Trial

-aka: the monkey trial -John T Scopes, a high school biology teacher who taught the theory of evolution to his class and faced jail as a result -attracted national attention as Clarence Darrow was a famous criminal defense lawyer defended Scopes while William Jennings Bryan spoke for prosecution -Scopes found guilty...later Tennessee Supreme Court overturned Scopes conviction

Grandfather Clause / Poll Tax / Literacy Test

-all ways blacks were barred from voting. Mostly in south -Grandfather Clause: if one's grandfather could vote, they were allowed to vote -Poll Tax: a tax required to vote -Literacy Test: Very hard/impossible literacy tests one was required to pass in order to vote

Colored Farmers Alliance

-an extension of the Southern Farmers Alliance made to represent black farmers

Rosie the Riveter

-an illustration made by Norman Rockwell and the War Manpower Commission -a propaganda character that symbolized women manufacturers. It was designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. -beckoned to women on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post to join the War cause -unfortunately these working women lost jobs as men returned from the war, they were paid less, and faced sexual harassment.

Lewis Hine

-an influential photographer and reformer -took a series of famous photos at Ellis Island of immigrants -used his pictures to draw attention to social problems such as child labor and the poor living conditions of immigrants in New York City.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

-arose 1920s to mobilize black workers and support black separatism -led by Marcus Garvey -4 million followers, including many new northern city migrants(great migration) -published the newspaper, "Negro World", collected fund for the Black Star steamship company -1925, declined quickly after Garvey was imprisoned

Vaudeville theater

-arose in 1880s and 1890s -Vaudeville customers could walk in anytime to watch various sources of entertainment(skits, music, magic, etc.) -popular among working class then later to middle class -1900s faced competition from movie theaters

Horatio Alger Stories(rags to riches dime novels)

-author were Horatio Alger Jr. -assured young readers that if they were honest, worked hard, and cultivated good character, they could succeed in the new competitive economy -characters often grew up in poverty in big cities -these stories were republished often

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

-began direct govt. regulation of the farm economy -provided cash subsidies to farmers who cut production of seven major commodities(wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products) in order to solve the problem of overproduction which lowered prices -made in hopes farm prices would rise as production fell -briefly stabilized the farm economy, but the acts benefits were unevenly distributed(large and medium farms primarily received the subsidies)

American Anti-Imperialist League

-began in late 1898 -these leagues popped up around the country -never sparked a mass movement -they campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines

Ellis and Angel Island

-both were the entry points into the country for immigrants. They were processing stations -Ellis Island was in NY and was larger, processing millions of immigrants per year -Angel Island was in California.

Tenements

-buildings that housed 20 or more families in cramped airless apartments -fostered disease and infant mortality -in urban areas

Montgomery Ward

-businessman -Built a mail-order empire -1872: first widely distributed mail order 'catalogue'

Conspicuous Consumption

-buying and using products to make a statement about social standing -Term coined by the economist Thorstein Veblen that refers to how people spend money in excess to show wealth

George Dewey

-commodore appointed commander of the Pacific Fleet by T.R. -instructed to sail immediately for Spanish-owned Philippines if war broke. War broke and Manila (Philippine capital) was destroyed in 1898. His victory shifted US attention to Hawaii

Josiah Strong

-congregational minister -1885, wrote the popular book "Our Country" which urged protestants to proselytize overseas. -predicted Anglo-Saxons would spread over the earth because they were the purest and highest civilization -Predicted the globe fully occupied, a competition of races would ensue (survival of the fittest-social darwinism)

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

-created by roosevelt and his followers in 1912 -offered New Nationalism(private property is controlled) to the people -roosevelt was the party's nominee for the election of 1812 -was the American part of a global movement for juster social conditions -party called themselves "Bull moose's" in a nod to T.R.'s combative stance

National Child Labor Committee

-created in 1907 -hired photographer Lewis Hine to capture the terrible work conditions in mines and mills where children worked. -impressed T.R. and led to him sponsoring the first White House conference of Dependent Children in 1909

Federal Trade Commission

-created under Wilson's economic reforms and the clayton antitrust act in 1914 -government agency that had power to decide what was fair in business, investigate companies, and issue cease and desist orders to anticompetitive practices.

Pearl Harbor

-december 7, 1941 -Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii -2400+ americans killed and 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, and 200 planes were damaged or destroyed -this attack united the American people -as a result the US declared war on Japan, and Germany and Italy declared war on the US who in turn declared war on the Axis powers

William Jennings Bryan

-democratic nominee for election of 1896 -wrote the famous Cross of Gold speech

Solid South

-democrats exerted almost complete control in the south for almost 100 years after the civil war -disrupted as the south later starts to shift to the republican party

Gunboat Diplomacy

-diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives -Ex:Matthew Perry and Japan

Detroit Race Riot (1943)

-during 1941-1943 many blacks and whites moved to detroit sparking housing shortages and competition for space and jobs. The number of blacks in Detroit doubled and racial tension grew. -riots began in Belle Isle and were exacerbated by false rumors of racial attacks in both the black and white communities. Free-for-all fighting lasted 2 days. The riot was incited by southern-born whites and Polish Americans against Blacks. -suppressed after 6,000 federal troops were ordered into the city to restore peace. -34 dead, 433 were wounded, and property destroyed

"City Beautiful" movement

-early 1900s arose -advocated more and better urban park spaces -parks included gardens, paths, skating rinks, tennis courts, baseball fields, and pools

Causes of the Great Depression

-economy became strained after risky speculation and easy credit of the 1920s -consumer lending topped 7 billion in 1927 -stock market fell in a series of plunges between october and november 1929. This crash caused the Great Depression -drop in consumer spending

Zora Neale Hurston

-embodied the energy and optimism of the Harlem Renaissance -grew up in prosperous black community, but faced poverty later on. went to college -believed African American culture could be understood without an heavy emphasis on the impact of white oppression -wrote short stories and novels celebrated the humor and spiritual strength of normal black men and women. Her work sought to articulate what it meant to be both black and an American

Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918)

-espionage act: prohibited interference with military operations or recruitment. threatened individuals convicted of obstructing the draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail. -sedition act: prohibited any words or behavior that might "incite, provoke, or encourage resistance to the US or promote the cause of US enemies -both defined treason loosely and led to the conviction of more than a thousand people

Fair Employment Practices Commission

-established by the Executive Order 8802 -federal commitment to black employment rights was unprecedented but limited -didn't affect segregation in the armed forces, and the FEPC couldn't endorse compliance w/its orders. -inspired black organizing against employment discrimination in hundreds of cities and workplaces

Revenue Act (1942)

-expanded the number of people paying income taxes from 3.9 million to 42.6 million -these taxes on personal incomes and business profits paid half the WWII cost

Dry Farming

-farming method for immense tracts in which deep planting is used to bring subsoil moisture to roots and fast harrowing (tool to level land and break up soil) is performed after rainfalls to slow evaporation -developed on huge corporate farms in Red River Valley of North Dakota

Axis Powers

-fascist Italy and Germany and Japan had a political and military alliance -1935, Rome Berlin Axis formed between Hitler(Germany) and Mussolini(italy) -1936, Germany signs pact to create military alliance with Japan against the Soviet Union -these powers helped Hitler seize military advantage in EU by 1937

"Range Wars"

-fights over water rights or grazing rights to unfenced/unowned land by competing farmers or ranchers/cowboys -barbed wire fences were built and cut down. Also shots were fired

Great Migration

-following WWI, the migration of thousands of African Americans to cities for jobs in heavy industry. This migration was from the south to the north -during WWI 400,000 moved to such cities -the population of black laborers supported industry -faced racial discrimination in cities

Red Summer (1919) / Race Riots

-following WWI, w/great migration -term coined by James Weldon Johnson a field secretary of the NAACP -summer and early autumn of 1919, which was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the United States, as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. -attacks on African Americans in 25+ cities

America First Committee

-formed by isolationists in response to the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies -urged the US to stay out of WWII -held rallies across the US. Had posters, brochures, and broadsides warnings against US involvement. -They convinced many parts of the US, especially the Midwest

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

-formed during the red scare to protect free speech rights, challenged the law's constitutionality (1925 tennessee law that bans teaching of evolution or any theory that goes against the bible) -ACLU intervened in the Scopes trial

League of United Latin American Citizens

-formed in 1929 to lobby for Hispanic concerns and issues -LULAC pressed the govt. and private employers to end anti-mexican discrimination

United Nations

-formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security; it replaced the League of Nations. -An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong.

Southern Farmers Alliance

-founded 1870s -took up issues of previous greenbackers and grangers -stood up against corruption of wealth and power by lending each other money to cut out the banks -in 1880s was the largest farmer based movement in the US -their success led to their expansion into the national farmers alliance(1877)

Forest Reserve Act (1891)

-gave the president permission to set aside land as parks and reserves from public lands. -millions of acres of federal land were set aside -First national forest conservation policy

Robert LaFollette / Wisconsin Idea

-governor of Wisconsin 1901-1905. Committed to more democracy -promoted the Wisconsin idea in which there would be greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on expert economists, for policy recommendations

Carnegie Libraries

-greatest library benefactor -1881, announced he would build public libraries anywhere where they would be maintained -by 1907, he spent over $32.7 million and built 1000+ libraries across the country -over his lifetime thousands were built

A Philip Randolph

-head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the largest black labor union in the country -announced plans to march on washington in 1941, after no actions were taken in Washington followings demands from black leaders to require defense contractors to hire more black workers. However after the Executive Order of 8802 the march was cancelled.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

-headed by General John Pershing -had to be trained, outfitted, and carried across the submarine filled Atlantic -Pershing sent 1 million+ against the tired Germans in the Argonne forest -60,000 sent to support the french defense

Father Charles Coughlin

-huge critic of the New Deal. -Anti-semite radio priest who believed FDR and democrats had gone far enough in their effort to ensure social welfare of all citizens. Wanted FDR to nationalize the banks -at his peak had radio audience of 30 million

Bonanza Farming

-huge factory-like farms (thousands of acres) that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; -instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

Mary McLeod Bethune

-important appointee to the black cabinet -born 1875 in S.C. -founded Bethune-Cookman College and served during the 1920s as the president of the National Association of Colored Women -joined the New Deal in 1935, and pushed New Deal programs to help Blacks

The Holocaust

-in EU, 1933-1945 -The systematic mass murder of 6 million Jews and other "undesirables"(gypsies, poles, slavs, homosexuals) in Nazi concentration camps.

"Code talkers"

-instrumental native american soldiers -these Navajo speakers communicated orders to fleet commanders which the Axis nations could not decipher because only a few understood the navajo language -they sent and received many messages without error -these native american soldiers were used to throw off axis powers and exchange important messages on the battlefield

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

-interventionalists led by William Allen White, a journalist -became vocal in 1940 as war escalated in EU(WWII) -believed in engaging with international developments

Executive Order 8802

-issued by FDR to avoid public protest and a disruption of the nation's war preparations -the order prohibited "discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or the govt. b/c of race, creed, color, or national origin". It also established in the Fair Employment Practices Commission(FEPC)

American Liberty League

-joined republican business leaders with conservative Democrats -the conservative league fought reckless spending and socialist reforms of the New Deal

Battle of Little Big Horn / George Armstrong Custer

-last military victory of the Plains Indians -1874, US wavered on 1868 treaty and attempt to make sioux sell their gold filled land. In 1876 Govt. demands Sioux report to federal agencies...Failed. After direct provocation of Lakota Sioux tribe(Sitting Bull) by Custer, other Sioux, Cheyennes, and Arapahos leave reservations and join Lakota. They camp by Little Big Horn River. -US army dispatches troops to force Indians back to reservations. -1876, Lieutenant Colonel Custer with 7th cavalry led 210 men assault on Sitting Bull's camp. The Indians killed all the men, including Custer. -Battle used by US to justify American Conquest of Indian "Savages"

Progressivism

-late 1800s -an overlapping set of movements to combat the ills of industrialization -had important roots in the city

Ghost Dance Movement

-late 1880s and early 1890s -natives believed that through sacred dances they could resurrect Bison and call a storm that would drive whites back across the Atlantic -drew on both Christian and Native elements -spread among reservations -The white response to this movement showed their lack of understanding

Frances Willard

-leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) starting in 1879 -she framed political demand in the language of feminine self-sacrifice (Ex: "Womanliness first" "Afterward, what you will") -confronted many other industrial issues(poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc.) -called herself a christian socialist -fought for women's rights too (vote)

Marcus Garvey

-led UNIA -urged followers to move to Africa b/c they would never be treated justly in whiterun countries -created Black Star Steamship company as an enterprise that would foster trade w/the west indies and transport blacks to Africa -imprisoned 1925 for mail fraud and deported to Jamaica -he and his followers represented pan africanism(people of african descent worldwide should work together politically because they shared a common destiny)

Herbert Hoover

-led food administration -president 1929-1933, at the beginning of the great depression -Republican

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

-legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the immigrant's nationality population living in the US in 1910

Political Machines

-local party bureaucracies that controlled elected and appointed offices of the govt. -Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services(jobs) in exchange for support.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

-longer term program then the civil Works Administration -mobilized 250,000 young men to do reforestation and conservation work -CCC Camps existed across the country -over the 1930s, the CCC boys built thousands of bridges, roads, trails, and other structures in state and national parks. -By early 1940s planted 3 billion trees -bolstered national infrastructure.

U.S Department of the Interior

-made 1849 -federal department in charge of the conservation and the development of natural resources, and Indian relations

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

-mexican general, american enemy -head of Venustiano Carranza's northern army in 1914 -1915 began attacking americans after breaking away from carranza -1916, crossed the U.S. Mexican border and killed 16 americans and raided columbus, New Mexico. President Wilson sent 11,000 troops to pursue Pancho. US and Mexican troops clashed and on brink of war...both withdrew, but US showed intention to police mexico when necessary -heroic robin hood to many poor mexicans

Nazi Party

-national socialist party -led by Adolf Hitler -came into power as Hitler became Germany's chancellor in 1933 -Reichstag invested all legislative power into the hands of Hitler who wanted world domination -fascist party and anti-semites

Alexander Graham Bell

-owner of Bell Telephone company -Inventor of the telephone (1876)

Gold Standard

-papernotes are backed by gold in the Bank's vaults -GB long held this standard. In 1870's and 80's U.S., Germany, France, Etc. also convert to gold -U.S. converted to the gold standard because geologists predicted the discovery of much more silver compared to gold which would upset the previous bimetallism system

Panama Canal

-part of T.R.'s desire for naval power. T.R. wanted access to two oceans with the Panama Canal. -1901, T.R. convinced congress to buy a 6 mi. strip of Panama for $10 million and $250,000/year future payments from Columbia. Columbia refused to sell. So the US gave assistance to a independence movement sparking a revolution. 1903, Panama recognized and the US gets lease on canal land. -1922 US pays $25 million to Colombia as conscience money -60,000 laborers hired to clear 240 million yards and make a series of locks. -took 8 years and cost thousands of lives to build -opened in 1914, giving the US commanding position in the Western Hemisphere

Neutrality Acts (1935-1939)

-passed to prevent nation from being drawn into overseas war -1935: imposed embargo on selling arms to warring countries and declared Americans traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk. -1996: banned loans to belligerents -1997: imposed "cash and carry" requirement to keep the US out of naval warfare(warring countries must pay cash and carry goods with own ships if they wanted to purchase non-military goods from the US.)

John Dewey

-philosopher -the Horace Mann of the Progressive era -believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed school should center around the child "child is the curriculum"

Gustavus Swift

-pioneered vertical integration -a Chicago cattle dealer. He invented the assembly line to improve productivity. His company, through vertical integration, was able to lower his prices to gain an edge over competitors. He used refrigerated rr cars to keep beef fresh in export and a cooling system. Used predatory pricing(low price to swamp competitors, then high price again)

Free Silver

-policy of expanding federal coinage to include silver as well as gold -believed this policy would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry -supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan, part of Populist platform

Grover Cleveland

-president 1885-1889 and 1893-1897 -democrat -vision of smaller govt. Shown as he vetoed thousands of bills providing pension for individual union veterans. -signed interstate commerce act -fought corruption -achievedcivil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

William McKinley

-president 1896-1900 -tariff advocate -not a reformer

William McKinley

-president 1897-1901, followed by T.R. -tariff advocate -not a reformer -took a tough stance during war of 1898 (spanish-american war) warning that unless peace was insured by Spain, the US would step in

Harry Truman

-president 1945-1953, came to office on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the last months of World War II -ordered dropping of atomic bombs

William Howard Taft

-president after T.R from 1908-1912. Beat William Jennings Bryan in election of 1908 -pro-business republican

McKinley Tariff of 1890

-raised the tariff to around 50%(very high) -forced farmers to buy expensive products -made the Republican party very unpopular and seem pro-business

Emilio Aguinaldo

-rebel leader -Leader of the Filipino independence movement. Organized resistance movement towards the US

Jane Addams

-reformer -grew up middle class -created the Hull House and focused on improving urban conditions and relations between classes

Teapot Dome Scandal

-scandal while Harding was president -concerned the secret leasing of govt. oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hill, CA -secretary of interior, Albert Fall, was convicted of taking $300,000 in bribes.

Jim Crow laws

-segregation laws that applied to public and commercial facilities and spaces -stipulated that "separate but equal" segregation between white and black was enforced.

Henry Cabot Lodge

-senator of MA -rival of WIlson -opposed Wilson's 14 points, especially article X, believing that it would prevent the US from from pursuing an independent foreign policy

Panic of 1893

-severe economic depression in US -Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. -Cleveland blamed -led to party shifts. South abandoned democrats

Newlands Reclamation Act

-similar to the earlier Republican policies to promote economic development in the West -The Federal govt. sold public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands. -this act fulfilled a demand of the unemployed men who marched w/Coxey's Army

Eugenics

-so-called science of human breeding -argued that mentally challenged people should be prevented from reproducing. Proposed sterilization of those deemed "unfit" -subsided in 1930s -broad impact. Not only were at least 20,000 people sterilized, but race was brought into those deemed unfit

Eugene Debs

-socialist -1890s founded the American Railway Union(skilled and unskilled workers) -Led Pullman strike in which luxury cars were boycotted. Strike failed and he went to prison where he was radicalized -1901 launched socialist party of america

Mutual Aid Societies

-societies that collected money from members and paid support in case of death or disability on the job. Also fxn. as fraternal clubs -mostly composed of people from a particular area -1903, 66 by Italians in Chicago

Keynesian economics

-spending program created by theories of John Maynard Keynes -argued for govt. intervention in the economy to smooth out the highs and lows of the business cycle using deficit spending and manipulating interest rates which determined the money supply -criticized by republicans and conservative democrats who didn't want govt. intervention in the economy -won wider acceptance as WWII defense spending ended the GD

The New South

-staple agriculture continued to dominate providing raw materials for the northern industries. But there is industrial development too. -Industrial regions emerge that make textiles,coal, and iron

Manhattan Project

-started under FDR, continued under Truman -a top secret project to create an atomic bomb before Germany could. All activity was hidden from congress, the public and VP -the project cost $2 billion, employed 120,000 people, and involved the construction of 37 installations in 19 states -assembled 1st bomb in New Mexico and successfully tested it in 1945 -created the weapon that ended the war with Japan

Slaughterhouse Cases

-starting in 1873 -a group of decisions where the Supreme Court began to undercut the power of the 14th amendment -For Example: U.S vs. Cruikshank(1876) case emerged after brutal killing of black farmers by ex-Confederates. Court ruled that voting rights were a state matter and violation of rights by the Klan were not in fed. jurisdiction. 14h amendment has limited rights and doesn't protect from vigilantes

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

-stock market crashed -Began the Great Depression and is known to be the most significant, detrimental stock-market crash to ever be experienced in the United States.

Muckrakers

-term coined by T.Roosevelt (negative term) -writers who focused on the negative side of American life by exposing the greatest ills of society. -profound influence inspiring reform movements to tackle problems from industrialization

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (1944) / GI Bill of Rights

-the Servicemen's Readjustment Act was a very influential program known as the "GI Bill of rights" -it provided education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans for men and women who had served in the armed forces

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

-the US navy's womens branch -100,000 women served -however they were barred from combat duty -they did clerical work, communications, and health care in the military

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

-the dream of Henry L. Dawes, senator of MA. to replace the outdated reservation system with homesteads for natives -through the division of tribal lands, indians would be forced into individual landholdings(homesteads) to also encourage assimilation and individualism -FAILURE: whites were able to gain coveted "extra" native land(15 million acres by 1894) and convert the last federal native territory into Oklahoma. Natives also lost 66% of individually allotted lands from 1880s-1930s because of fraud, Bureau of Indian Affairs mismanagement, and pressure to sell land.

Frances Perkins

-the first women named to a cabinet post -served as the secretary of labor throughout FDRs presidency

William "Boss" Tweed

-the infamous brains behind the Tammany Hall political machine -VERY currupt -Between 1865 and 1871, his ring stole millions from New York City before he was finally put in jail

Geronimo (Apache)

-the last military conquest of the west for the US -Chiricahua Apache leader, Geronimo, from the southwest protests to reservation life, in which desolate land has led to death by starvation for many. -U.S. army recruits other Apaches to track Geronimo and his band into the hills -1886, Geronimo surrenders for the last time and Chiricahua Apaches never return to their homeland

Long Drive / Cattle Trails (Goodnight-Loving, Chisholm)

-the long drive was a system ranchers adopted in which cowboys were hired to herd cattle hundreds of miles north to new rail lines -Cattle Trails were used to transport livestock from summer grazing areas in Texas to the railroads in Kansas. Examples include, Chisholm, Shawnee, Western, Sedalia, and Goodnight-Loving

Return to Normalcy

-the promise Harding made during his campaign -a dig at Wilson's idealism

Women's Auxiliary Corps (WACS)

-the women's branch of the United States Army -140,000 women served in WACS -however were barred from combat duty -these women did clerical work, communications, and health care in the military

Social Darwinism

-theory made by Herbert Spencer in 1870s -applied darwin's theory of natural selection ("survival of the fittest) to the social world of humans -rich people were the selected few -controversial theory

Great Railway Strike of 1877

-thousands of rr workers protested steep wage cuts by walking off the job -stopped rail travel and commerce -also people went into the streets of Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and Chicago to protest economic injustices and injuries brought on by the railroads. PA sends state militia to break up the protest and the crowd reacts by burning rr property and flipping locomotives -50+ died and $40 million in damages, mostly to rr property -those involved were fired and blacklisted -national guard made as a result

Louis Armstrong

-trumpeter -key figure in the development of Jazz's signature style of improvised solo -learned to play in Saloons and brothels -1922 moved to Chicago (South -> north) -he inspired other musicians with his improvisational skills and solos

Imperialism

-turn of the 20th century -a time of the quest for foreign markets in the US. Markets opened up by events of 1890s. -continuities between foreign policy were stressed between this era and earlier era of expansion -The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. -imperialists drew on racial theories

Referendum

-under Lafollette, Wisconsin citizens were given this right -The right to vote directly on a proposed law, rather than leaving it in the hands of legislators

Recall

-under Lafollette, Wisconsin citizens were given this right -the right to vote to remove unpopular politicians from office

National Origins Immigration Act (1924)

-used backdated census data to establish a baseline -future annual immigration from each country could not exceed 2% of that nationalities population from 1890 -drastically limited immigration from places that had little immigration prior to 1890

Gorras Blancas

-vigilante group of small-scale Mexican Americans farmers in New Mexico who were also populists -protested exploitative RRs and "land grabbers by intimidating RR workers and cutting fences on large anglo farms

Carrie Chapman Catt

-was president of NAWSA -led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration. pivotal in passage of 19th amendment -founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women

New wave of immigration late 1800's / early 1900's

-western europe migration began in 1840s with the potato famine. Groups included germans, irish, italians, and greek -eastern european jews come in large numbers after 1880s. Also Polish come. -Chinese immigration(RR) second wave after passage of Burlingame treaty -immigrants took terrible low paying jobs(mines, factories, rr, etc.). -nativist fear existed that immigrants would take jobs and destroy US culture

Lost Generation

-writers who survived the shock of WWI -dubbed by American writer Gertrude Stein

Cross of Gold Speech

-written by William Jennings Bryan -represented the chicago platform of free silver in order to better the working class and farmers

William Randolph Hearst

-yellow journalist -his coverage of Spanish atrocities during the war of 1898 fed a surge of nationalism -created the rival company to Joseph Pulitzer's New York World with the New York Journal. -although his coverage was irresponsible, he did expose scandals and injustices

Gilded Age

- 1870s - 1890s -time period of corrupt and stagnant politics with elections centered on meaningless hoopla -suggested America had achieved a glittery outer coating of prosperity and lofty rhetoric, but underneath suffered from moral decay. -In an economic sense, a select wealthy few and their "gilded" triumphs contradicted a rising crises of poverty, pollution, and erosion of worker's rights.

Royal colony

- A colony that was ran by the locals -King and his ministers appointed the governor and an advisory council -House of Burgesses still existed, but the king's Privy Council (committee of political advisors) had to sign off on all legislation

Barbados Slave Codes

- A legal system in which plantation owners had full authority over their slaves - Owners could beat or kill them - Instituted in Barbados sugar plantations

Visible saints

- Connects to predestination - Visible saints were those who had been chosen by God to go to heaven

Characteristics of settlement in Pennsylvania

- Designed as a refuge for persecuted Quakers coming from England - Encouraged to engage peacefully with the Native Americans and believed in religious freedom - Had cheap land and religious freedom

Forms of government in the British North American colonies

- There were colonial assemblies, town meetings, and local legislation

Reasons for Dutch colonization

- They wanted to find a trade route to the East Indies - Wanted to get in on the fur trade

Praying towns

- Towns designated towards teaching Christianity to Indians - They even translated the bible into Native languages -Created by the Puritains of New England

Thomas Edison

-(1847-1931) -inventor and entrepreneur -made lightbulbs, phonograph, and held over 1000 patents

Charles Lindbergh

-(1902-1974) -United States aviator -1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

House of Burgesses

-1619 -Representative government created by Virginian settlers -Created in response to an increase in migrants -Made laws and levied taxes, but notions could be vetoed by governor

Queen Liliuokalani

-1838-1917) -after the Hawaii monarch died, Liliuokalani took over in 1891. She was the last ruler of Hawaii -frustrated with treaties made with the US. An outspoken critic. -overthrown in 1892 by an Annexation Club of US backed planters and the US Marines. Continued to live in Hawaii but never regained power

Morrill Act / Land Grant Colleges

-1862, US government set aside 140 million federal acres to be sold by states to raise money for public universities -land grant college's goal was to increase educational opportunities across the country and foster technical and scientific expertise

U.S. Fisheries Commission

-1871 created -made recommendations that slowed/stopped the decline in wild fish -important step toward wildlife conservation and management. -in 1830s it merged with other federal wildlife bureaus and became the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Credit Mobilier Scandal

-1872-1873 -major scandal of the gilded age. -Credit Mobilier, a dummy construction company, was made by Union Pacific Railroad so funds meant for the railroad could be used for personal use -Dozens of congressmen and members of Ulysses S. Grant's cabinet were bribed in order for stockholders to escape conviction

Yosemite & Yellowstone National Parks

-1872-Yellowstone national park is made. 2 million acres of Wyoming's Yellowstone Valley is set aside to become the 1st national park. Its creation was motivated by railroad tourism and development of western industries. The Union Pacific RR company lobbied to establish the park in congress. Soldiers often arrested natives who hunted in the park. -1890-Yosemite National Park made with help of John Muir -Both preserved as public holding to serve as a public park for the enjoyment of the people -step in ethic of respect for the land and wildlife

Crime of 1873

-1873. a law completed in 1879 in which Congress chooses gold standard -US stops minting silver dollar -Greenbacks from the civil war are retired over the next 6 years and replaced with notes from national banks that could be exchanged with gold -sharply limited US money supply

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

-1874 founded, 1879 spread rapidly b/c Frances Willard became leader -launched women into reform -focused on domestic abuse due to male alcoholism. Was the first organization to combat domestic abuse -"Home protection"=motto. Blaming domestic abuse solely on alcohol -chapters around the country provided services/facilities (library, day care, soup kitchen,etc.) -encouraged women to join national debates on industrial issues. Taught women to lobby, raise money, and even run for office

Munn vs. Illinois

-1877. Regulatory laws challenged by companies -Supreme Court rules that states can regulate key businesses that were "clothed in public interest" like railroads and grain elevators -But to prevent businesses being impeded by state regulations, the "due process" clause of the 14th amendment (no state can deprive without process of the law) was used to protect businesses

Henry George / Progress and Poverty

-1879 -Henry George was a famous writer and economist. Responsible for sparking many reform movements in the Progressive era with his writings -his book Progress and Poverty, proposed a property tax b/c many wealthy people put their money into land. the tax intended to punish the extremely wealthy who owned a lot of land

Exodusters / Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

-1879, African Americans in groups of black communities leave Mississippi and Louisiana to escape poverty and white violence. 6,000+ left together in a mass exodus to Kansas -By 1880, 40,000+ Blacks in Kansas -carried few things with them other then their clothes and christian faith. -Benjamin "Pap" Singleton led the Exodusters

Salvation Army

-1879, arrived from GB to US -spread gospel message among the urban poor -offered services and assistance ranging from soup kitchens to shelters for prostitutes. reliable for help among poor -borrowed up to date marketing techniques -succeeded b/c it managed to bridge divide between social gospel reformers and protestants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

-1882 -This act barred Chinese laborers from entering the US -continued to be renewed and tightened until its repeal in 1943 -many chinese couples were separated

Pendleton Act

-1883 -passed in the wake of Garfield death by assassination -established a nonpartisan Civil Service Commision to fill federal jobs by examination -laid groundwork for a sweeping transformation of public employment -1910s act extended to cover most federal positions

Wabash vs. Illinois

-1886 -Limited the states' ability to control interstate commerce -Said only fed govt. could regulate railroads at interstate level. Cut down on grange laws ability to control prices. -weakened munn vs Illinois decision.

Haymarket Square riot

-1886 -protest by local german anarchists. Police try to disperse crowd and a bomb is thrown at them and several officers die. Crowd is then hit with gunfire -trial followed and 8 anarchists convicted for murder and conspiracy. Jail or hanged -damaged labor movement, particularly the Knights of Labor

Interstate Commerce Act

-1887 -counteracted supreme court decision of Wabush vs Illinois(struck down state's ability to control RR) -created Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to investigate interstate shipping, force RRs to make rates public, and suure in court to make companies reduce unreasonable rates. -response to farmer-labor demands

American Protective Association

-1887, started in Iowa by Protestants -the organization was a powerful nativist group that specifically targeted Catholics who threatened their Protestant dominance -sought to make all public school teachers protestant and to ban catholic office holders

Edward Bellamy / Looking Backward

-1888 -Edward Bellamy was a socialist writer -His book, Looking Backward, described a utopian society set in the 2000s which is based on socialism -written at a time when socialism started to appeal to Americans who were sick of inequity

Hull House

-1889 -a Settlement Home made by Jane Addams. one of the first of its kind. The idea for it came from a european settlement house -in Chicago, on west side -served as a spark for community improvement and class bridging -offered services(daycare, bathroom, playground) and community classes

Jacob Riis / How the Other Half Lives

-1890 -Jacob Riis was a danish journalist -his Novel exposed the deplorable conditions of tenements and poor immigrants. Utilizing photography to shock readers by showing the interior of tenements. -profound influence on T.R.

Massacre at Wounded Knee

-1890 -Lakota Sioux Ghost Dancers leave their reservation in South Dakota and are hunted down by the U.S Army -the 7th cavalry who catch the Lakota killed 150-300 of them -Whites feared the spread of their indian religion would provoke war

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

-1890 -first federal attempt to forbid any combination of trust/conspiracy in restraint of trade -hard to enforce -was weakened by the supreme court.

Alfred Thayer Mahan / Influence of Sea Power Upon History

-1890 written -US Naval Officer who wrote the book -In his book Mahan urges the US to enter the fray(battle), after observing that naval power has been essential to past empires.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

-1890, formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. -founded by Elizabeth cady stanton and Susan B Anthony -fought for women's suffrage. Able to give women voting rights in some western states, but suffrage was slowed by failure to gain federal amendment and losing state battles. 1911, suffrage picked up momentum.

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

-1890, formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. -founded by Elizabeth cady stanton and Susan B Anthony. Carrie Chapman Catt = president -fought for women's suffrage. -through support of its 2 million members into the war effort to prove patriotism to win ballot. members promoted food conservation and distributed emergency relief through organizations like the Red Cross -led to 19th amendment

Yellow Journalism

-1890s -a derogatory term for mass-market newspapers -Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers -William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published sensational stories and used this form of journalism to promote the Spanish-American War.

Ragtime

-1890s -music named for its ragged rhythm combined with a steady beat in the bass. infectious rhythm -became wildly popular among all audiences as it was a break from victorian hymns and parlor songs -made many black performers stars -scott joplin=composer of the genre -ushed in urban dance craze

Homestead Strike

-1892 -at carnegie's steel plant workers wanted higher wages. However, Frick, Carnegie's fill in, doesn't comply and says workers will be locked out and replaced if they didn't leave the union and sign new contracts -Workers get locked out and scabs(replacements) brought in. Outside the factory, workers battle the pinkertons (7 workers die, 3 pinkertons die). State militia sent in and strike is shut down. -nothing achieved

Omaha Platform

-1892 -populist party platform -power of govt. to be expanded as rapidly as possible to end oppression, injustice, and poverty

Populist Party

-1892 -started off as the people's party(kansas alliance + Knights of Labor) then became National People's Party, then finally the Populists -called for stranger govt. to protect ordinary americans -omaha platform -called for public ownership of RR and telegraph, protection of land from monopoly and foreign ownership, federal income tax on rich, and looser monetary policy to help borrowers. -represented grassroots uprising of normal farmers -Free Silver

Sierra Club / John Muir

-1892 -Founded by Muir, a naturalist, who became its first president, and his editor at century magazine -club dedicated to preserving and enjoying America's great mountains -oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US

Clean Air Act (1970) and Water Quality Act (1965)

Both environmental aspects of Johnson's Great Society -The Clean Art Act and Water Quality Act set tougher air quality standards and required states to enforce water quality standards for interstate waters

Comanches and Utes

Both occupied the Great Basin -The Comanches adopted horses into their lifestyles, which made them very powerful and excellent raiders -The Utes never had horses, and were almost wiped out as a result

Ways the Union and Confederacy funded the War

Both the Union and Confederacy had steep war costs, but the Union's Republican philosophies served their economy better. The South suffered from inflation. The Union: -Implemented the American System... -Heightened taxes on foreign goods, as well as tobacco and alcohol. Also taxed business corporations and the wealthy -Local banks were forced to accept federal charters and regulations so that the Union could maintain a strong central bank -Financed a transportation system. The Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies built transcontinental railroads. This connected the North to the precious metals out West and won the support of farmers, workers, and entrepreneurs -The U.S. Treasury made interest-paying bonds to help support war costs -Industry supported the creation of guns, food, and clothes The Confederacy: -Believed that the State should ultimately be left to pay for war debts -Built shipyards, armories, foundries, and textile mills -They refused to tax cotton exports and slaves, so only 10% of their war debts were payed through taxes -30% of the war debt was paid by wealthy planters and foreign bankers. This number was so low because the wealthy weren't sure the South would ever repay them -South payed 60% of war debts by printing paper money. This caused a huge inflation (prices in 1865 were two times higher than they were in 1861)

Cesar Chavez/ Dolores Huerta/ United Farm Workers (UFW)/ Delano grape strike

Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American activist who lead the United Farm Workers (UFW) with Dolores Huerta as a union for struggling migrant workers -In 1965, the Delano grape strike was a huge success for the movement. The UFW led a boycott against table grapes, which gained national attention. This would help lead to California grape growers finally signing contracts to recognize the UFW

Loyalists

Colonists who still favored British rule -Some people though that Patriots were protesting Great Britain to put forth selfish political aims, and some worried that all government in the colonies would be ruined and anarchy would ensue

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate army -Lee was a well-educated military man. He was a top graduate at the United States Military Academy, and had served in the Mexican American war. -General Winfield Scott had appointed Lee to lead the Union Army, but Lee eventually decided to stay loyal to his home state of Virginia by joining the Confederacy -Lee was an amazing military leader, and was able to unite his men and plan missions undoubtedly better than any Union officer -Although the majority of his battles were successful, Lee failed to preserve the Confederacy in the battles at Antietam and Gettysburg -These two battles turned out to be turning points. Everything went downhill for the Confederacy after their loss at Gettysburg, and they soon had to admit their defeat in the Appomattox Court House in 1865

Pentagon Papers

Confidential information about Vietnam leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg - The Papers uncovered that the federal government had been keeping information about Vietnam from Congress and the people -Congress ruled in New York Times vs the United States in 1971 that journalists have the constitutional right to publish any information they have, as long as it doesn't threaten national security

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Congress's decision to finally impeach President Johnson in 1868. Republicans had hated him for years, as they thought he was too lenient to ex-Confederates. He constantly vetoed acts made by Congress that punished the South during Reconstruction. He was also an unapologetic racist. -Angry after Congress had overridden his veto of the Reconstruction act of 1867, Johnson "suspended" (basically fired) Edwin M. Stanton (a radical Republican) from his position in Cabinet. Johnson hired Ulysses S. Grant for the job and, when Grant spoke out against Johnson, Johnson "rehired" Stanton -Congress used this as a technicality to impeach him, as he replaced a Cabinet member without their consent. In reality, Congress was looking for an excuse to impeach him because of their constant conflict

John Noyes

Created a Perfectionist society in America inspired by the Shaker community -Noyes believed that Fourierism had failed because it lacked religion, and believed that the Shakers were the true "pioneers of socialism." Noyes was inspired by their marriageless society -Perfectionists made a utopian communities in New England that practiced evangelical Christian values and had a complex marriage system

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

Created by Kennedy in 1961, the Commission issued a 1963 report that documented job educational discrimination -This group had a breakthrough when Congress added sex to the categories protected by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Women finally had a powerful legal tool for fighting sex discrimination

Second Continental Congress

Created in 1775 to create a sense of political unity within the colonies and make a Continental Army with George Washington at its head -Made in response to Great Britain's military presence at the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Battle of Breed's Hill

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Created in 1947 to lead covert operations against nations suspected to be aligned with the Soviets. John Foster Dulles was often involved in these operations -For example, when Iran's democratically elected nationalist premier, Mohammad Mossadegh, seized British oil properties, CIA agents disposed him and installed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the shah of Iran. He was widely disliked by the people, and this would make way for Iran-American tensions -Again, the CIA engineered a coup against the democratically elected president of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, who seized land from the American United Fruit Company.

AFL-CIO

Created in 1955, the AFL- CIO is the largest federation of unions in the United States. - The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations ended their twenty-year rivalry and merged to create this

24th Amendment

Created in 1964 to outlaw the poll tax in federal elections; made it easier for Americans to vote

Fair Employment Opportunity Commission

Created in 1964, the Fair Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination -Passed under Lyndon B. Johnson -Works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance. -It investigates complaints of discrimination; files lawsuits in cases of discrimination and is responsible for enforcing equal opportunity laws in federal departments, offices and agencies

First Continental Congress

Created in response to Coercive Acts, Patriot leaders made a new continent- wide body. - 12 mainland colonies were represented

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territories of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin -It prohibited slavery in these Northwest Territories, which meant that they were free states when they became states

Noah Webster

Created the first American dictionary, and helped to distinguish the U.S. from Great Britain by spelling words differently -Made his dictionary, "Dissertation on the English Language" in 1789 -Book was also known as the "blue-back speller" -Wanted the American language to be distinguished and different from that of Great Britain

John L. O'Sullivan

Created the term "manifest destiny" -Editor of the "Democratic Review", O'Sullivan introduced the term in an article that urged and rationalized American expansionism

Stephen Douglas

Creator of the Kansas- Nebraska Act -A Democratic senator of Illinois -Douglas simply wanted to create a transcontinental railroad that would prosper the economy of Illinois- his home state. The railroad was proposed to go from Chicago to California. -To create such a railroad, the Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Nebraska had to be made into states. These states were created, and left up to popular sovereignty, which went against the Compromise of 1850

Betsy Ross

Creator of the first American flag

Wilmot Proviso

Declared a ban on slavery from new land gained from Mexican-American War -After the Mexican-American War, America gained tons of new Southwestern territories. However, with slavery being hugely contested in politics, this brought upon the question of whether or not this land would be free or slave. -The Wilmot Proviso hardly passed in the House of Representatives, and greatly sectionalized Congress -Fearing that the controversy of the Proviso would eventually break apart the Union, it was killed

Philipsburg Proclamation

Declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would get protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain - About 30,000 African Americans took refuge behind British lines as a result

Griswold vs. Connecticut

Declared that it was unconstitutional to ban a person from gaining access to any drug or medicine that prevented conception -Gave women more control over their reproductive rights -One of the Supreme Court decisions made by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who spoke out for civil liberties

John Dickinson- Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Dickinson urged colonists to oppose Parliament and their taxes -His book circulated greatly among the colonies and helped spark an ideology for the Revolution

Juan de Sepulveda

Didn't think Natives were worthy of anything but slavery -Valladolid debate with Bartolome de Las Casas -Wanted to Christianize and enslave Indians

1968 Democratic National Convention

Divisions in the Democratic Party generated by the Vietnam war consumed the party and were exemplified at this convention. -Thousands of protesters stormed the city -The largest group of protesters were the "Yippies" who were a large antiwar organization -Democratic mayor Richard J. Daley ordered the police to break up the demonstration with tear gas and clubs

Decline of organized labor

During the 70s and 80s, deindustrialization left tens of thousands of blue-collar workers out of well-paying union jobs

The French Alliance

During the Revolutionary War, the French were allies to the United States. They gave us more supplies and more soldiers

Role of African Americans during and after the war

During the War -African Americans were offered freedom by the British in the Philipsburg Proclamation -Eventually, African Americans were allowed positions in the Continental Army After the War -The majority of African Americans who fought in the Revolutionary War returned to slavery after its close -African Americans were one of the main discussion points of politics in the new nation; the 3/5 compromise, slave trade compromise

Military-industrial complex

Dwight D. Eisenhower, in his final address to the nation in 1961, warned of the implications of the growing military-industrial complex -The military-industrial complex employed 3.5 million Americans, as it involved all of the science institutions and machinery that prepared for the Cold War -Although largely supported by Eisenhower during his presidency, he now warned against its great rise in the complex because it had dangerous implications

Colonial assemblies/ colonial voting qualifications

Each British colony had its own legislative body that was set up almost identical to Great Britain. The voting qualifications, like in Great Britain, were given to men of age with land ownership.

James Madison

Elected as the 4th President of the United States in 1808 -Some worried that he was "too timid and indecisive" to be President -At the beginning of his Presidency, he tried to replace the Embargo Act of 1807 with a new system that turned out to be a failure; this reaffirmed the belief that he wasn't fit to be President

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 -Although he's most famous for the cotton gin, Whitney had many other achievements -He began crafting things at the age of 14: nails, knife blades, hatpins -He always wanted fame, so he worked hard and got into Yale; he was sent to be a tutor on a Georgia cotton plantation, and this is where he invented the cotton gin -After he made the gin, other inventors immediately stole his idea. Fearing that he'd never find fame, he made military weapons in 1798 that produced interchangeable musket parts. These were also very successful

Freedman's Bureau

Enacted by Congress in 1865, the Freedman's Bureau aided displaced blacks and war refugees -Although it was vetoed by Johnson, an ardent racist, Congress overrode his veto -In early 1866, Congress voted to enhance their support of the Bureau. They offered federal funding to it, and authorized its agents to investigate Southern abusers -The Bureau is a prime example of how Northerners sought to preserve the Union during Reconstruction

Enforcement Acts

Enacted in 1870, the Acts authorized federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorists. -President Ulysses Grant used these acts to stop the growing violence of the KKK -In South Carolina, U.S. troops were positioned in 9 counties, made hundreds of arrests, and drove about 2,000 Klansmen from the state -Revealed how dependent Southern Republicans were on the federal government to stop ex-Confederate aggression

Encomiendas, encomienda system

Encomiendas were Spanish plantation- based systems where a conquistador (encomienda) had control over a vast number of Indians -Used for economic gain (labor) and social, religious Christian goals - This system was soon switched to include African slaves rather than Indians: Indians weren't immune to disease as Africans were and Indians knew land and Africans didn't

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker - An English philosopher who expressed a strong belief that the opinions and character of humans could be changed by means of education, rational thought, and purposeful action - His novel, "Two Treaties of Government" proclaimed that political power lied within people and their natural rights, not religion

Federalist Papers

Essays that interpreted the Constitution as something that would preserve the rights of the people -85 essays were written in the span of six months -John Jay got sick after writing 5 -James Madison wrote 29 -Hamilton wrote the other 51

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established America's 3 tier federal court system -Made under George Washington -The system was subdivided into 13 district courts, 3 circuit courts to which appeals could be made, then the Supreme Court

Equal Pay Act (1963)

Established the principle of equal pay for equal work no matter the gender of the worker -Passed under John F. Kennedy

Teach-ins

Events held at college campuses at which teachers and educated speakers talked about U.S. involvement in Vietnam -These were often used to spread the antiwar New Left

Cyrus McCormick

Famously used steam driven machines to make parts for farm reapers to be assembled on conveyor belts -He did so in the 1830s, when America had an increasingly present "mineral-based economy" of coal and metal -Increases in manufacturing like those done by McCormick scared the British, who feared that America would grow their manufacturing industries larger than their own

Antebellum growth of the middle class

Farmers, manufacturers, mechanics, and traders whose jobs rose in necessity because of increased American manufacturing created a distinctly lavish lifestyle that was rare of the middle class up until that point -Between 1830 and 1857, the per captain income increased by a whopping 2.5% each year in America -The growth of the middle class created a culture among these people: -Husbands could save 15% of income to fund nice lifestyles -Wives indulged themselves in music, books, and purchasing nice furniture and appliances for their home -They had Irish or African servants -They sent their children to get high-school education (rare for the time period) -Workers celebrated Protestantism by proclaiming that their diligent work answered God's calling, and believed it was their key to social mobility

Fetterman massacre

Fight between the Sioux Indians and whites. Sioux victory. -In 1866, 1,500 Sioux warriors executed a perfect ambush. They lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 of his soldiers out from their fort in Wyoming, and wiped them out -Sioux were able to close the Bozeman trail, which was a army road that was the main route to Montana

General location of Spanish settlement in the Americas

Florida, Mexico, Southwestern, and Pacific coastal regions

American GI Forum

Formed by World War II Veterans in 1948, the American GI Forum protested the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans -Arose to address specific local injustices (such as the segregation of military cemeteries), but then broadened to encompass political and economic justices for the larger community

National Woman Suffrage Association

Founded by Elizabeth Lady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1869. Didn't support the 15th amendment, as they believed it should've given women the right to vote along with blacks -Considered more radical, as they pursued a national campaign. Their end goal was for Congress to pass an amendment that gave women the right to vote -Published a newspaper called The Revolution that covered issues like women's rights to education and divorce

American Women Suffrage Association

Founded by Lucy Stone and her husband in 1869. Supported the passage of the 15th amendment (allowed black people to vote) -Focused on a state-by-state campaign to promote women's equality -Created a paper called The Women's Journal to endorse their movements -Republicans that hoped women's rights would come once Reconstruction was finished -Had more of a following because it was a generally moderate suffragette movement. Men even followed it

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)/ Fannie Lou Hamer

Founded during the Freedom Summer (1964), the MFDP was made up of black democrats who had been banned from the whites only Mississippi Democratic Party -Fannie Lou Hamer, a civil rights activist, inspired the MFDP to challenge the nation's leading democrats (including Lyndon Johnson) to question the morality of not recognizing the Party based upon their race -Despite their pleas, the Democrats at the Mississippi delegation refused to recognize the MFDP

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Founded in 1942 to encourage nonviolent direct action towards gaining racial equality -In 1947, they led the Journey of Reconciliation against southern segregation -At the same time after the war, thousands of African Americans used the GI Bill to go to college and get themselves into positions of power from which they could push against segregation

Lowell mill

Founded mostly by Francis Cabot Lowell, who copied British textile machinery, improved it, and made it in America. This is an example of one way that America competed with British manufacturing: better machines -Francis Cabot Lowell toured a British textile factory and made detailed drawings of its machines -He came back to America and had Paul Moody, a mechanic, replicate the machines and improve them -Lowell then brought together merchants Nathan Appleton and Patrick Tracy Jackson to create the Boston Manufacturing Company -The Company was a major economic success, the first American factory to fully produce cloth in one place, and its machines worked faster and required less labor than Britain's

Mother Ann Lee

Founder of the Shakers -The Shakers were a utopian community inspired by the Second Great Awakening

Franchise

Franchises were businesses authorized to provide consumer opportunities to a group of people, and were popularized during the 50s and 60s as consumerism increased with suburban culture -Franchise chains, like McDonalds, grew in popularity during this era

Gamal Abder Nasser/ Suez Crisis

Gamal Abder Nasser was the leader of a military coup that established a constitutional republic in Egypt. He instituted a pan-Arab socialism to end the Middle East's colonial relationship with the West -Eventually, negotiations with the United States over Nasser's plan to build a massive hydroelectric dam on the Nile broke down. Then, in 1956, he nationalized the Suez Canal. The Canal was the lifeline for Western Europe's oil. In response, Britain and France (allied with Israel) attacked Egypt and seized the canal -Eisenhower was worried that the attack would push Egypt to side with the Soviet Union, so he urged Britain and France to pull back. When they did, Egypt reclaimed the canal and built the Aswan Dam with Soviet support. It was then clear that the West had lost Nasser as a potential ally.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Gave the national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce -New York law gave a monopoly to Aaron Ogden for a steamboat passenger service from New York to New Jersey, some people were upset with this -Because the Constitution gave the federal government power over interstate commerce, it was ruled that a steamboat could run between the two states

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality

George Washington's decision to stay neutral in the French Revolution -Thomas Jefferson urged him to get involved to fight with France, as they had helped us in the Revolution -Both Hamilton and Washington agreed that the country was too fragile to start another fight

Barbados/ Jamaica settlement (sugar)

Great Britain established settlements in Barbados and Jamaica to produce sugar on plantations for Europe -British had their own market for sugar -These settlements had majority slave populations, unlike other colonies -Enforced chattel slavery and codes to diminish slave laborers to property

Virtual representation

Great Britian's argument that, because colonists lived on British lands, Parliament spoke in their interests -This idea didn't suit colonists; they wanted representation in government

Declaratory Act of 1766

Grenville's successor, the Earl of Rockingham, repealed the Stamp Act and reduced the Sugar Act to tax molasses only a penny on the gallon. -The Declaratory Act then reaffrimed Parliament's power to rule supreme over the colonies, and constrain their political rights

The Pueblo Indians (Zuni and Hopi)

Grew as a result of the spread of maize (corn) into the American Southwest. -They built irrigation ditches and dams to cultivate maize -Planted squash and beans, which grow well in dry climates -Raised turkey and hunted antelope -Used the adobe in their environment to build their towns which included apartment-like structures -Traded pottery, baskets, and agricultural goods including maize -Some were patrilineal, other matrilineal -Men did most of hunting -Worshiped in underground kivas

Labor unions

Groups of laborers who unionized against their employers. This practice grew as manufacturing began to pick up in America -Although young women liked their positions as workers because of the independence it gave them, men were outraged to be supervised laborers. They stopped calling employers "masters" and workers "servants" and created the word "boss" to use in reference to their much hated employer -Workers got bad wages and had little job security -Workers who labored on specialized skills, like masonry or stonecutting, had a strong sense of identity. This made them more vulnerable to making unions against their employer -Unions bargained with their employers to try an earn better wages and reasonable working hours -In 1840, St. Louis craftworkers created a union in hopes of a ten-hour work day. President Van Buren recognized this plea and mandated the rule among all factories

Maroon Communities

Groups of runaway slaves; revolt against slavery -In parts of the Americas, like Jamaica, runaway slaves could successfully form large and independent communities -In American colonies, were unusual and hidden; runaway slaves would recreate a colonial community in order to escape and stay hidden

Homestead Act (1862)

Guaranteed 160 acres of Western land to any white man who paid a small fee and who would willingly occupy and improve the property -Established by Republicans in the hope that more people would populate and build up the West

Burlingame Treaty (1868)

Guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers in America -Proposed by William Seward, the Secretary of state to Andrew Johnson -Encouraged Chinese immigration, as sources of cheap labor were needed to work out West and on the railroad -Many Chinese laborers were already clearing farmland and building railroads in the West at this time

Vietcong

Guerilla forces of the NLF (National Liberation Front) -The NLF was a revolutionary movement that went against the Vietnamese Diem regime (South Vietnamese oppressive regime supported by the U.S.) and combined with the North Vietnamese

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

HUD was passed under Johnson won funding for... -Hundreds of thousands of units of public housing -Made new investments in urban rapid transit such as the new Washington D.C. Metro and the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) -Ushered new child safety and consumer protection laws through Congress -Helped create the National Endowment for the Humanities to support the work of artists, writers, and scholars

Columbia University protests (1969)

Happened after students discovered links between the university and the institutional apparatus supporting the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, as well as their concern over an allegedly segregated gymnasium to be constructed in the nearby Morningside Park -The protests resulted in the student occupation of many university buildings and the eventual violent removal of protesters by the New York City Police Department

Hawks vs doves

Hawks= conservatives who were for the war in Vietnam Doves= antiwar leftists

Longhouses

Houses created by the Chinook Indians -Made with the wood, which was plentiful in the Pacific Northwest -Housed dozens of people -Equipped with totem poles for religious purposes and had meaning with clan lineages

Haciendas

Huge expanses of farm or ranch land for the Spanish to utilize for labor and economic gain

Stono's Rebellion (1739)

Huge slave uprising -The largest slave uprising in mainland colonies -75 Africans attacked whites near the Stono River , and displayed disciplined military skills -Africans were eventually defeated by South Carolina militia, and 44 slaves were killed - In response, South Carolinians cut slave imports and tightened plantation discipline

Immigration to the British North American colonies in the late 17th and early 18th century

Improved transportation networks opened British colonies to immigration - The waterways of the Atlantic saw a major increase in British sailors; 40,000 in 1700 and 60,000 in 1750 - A road network eventually took shape to transport people to different states with noted ease by horseback - Religious persecution (Pilgrims, Massachusetts Bay Colony protestants, and Maryland's Catholics) - The Triangular Trade increased slave presence

Fort Duquesne

In 1755, British General Edward Braddock advance on Fort Duquesne with his militia -He alienated the aid of neighboring Tanaghrisson Indians and failed to appoint colonial officers, like George Washington. He believed that his troops could win on their own -He was wrong. He and half of his men died at the hands of the French and Indians

March of the Paxton Boys

In 1763, a group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen (Paxton Boys) massacred 20 Conestoga Indians, who had assimilated and peacefully lived alongside them for years. -Scots-Irish wanted Indians expelled from their lands, because of their violent massacre of Pennsylvanian settlers in response to Thomas Penn's land swindle in 1737 -The Quakers refused to revoke Indians' land rights, and so the Paxton Boys lead this massacre

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

In 1775, Virginia's Governor- Lord Dunmore- issued a proclamation that offered freedom to any slaves that would join the British army. Dunmore urged the men of Virginia to fight with the British, and said if they didn't they were "traitors" -The Virginia General Assembly responded to Dunmore with great resistance. They threatened violence upon any slaves that joined the British, and stated their patriot views

Robert Fulton

In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first American steamboat -The steamboat was named the "Clermont" and it traveled the Hudson River -Steamboats greatly increased the circulation of goods, people, and news -In 1830, a person or a piece of mail could go from New York to Pittsburgh in just one week. In 1800, it would've taken two weeks to do the same thing

Cumberland Road

In 1811, the Cumberland road was made with the blessing of Congress to connect the East and the West of America -The road decidedly began near the Potomac River in Maryland -1811: the road reached present-day West Virginia -1818: the road expanded to reach the Ohio River -1839: the road finally ended to reach Illinois -Eastern Americans were able to more easily come to Western markets -State legislatures had companies build toll roads or turnpikes onto the Road

Erie Canal

In 1817, New York financed the creation of the Erie Canal- a man-made waterway that would connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie -The Canal greatly improved transportation between the East and West of America, and boosted the economy -The Erie Canal was created because: -Merchants who wanted access to Western markets pushed for it -De Witt Clinton, the governor of New York, paid for it with tax revenues and bond sales -The land west of Albany was gentile -Irish immigrants labored to dig it out

The American Colonization Society

In 1817, a group of people argued that America should free its slaves and send them back to Africa or relocate them elsewhere -Lead by Henry Clay -These people believed slavery slowed America's economy; they wanted to focus more on manufacturing -6,000 Africans were sent to Liberia (West Africa) -Free Africans in America were upset with the idea of relocation because they rightfully considered themselves Americans

Rush Bagot Agreement

In 1817, the Agreement demilitarized the Great Lakes region in which British forts were. It also laid the basis for a safe boundary between the British and the Americans, and improved the relations between the two nations after the War of 1812

Maysville Road

In 1830, Henry Clay proposed that Kentucky build a road with federal money. Andrew Jackson vetoed this -Clay's supporter, Martin Van Buren argued that New York and Pennsylvania had funded transportation with state money -Andrew Jackson supported his veto by using strict interpretation of the Constitution; the document doesn't mention using federal money to pay for internal improvements

American Temperance Society

In 1832, Evangelical Protestants led mostly by women encouraged the public to lessen their alcohol consumption -Women joined the movement because many had seen the domestic abuse that resulted from heavy drinking -Factory employers also liked this movement, because men who came to work drunk often injured themselves -Used emotional, spiritual conversions in nationwide campaigns to gain more followers -It quickly took off to have 200,000 members -An example of how religious Americans made organizations that aimed to improve society through reform efforts

Specie Circular

In 1836, Andrew Jackson wanted to stop land speculation. States were printing paper money without having the gold and silver (also known as specie) to back it. -Jackson required public land to be bought with specie -This drastically decreased sales of public land -Contributed to the Panic of 1837

Webster Ashburton Treaty

In 1842, the Treaty resolved border disputes between America and British North America, and created a distinct Maine-New Brunswick Border between the two -A diplomatic effort for Americans to establish power

Emancipation Proclamation

In 1863, Abraham Lincoln stated that the Civil War had been fought over slavery -Lincoln was pressured by Radical Republicans to issue an antislavery statement -He waited until a moment of Union pride and, after they had won the battle at Antietam, Lincoln issued the Proclamation -Supported by European powers, most of which were opposed to slavery -Although the Proclamation never legally freed any slaves, it got the ball rolling for the Thirteenth Amendment

Civil Rights Cases

In 1883, justices began to undercut the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had granted black people equal access to jury service, transportation, and public accommodations -These cases paved the way for legal segregation that had a long-lasting impact well into the twentieth century

National Defense Education Act

In 1958, the Act put millions of dollars into American universities to encourage U.S. advancement in the space race -The Act helped the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford, MIT, and the University of Michigan

U2 incident

In 1960, a United States U-2 plane was shot down while in Soviet airspace. The United States had no legal right to fly over the Soviet Union, so the incident was highly embarrassing for the nation -During Eisenhower's presidency -The Soviets broadcasted the pilot to the public and forced the U.S. to pay for his ransom. This was very embarrassing to the United States

Hot line

In 1963, the United States and Soviet Union made an interconenctive hotline -The hotline was intended to help reduce the risk of nuclear war occurring by accident, miscalculation or failure of communications -Proved how the war was truly at its brink

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

In 1963, the treaty banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water, which prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground -Signed by John F. Kennedy less than 3 months before his assassination -An important first step towards the control of nuclear weapons

Tet Offensive

In 1968, the Vietcong unleashed a massive attack in South Vietnam on Set, the Vietnamese new year. Major devastation and morale decline for Americans -Vietcong struck 36 provincial capitals, including 5 where they nearly overran the U.S. embassy -This event was widely covered in American and lead to even more home front opposition -Made a mockery of the U.S. officials who had been stating that the U.S. was winning the war

Cambodia invasion

In 1970, American troops destroyed enemy Vietnamese bases in neutral Cambodia which lead to riots from the antiwar movement at home -When the news of this came out to the public, young leftists were outraged. College campuses held many riots

Title IX

In 1972, Congress broadened the Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities from discriminating on the basis of sex and requiring funding for women's athletics in college and high school campuses

Nixon's visit to China

In 1972, Nixon visited China as an important strategic and diplomatic move in which the Nixon administration successfully improved relations with China (this was while China was the People's Republic of China ruled by Mao Zedong) -He was the first U.S. President to visit China -The even was televised and declared that communist and capitalist nations could peacefully coexist; therefore, lessening Cold War tensions -Nixon also hoped that by befriending the Soviet Union (with SALT I) and China, he could pit one against the other to gain the upper hand in Vietnam settlements at the Paris Peace Accords. This didn't work

Harvey Milk

In 1977, Harvey Milk became the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in America -He won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors -Assassinated a year later

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in an effort to support the communist government as it battled the anticommunist Muslim guerrillas in the Afghan War -This event caused Carter to withdraw from SALT II and call for increased defense spending, calling the invasion the "gravest threat to world peace since World War II"

Greensboro Sit-Ins

In Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960, four black college students sat at the whites-only lunch counter at the local Woolworth's five-and-dime store. Woolworth officials declared that they would continue not to serve blacks, despite the protest. The students, however, resiliently decided to sit until they were served -For three weeks, hundreds of students took turns sitting at the counters peacefully eating, reading, or doing homework. They were constantly taunted by whites who often threw food at them -Eventually, it worked. The Woolworth's lunch counter was desegregated, and sit-ins spread to other Southern cities

Ford Pardons Nixon

In June 1974, Nixon became the first U.S. President to resign his office as the House Judiciary Committee began to consider articles of impeachment. His Vice President, Gerald Ford, was sworn in as president

Minstrel shows

Incredibly offensive shows that used white actors in blackface to portray African Americans as unintelligent, lazy, and irresponsible people -As people migrated the larger cities to find jobs in the industrial market, urban life grew to include entertainment -Minstrelsy were shows in which actors with black face muttered songs and dances to mock black Americans -This gained popularity in the 1840s, as hundreds of minstrel groups had formed. This incredibly offensive trend showed the magnitude of racial divide between whites and blacks in antebellum America

Cherokee

Indians of the Atlantic Seaboard -Had a hunter-gatherer economy

Algonquian Indians

Indians of the Eastern Woodlands region -Warred with neighboring Iroquois -Permanent wooden structures for housing

Chinook Indians

Indians who lived in the Pacific Northwest -Utilized lumber to build longhouses -Used ocean's resources to live -Wood for canoes -Totem poles; religious symbols and clan lineages

Navajo

Indians who lived in the Southwest and mainly farmed corn and hunted small game -Traded with Pueblo farmers

Riots in Watts (1965), Newark and Detroit (1967)

Instances in which racial tension reached violent breaking points in the late 60s -Watts occurred in Los Angeles when two white policemen arrested and pushed around a black motorist who was suspected of drunk driving. A crowd of black spectators believed that the arrest was yet another instance of police brutality and a riot broke out -Newark and Detroit both occurred during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967" in which many violent race riots ensued

Cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 -The cotton gin immediately gained popularity among plantations -It separated cotton seeds from cotton, a time consuming process that was previously done by hand -The cotton gin made the cotton industry explode in the 1800s, and grew the need for slavery -Slavery spread to new states, and sectionalism increased

Samuel Morse

Invented the first successful commercial telegraph -Funnily enough, he was a neighbor of Eli Whitney -He used to be a painter, but he decided to work on industrial technology -His telegraph worked by transmitting Morse Code across distances, so his invention also marked the birth of Morse code -Created a rise in communication leading up to the Industrial Revolution, and improved American manufacturing

Scots- Irish

Irish and Scottish migrants came to settle Pennsylvania to escape harsh English rule -Irish were predominantly Catholic settlers, and Scots were mostly Presbyterian -These migrants escaped things like the Irish Test Act of 1704, which restricted voting rights to those outside of the Church of England. English were also putting mercantilist regulations on their goods -Hearing that America was a viable escape from religious and political persecution, the Scots and Irish came

Federal Employee Loyalty Program

Issued by Truman with Executive Order 9835 in 1947, the Federal Employee Loyalty Program permitted officials to investigate any employee of the federal government for suspicious activities -The Program was built with the intention to attack anyone who wished to harm the United States, but it was super broad to the point where anyone could be accused of subversion for the smallest things (i.e. marching in a Communist-led demonstration in the 30's)

The Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson prohibited American merchant ships from engaging in international trade until Britain and France stopped restricting U.S. trade -A complete failure; Jefferson overestimated how much Britain and France relied on America for trade -American merchants were furious -Huge financial side-effects; the gross national product was cut by 5%

Deregulation

Jimmy Carter's policy (late 70s, early 80s) to fix the struggling industrial sector by stimulating competition and cutting prices -Drove firms out of business and hurt unionized workers -Failed to help economic growth

Gadsden Purchase

Land bought in Arizona and New Mexico that allowed James Gadsden to build a transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to Los Angeles -Bought by President Franklin Pierce, a Democratic expansionist, in 1853 -The purchase assisted Northern merchants and Southern expansionists

Yorktown

Last major battle of the war -In October 1781, the British general Cornwallis fought Americans in the York Peninsula of Virginia -George Washington secretly marched General Rochambeau from Rhode Island to Virginia -The French then took hold of Chesapeake Bay, and we surrounded the British by land and sea to win the war

Personal liberty laws

Laws passed by Northern states that forbade the imprisonment of escaped slaves -Directly countered the Fugitive Slave Act -Allowed runaway slaves to have jury trials and forbid state authorities to aid in their return

George Washington

Leader of the Continental Army, veteran of the French and Indian War, and first President of the United States -A federalist who often sided with A. Ham

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953- 1964 during John F. Kennedy's presidency -Khrushchev denounced Stalin, which originally worried many communists and shocked the West, but he ultimately remained loyal to communism. His position became clear when he crushed the Hungarians, who wanted independence from Moscow

Lewis and Clark

Led an expedition across America's West from 1804-1806 -Meriwether Lewis was a personal secretary of Jefferson, and William Clark was a St.Louis army officer -Traveled the West to satisfy Thomas Jefferson's need for information about the Louisiana Purchase: Natives, physical features, and plant and animals -Traveled 1000 miles on the Missouri River, met Mandan Indians in Great Plains, trekked 1,300 miles across Rocky Mountains and traveled along the Columbia River to reach the Pacific -Traveled with Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian fur trader and his wife Sacagawea -Provided Jefferson with a map and detailed descriptions of the West, also informed him that there was no all-water route towards Asia

Navigation Acts (1660's)

Legal doctrines released by the English upon their American colonies that limited various aspects of their trade -The Navigation Acts were responded to with a large amount of disobedience and neglect to English rule

Black Codes

Legal documents created by Southern legislatures to reinstall slavery into their society, and keep the economic interests of plantation owners -Enacted in 1865 -Forced former slaves back to plantation labor, redacted black people's right to vote and serve on a jury, and even legalized breaking a young black child away from their parents and into apprenticeships -Instances like these made Radical Republicans furious, and increased tensions between Republicans and President Johnson. Republicans believed Johnson was too sympathetic to Southerners in the face of things like this.

Leisler's Rebellion

Leisler's Rebellion was a rebellion against the Dominion of New England- after King James II's rule - Jacob Leisler originally had broad support over New York's English and Dutch community but, eventually, his reign as governor of NY ended when William and Mary of England appointed Henry Sloughter to his position; Leisler was hanged for treason -Leiser was trying to take power over the British government to establish himself as governor

Natural rights

Life, liberty, and property; popularized in need by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction that offered a simple, peaceful solution for the South to rejoin the Union. Took a lot of heat from Radical Republicans who believed that it was too lenient. Rejected by Confederate states, who were all still reeling from their loss in the Civil War -Lincoln proposed that each Southern State could return to the Union if ten percent of their voters took a loyalty pledge to the Union, ratified the 13th Amendment (abolish slavery) -All Southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate officials, would be pardoned -Rejected by Confederate states who still couldn't grasp their loss in the War, and disliked by Radical Republicans- who believed ex-Confederates should receive stricter treatment -When Andrew Johnson took over Reconstruction policies as President, he emphasized similar peaceful solutions

Loose vs Strict Constructionists

Loose -Believed the Constitution could be interpreted so as to allow for things that weren't explicitly stated -Federalists Strict -Believed that the Constitution could not be interpreted and that, if it wasn't directly stated in the Constitution, it shouldn't be allowed -Democratic Republicans

Great Society

Lyndon B. Johnson offered great liberal reforms immediately after taking office, promising that the country would become a "Great Society" that would end poverty and racial injustice -He also promised to improve education, rebuild cities, and restore the natural environment

War on Poverty/ Jobs Corp/ VISTA/ Head Start

Lyndon B. Johnson's "war on poverty" was an attempt to improve the national economy through many means of legislation -For example, Jobs Corp was made to provide young people with training and employment -Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) offered technical assistance to the urban and rural poor -Head Start provided free nursery schools to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten

Barry Goldwater

Lyndon B. Johnson's republican rival in the election of 1964 -Goldwater ran on an anti-communist and anti-government platform that offered a conservative alternative to liberalism -He campaigned against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and promised to be tougher in the Cold War -His strong views alienated him at the time, which allowed Johnson to beat him. However, his candidacy marked the beginning of a grassroots conservative revolt that would transform the Republican Party in the future

Selma march and Voting Rights of Act 1965

MLK and the SCLC called for a march from Selma, Alabama to the state capital in Montgomery to protest the murder of voting-rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson. This would eventually result in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 -The 600 marchers left Selma to cross over the Edmund Pettus Bridge, where they were attacked and teargassed by state troopers. This was televised and soon became known as "Bloody Sunday." The publicized brutality became motivation for President Johnson and Congress to work on legislation -The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed the literacy tests and other devices that prevented African Americans from registering to vote, and authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register voters in any county where registration was less than 50%

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

Made a uni-cameral (one house) legislature that had all the power -There was no governor that could exercise a veto -They made a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt -Shows that Americans strayed away from Great Britain's monarchy, and leaned more towards individualized liberties

Alliance for Progress

Made by Kennedy with the aim to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America -A 10 year, multibillion-dollar aid program -After WW2, Latin American nations were disappointed in the United States' lack of economic assistance despite the raw materials they had provided to their Allied war effort -Once Cuba has fallen to Communism, America feared that various other Latin American nations would follow suit, so they fixed these relations

Economic Opportunity Act

Made in 1964, the Economic Opportunity Act created a series of programs to fight the "war on poverty" -Created Jobs Corp, VISTA, and Head Start

Fair Housing Act

Made in 1968, the Fair Housing Act was enacted as part of civil rights legislation that prohibits discrimination in home sales, rentals, and financing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability -Passed under Lyndon B. Johnson

Immigration Act of 1965

Made under Johnson, the Immigration Act of 1965 abandoned the quota system that favored Northern Europeans and replaced it with numerical limits that didn't discriminate among nations -Also said that close relatives of legal U.S. citizens could be admitted outside of numerical limits, which notably benefitted Asian and Latin American immigrants

Land Ordinance of 1785

Mandated a rectangular grid system of townships in the Northwest Territory -These lands were opened up to well-to-do farmers in an orderly and organized way

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Marked the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848 -Granted that America gained about 1/3 of Mexico's territory (California, Colorado, New Mexico, etc) -Created a clear Texas border at the Rio Grande River -Made the Mexican- American War look like a violent land-grab

Martin Luther King Jr/ Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Martin Luther King Jr. was an instrumental figure in the Civil Rights movement who, along with many black ministers in the South, set up the Atlanta-based Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 -The black church was now giving its moral and organizational strength to the Civil Rights movement -The SCLC quickly joined the NAACP at the leading edge of the movement for racial justice

Medgar Evers

Medgar Evers was an African-American civil rights activist whose murder drew national attention -Born in Mississippi, he served in World War II before going to work for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as a lawyer who defended accused blacks -He was murdered in his driveway by a KKK member on June 12, 1963

Radical Republicans

Members of the Republican Party who were morally opposed to slavery, and set out to gain equal rights for black people in wartime legislature -Leaders were treasury secretary Salmon Chase, Senator Charles Sumner (Massachusetts), and Thaddeus Stevens (Pennsylvania) -The Confiscation Act, passed in 1861, allowed all slave property being used by Confederates to be destroyed. This angered Radical Republicans, who began to speak out for wartime antislavery legislature -They persuaded Congress to end slavery in D.C. and provide compensation for masters -They outlawed slavery in federal territories (finally passing Wilmot Proviso) -Passed a second Confiscation Act that freed all refugee slaves, as well as those captured by the Union army

Voodoo Religion

Mixture of Christianity and African spirituality -evolved from increased contact between Europeans and Africans due to slavery

National Republicans vs. Democrats

National Republicans: -Lead mostly by Henry Clay -Federalist values -They believed in strong central governments and the national bank -Northern supporters Democrats: -Ex: Andrew Jackson -Upheld the beliefs of Thomas Jefferson -Believed that the government should derive its power from the people, favored agricultural societies, didn't want a strong central government

Relationship between natural environment and Native American lifestyles

Native Americans were animists who believed that spirits lived within the natural features surrounding them -Most Indians treated their land with the upmost respect -Indians created lifestyles adapted to their land. Ex: Chinook lived in the Pacific Northwest and made long canoes to fish in the ocean, whereas the Navajo utilized the ability of corn to grow in their homes in the American Southwest

Role of Native Americans during and after the war

Natives were allied with French and aided Americans in battles like Yorktown -After the war, tensions ensued over land debates; the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Impact of mercantilism on the British North American colonies

Navigation Acts and production of raw materials -A movement practiced by the entirety of Europe, mercantilism became appealing to England in terms of their American colonies- whose land was decidedly utilized for production of raw materials -To ensure maximized English benefit, the Navigation Acts cut off colonists from the profits of mercantilism -Colonists were angered with these acts and began to smuggle goods against the wishes of England

Economy (New England)

New England was majorly built upon a diversified economy -New Englanders profited from agriculture, commerce, trade, small farmers, fisherman, and lumber -This, once again, represents the Puritan work ethic. Puritans worked very hard to ensure better spiritual standings. Their hard work also came from the idea that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be a "City Upon A Hill" that would serve as a fine example of how a community should run

New Jersey women's voting rights

New Jersey allowed propery-owning women to vote, then revoked these rights in 1807 when they realized that doing this decreased the male monopoly on politics -An example of a new state constitution created after the Revolutionary War that attempted to articulate the new measures of freedom and equality in the nation

New York settlement

New York was a state within the middle colonies that supported a diverse economy -The land was equipped to produce wheat, oats, and barley -Its position on the harbor opened it up to trade opportunities

Forty-niners

Nickname for the migrants who came to California during the 1848-1849 Gold Rush -Migrants included: Americans from all around California, Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, Australians, and the Chinese -Lived in poor, crowded, chaotic towns -Non-whites were discriminated against and even blocked off from some mines -Mining was unprofitable for most people -Diseases like diarrhea often plagued miners

Francis Marion (Swamp Fox)/ guerrilla warfare

Nicknamed "Swamp fox," Marion was the American general who lead victories in the South based on his use of guerrilla warfare - Guerrilla warfare was a method that utilized raids, hit-and-run techniques, ambushes, and mobility to fight enemies -The British were not used to this style of warfare and, therefore, often were defeated by generals like Marion

Silent majority

Nixon called his supporters the "silent majority" in a speech in 1969 following a major antiwar rally -A great example of Nixon placing himself on the side of ordinary Americans who fought against "troublemakers" in the antiwar movement -For the rest of his presidency, Nixon would follow suit by cultivating the impression that he defended the reasonable middle ground in a deeply divided America

Detente

Nixon sought detente, or a lessening of tensions, with the Soviet Union as antiwar protests continued to threaten his public image -In a series of meetings between 1970 and 72, Nixon and Soviet premier Leonid Brezhev resolved tensions over Cuba and Berlin. They also signed the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), which was a symbolic step towards ending the Cold War

Children's Crusade

Non-violent demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 led by MLK -A large group of high school students protested, and MLK hoped that it would shock people to see that even kids could be attacked for their race

Characteristics of settlement in the Carolinas

North Carolina: - Settled by poor families, runaway servants from Virginia, and Quakers - Raised corn, hogs, and tobacco on farms South Carolina: - Settled by migrants from Barbados - Used African and Native Americans as enslaved workers - Raised cattle and grew food to export to the Indies - Began growing rice -> grew slave population

role of African Americans in the Civil War

Northern African Americans fought for their right to join the Union military, and were finally allowed to do so with the Emancipation Proclamation -Black Northerners had been volunteering to fight for the Union since 1861. At this early date in the war, white Northerners refused to fight with black men. -The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) allows black people to fight for the Union. Although whites still disliked the idea of fighting with blacks, they had suffered a fair share of casualties and decided to allow it -Groups like the 54th Massachusetts Infantry proved their worth to the Union, and inspired the North to recruit more black soldiers

13th Amendment

Officially abolished slavery in the United States in 1865 -The first Reconstruction amendment -Despite this ruling, black people still faced countless racial inequality from Americans, particularly Southerners

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people, black and white, went to the Lincoln Memorial for the March on Washington -MLK was the public face of the march and gave the famous "I Have A Dream" speech -The peak of the civil rights movement

Declaration of Independence

On July 4, 1776, Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. Written by TJ, it justified America's independence and republicanism from Great Britain. -Included Enlightenment ideas (Locke)

Importance of extended families on plantations

On plantations, slaves relied on extended families as a support system to help them through the extremities of slavery -Families didn't just involve parents and children, but extended to cousins, anyone who was blood-related, and even close friends

"Fifty-four or fight!"

One of James K. Polk's campaign slogans in the Election of 1844. Urged for expansion into Oregon. -Polk was an avid expansionist. By saying this, we told that he wanted to push so far into the Oregon Territory that America would occupy all of it up to Russia's claim to Alaska. -This saying threatened Britain's claim to Oregon land -Showed how ambitious Polk was, and how much he resembled the iron-fisted Andrew Jackson

Harriet Tubman

One of the main driving forces behind the Underground Railroad -Tubman constantly traveled back and forth from free states to slave states, each time risking her life and her freedom -Nicknamed "Moses" because she freed slaves like Moses did the people of Egypt in Exodus -She helped lead a military operation to burn Southern plantations along the Combahee River and free slaves along the way. It was the first American military operation executed and planned by a woman, and she was a former slave who had not received a proper education

My Lai

One of the worst atrocities of the Vietnam War, which gained national attention and fueled the antiwar movement. It also, unfortunately, falsely convinced Americans that all Vietnam veterans had preformed terrible acts like these. -In 1968, U.S. Army troops executed nearly 500 people in an innocent South Vietnamese village -The story was brought to the public by journalist Seymour Hersh

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Orchestrated by Secretary of State John Foster Wallace, SEATO linked the United States and its major European allies with Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand in 1954 -Similar to NATO, in that it was agreed if one of the nations was attacked, it would be considered an attack on all of the nations

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and sex. Another section of it guaranteed equal access to accommodations and schools. -Also granted new enforcement powers to the U.S. attorney general and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to work against job discrimination -Passed under Johnson, the Act was considered the most influential civil rights law since Reconstruction

Greenbacks

Paper currency printed by the Union to pay for war debt -The Legal Tender Act of 1862 printed $150 million in paper money -It was required that this money be accepted by the public as legal tender -Paid for 15% of Union war debts -The Treasury only issued a limited amount of paper money, so inflation rates were minimized

General location of Portuguese settlements in the Americas

Parts of South America, mostly Brazil

Wilderness Protection Act (1964)

Passed as an environmental aspect of John's Great Society -Written by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society. It created the legal definition of wilderness in the United States, and protected 9.1 million acres of federal land

Environmental Protection Act (1970)

Passed as an environmental aspect of Johnson's Great Society -Promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality

Medicare/ Medicaid

Passed by Lyndon B. Johnson -Medicare: a health plan for the elderly funded by Social Security payroll taxes -Medicaid: a health plan for the poor paid for by general tax revenues

War Powers Act

Passed in 1973, the War Powers Act lessened the President's ability to deploy U.S. forces without congressional approval -A result of the Vietnam War

Bonus Bill

Passed with the help of Henry Clay, the Bonus Bill proposed to make a national fund for roads and communal infrastructure -Vetoed by James Madison

Pat Robertson/ Christian Broadcasting Network

Pat Robertson was a television minister and conservative political activist, who reached millions of viewers through his Christian Broadcasting Network -Continued the Evangelical message during the Fourth Great Awakening

Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law

Pennsylvania was the first state to outlaw slavery, and they did so by laying out a certain date for the end of slavery within their state.

Change in property qualification to vote

People across the nation began to question the voting qualifications, as elite white men had a huge monopoly on politics. Changes were made to have voting reach out to the general public of white men -Maryland reformers said that voting qualifications were tyrannical because they allowed the rich white men to dominate politics. State legislature slightly widened qualifications, but people still ended up voting for rich white guys -In the Midwest and Southwest, voting was allowed among nearly all white men. The politics of this region were ruled by men with humble farm beginnings who reduced taxes, pushed for farmers rights to land, and restricted imprisonment for debt -In the 1820s, most of America had allowed for white men who paid taxes or who served in the military to vote. Only a few states still required voters to own property.

Homesteading

People who gained Western land thanks to the Homestead Act of 1862 -The environment on the Great Plains was incredibly difficult to maintain. The land wouldn't easily take to things like ranching and farming -Homesteading was attractive to those, especially immigrants, who wanted to improve their economic state -Many homesteaders didn't remain on Western lands for many years because of this

STOP ERA/ Phyllis Schlafly

Phyllis Schafly was a lawyer who put brakes on the adoption of the Equal Rights Amendment. She advocated for traditional roles for women and feared that the ERA would create an unnatural "unisex society" in which women were included in the draft and forced to use unisex toilets -Schafly lead the STOP ERA organization in 1972 in which thousands of women mobilized to protest against the ERA passage and advocate for prolonged traditional roles for women -Due to this opposition, the ERA wasn't ratified until 1982

Pietism

Pietism was a religion created in 1700s Germany that differed from Christianity through the emotion which went into worship. Pietists were known for crying out , fainting, and even having convulsions during worship. -Christian revivalist moment -conversion experience -personal relationship with God

Montgomery Bus Boycott/ Rosa Parks

Planned by Martin Luther King Jr., African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama boycotted the bus system in protest of the segregation that was enforced within these buses -On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. Parks was an activist within the NAACP, and had been planning on preforming a protest like this. Her actions sparked the boycott -The boycott lasted for 381 days and the transit company neared bankruptcy, but the bus system only complied to their demands when the Supreme Court ruled in 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional -This was King's first famously coordinated protest and it launched him as a popular Civil Rights activist

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political statements drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798 -Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional -This Brough about a theory that states had more power than the federal government, as they could say that a law was unconstitutional and decide not to follow it

Pop art/ Jackson Pollock/ Andy Warhol

Pop art was a popular style of art during the 1950s and 60s that portrayed mostly visual cliches and an impersonal style of popular mass media imagery -Jackson Pollock was a major force in the movement for abstract impressionism, whereas Andy Warhol was a leading figure in the visual art movement in which he painted celebrity culture and advertisements (the Campbell's soup can, Marylin Monroe)

Mechanical reaper

Popularly created by Cyrus McCormick, the mechanical reaper is a great example of how manufacturing positively impacted America -Greatly increased farm productivity -With the mechanical reaper, two men could as much wheat as seven men using scythes in the same amount of time -Farmers could now plant more acres of food -Parts were easily replaceable

Deism

Practiced by revolutionaries such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine, Deism emphasized the power of human thought ruling in place of religion. -Deists believed that a Divine Being created the universe, but then left it alone and untouched; thus, leaving their own reasoning to reign supreme

Great Basin

Present day Wyoming, Nevada, Oregon, California, and Idaho -The aridity of the Great Basin led to the societies of its Indians to be largely mobile

Suspension of habeas corpus

President Lincoln's decision to suspend habeas corpus denied people from protesting or ignoring the draft for the Civil War -Habeas corpus are the legal instruments used to protect people from arbitrary arrest -When men tried to hide from the draft, they could be arrested without court appeals

Henry the Navigator

Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460) wanted the gold and slaves offered by West Africa, so he created a center for oceanic navigation to make his voyage possible -Henry's mariners designed a better handling vessel, the caravel, and the triangular sail

Affirmative action

Procedures designed to take into account the disadvantaged position of minority groups after a long history of discrimination -Done first by Kennedy in 1961, and pushed forward by Lyndon B. Johnson -By the early 1970s, affirmative action had been refined by court rulings that identified acceptable procedures: hiring and enrollment goals, special recruitment and training programs, and set asides for both racial minority groups and women

Trail of Tears

Prompted by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Indians in Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi were forced to move to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma and Georgia -Approximately 3,000 Indians died along the way of starvation and exposure -The journey was 1,200 miles

Freeport Doctrine

Proposed by Stephen Douglas, the Freeport Doctrine supported popular sovereignty, and stated that a territory's residents could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it. -Didn't please abolitionists or pro-slavery advocates

Acoma War and defeat of the Puebla (1599)

Pueblo were mad at the Spaniard's constant attempts to convert them to Christianity, so they lead an attack against the Spanish. The Spanish then massacred the Pueblo Indians

Work ethic (New England)

Puritains who settled New England colonies, like the Massachusetts Bay Colony, had a very hard work ethic -Hardwork was their way of showing their leeway with God -Modeled their community of God on rough, rocky terrain -Created rigorous universities like Harvard and Yale

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) / Apollo 11 mission

Pushed for by Kennedy and funded by Congress, NASA was created during the space race to encourage America to pull ahead of the Soviet Union -NASA eventually succeeded in bringing the first man to the moon in 1969, which was done in the Apollo 11 mission

Stamp Act of 1765

Put in place by George Grenville, the Stamp Act was a tax was put on all printed items in the colonies - It was largely disliked because it unavoidable and was a direct tax, not a tariff, that all colonists could see the amount of

Sugar Act of 1754

Put in place by George Grenville, the Sugar Act of 1754 replaced the Molasses Act -Even though the Sugar Act lowered the taxes on the Molasses Act, it was still disliked: Colonists faced harsh vice-admirality courts if caught smuggling,

George Grenville

Reguarded as one of the most elite Parlimentary leaders in the American colonies, Grenville was the one in charge of raising revenue from the colonies -Passed Currency Act of 1764 (banned colonies from using paper money) -Passed the Sugar Act of 1764 (replaced the Molasses Act, but was disliked more)

Eisenhower Doctrine

Released in 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine stated that American forces would assist any nation in the Middle Eastern region that required aid towards fighting communism -This resulted in the U.S. helping King Hussein of Jordan put down a revolt inspired by Gamal Abder Nasser, and go on to establish a pro-American government there -The Doctrine was further evidence that the United States had extended the global reach of containment; here, it was mainly used to protect Western access to oil

War Hawks

Republicans who pushed for war with Britain -Its most notable members were Henry Clay, the new Speaker of the House of Representatives (from Kentucky), and John C. Calhoun, a Congressman from South Carolina -War Hawks were typically from the West and South -Wanted to seize land in British Canada and Spanish Florida

The Great (Connecticut) Compromise

Response to the Virginia and New Jersey plans -Proposed that the Senate had two representatives from every state -A lower chamber was made -The House of Representatives would be appointed by a popular census every ten years -A strong central government was decided upon

Stonewall riots

Riots for gay rights in 1969 -The Stonewall Inn in New York was a gay bar that got raided by the police who believed it was selling alcohol without a license -The gay community felt that the raid was fueled by the homophobic sentiment that the community and the police had shown in years past, and so a violent riot ensued

Rock n Roll/ Elvis Presley

Rock n Roll became the defining music of the 1950s and 1960s, as it was passed from African American rhythm and blues to white America. It was popularized among teens. -Elvis Presley rocketed to stardom in 1956 with hits like "Hound dog." He encapsulated youth rock n roll culture and rose in popularity despite the disapproving adult generation, who saw the genre as an invitation to interracial dating, rebellion, and a more flagrant sexuality

Miranda vs. Arizona

Ruled that arrestees have to be informed by the police of their right to remain silent -One of the Supreme Court decisions made by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who spoke out for civil liberties

Engel vs. Vitale

Ruled that state officials couldn't enforce an official school prayer upon any educational facilities -One of the Supreme Court decisions made by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who spoke out for civil liberties

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

Safeguarded property rights, especially those with chartered corporations -Dartmouth was established by King George the Third by a royal charter -In 1816, Dartmouth was made a public college -Dartmouth officials didn't like this, and hired Constitutional lawyer Daniel Webster to be their lawyer -Dartmouth argued that because the college was created by a royal charter, it was unalterable -Marshall Court agreed with Webster and kept the school private

"massive retaliation"

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles often called the United States' all-out nuclear response towards the Soviets a "massive retaliation" that was constantly threatened

French and Indian War

1754 The battle between the British and French that erupted over concerns about land and Native alliances in America -Sparked by British traders moving the Delaware and Shawnee Indians of the Ohio River region from their trade with the French -British got land grant from the royal crown in northern Ohio, which threatened preexistent French settlements

14th Amendment

1868. Granted citizenship to all American-borns. All people who were born in America were given all the rights of a citizen, which couldn't be taken away from them. This applied to freed slaves. -Reconstruction amendment

Vietnam War

1955-1975 -The Vietnam War was a guerrilla war fought between the United States and the communist threats in Vietnam fueled by the domino theory -Despite repeated airstrikes, the U.S. couldn't ever halt the flow of the North Vietnamese troops and supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which went through Laos and Cambodia -In January 1968, Vietcong forces launched the Tiet Offensive, a surprise attack on cities and provincial centers across South Vietnam. This revealed the failures of American efforts to suppress the Vietcong guerrillas and marked a turning point in the war -The war saw great Homefront opposition and became largely unpopular by its end, putting Johnson's presidency into ruins

Red Scare/ Joseph McCarthy/ McCarthyism/ Army-McCarthy Hearings

Senator Joseph McCarthy was the Senator of Wisconsin during the early 1950s whose bombshell of a career marked the end of the Red Scare -In 1950, McCarthy gave a speech in which he said that he had a list of countless Communist members that still worked within the State Department. These claims were later proven to be false, but he had gained the attention he wanted -Army-McCarthy Hearings were held in which McCarthy's accusations were broadcast as hearings to the American public. McCarthy was famously ruthless in the hearings, which led to a bad public image. This, paired with this lacking evidence, led to the end of the trials which declared no one as a communist

Juan de Onate

Sent by Spaniards to convert Natives to Christianity -Way too violent with Natives, so he was revoked by Spain from the New World

Iranian Hostage Crisis

52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage in Iran from 1979 to 1981 -A group of Iranian students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran -Released on the last day of Carter's Presidency, which was detrimental to his political career

Molly Pitcher

She carried pitchers of water to soldiers, which is how she got her nickname -She is also reported to have helped with the cannons

Samuel Slater

A British man who immigrated to America in 1789, and remade a famous British cotton spinner in America so that American manufacturing could prosper above Britain's -As American manufacturing grew, thousands of British mechanics left England in hopes of higher wages in America -Samuel Slater was one of these immigrants, and he used to work for Richard Arkwright- a British manufacturer famous for making the most advanced version of a cotton spinner -Slater copied Arkwright's spinner, and made it in America -The spinners were sold in Providence, Rhode Island and promoted American manufacturing

William Pitt

A British statesman who persuaded Henry Pelham, the British Prime Minister, to launch the French and Indian War

The Chesapeake Incident

A British warship attacked the Chesapeake, a U.S. Navy Vessel. A huge push towards War of 1812 -3 were killed, 18 injured -A result of conflicts between France and Britain during Napoleon's reign; Napoleon seized American ships that went to British ports, and the British seized American ships that went to the French West Indies -Angered Americans; Jefferson said, "Never since the battle of Lexington have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present"

Aaron Burr

A Democratic-Republican who ran against Jefferson and Adams in the Election of 1800 -Rivaling against Jefferson for a Democratic-Republican vote, Burr's campaign was killed by his rival Alexander Hamilton, who endorsed Jefferson as "the lesser of two evils" -Burr later killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel at Weehawken

Citizen Genet Affair

A French representative attempted to negate Washington's statement of neutrality by attacking British and Spanish territories -Washington expelled him from the nation because he believed his views and actions were too radical and could start an uprising

American or Know Nothing Party

A Nativist (anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic) Party, created in 1854, that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence -Called the "know nothing party" because when members were asked about it they said they knew nothing of it -Believed that Catholics would disrupt republicanism and follow the words of the Pope instead -Banned together as the "Order of the Star Spangled Banner" -Wanted to mobilize native-born Protestants against Irish and German Catholics, prohibit immigration, and institute literary tests for voting

Wool Act (1699)

A Navigation Act - England denied the American colonies the right to export or have intercolonial sale of textiles -Partially obeyed by colonists

Molasses Act (1733)

A Navigation Act -England denied the American colonies the right to import molasses from the French West Indies - Extensively violated by colonists

Oneida community

A Perfectionist community founded by John Noyes that later developed into a manufacturing town for silverware -After setting up his first Perfectionist community in Vermont, Noyes moved it to Oneida, New York because of the backlash he was receiving concerning complex marriage ideas. -The community in Oneida grew to about 200, and faced a massive change when the inventor of a successful steel animal trapper joined -Eventually, the Oneida community created a huge manufacturing business from silverware -When Noyes was forced to leave the community and flee to Canada amidst adultery charges, the Oneida community got rid of its complex marriage system and grew their silverware empire

Charles Finney

A Presbyterian minister who was a prominent religious leader of the Second Great Awakening -Not a member of the religious elite -Lead emotional revival meetings throughout the country -Preached for his followers to physically carry out God's work in the real world -He believed that people were all "moral free agents" who had the decision between accepting God's salvation and sinning -Was able to unite both the middle class and the upper class in faith

Tecumseh

A Shawnee war Chief who rallied the former Western Confederacy and the Indians of the Western Great Lakes region against Americans in 1804 -Aided by trade with British in the Ohio River Valley; British provided Natives with weapons -Tecumseh lead his Indian troops in the Battle of Tippecanoe, where they fought Americans in the Indiana Territory

Griggs vs Duke Power

A Supreme Court case in 1971 that prohibited intelligence tests or other devices that had the effect of excluding minorities or women from certain jobs

Bakke vs University of California

A Supreme Court case that refined affirmative action and rejected quota systems in universities and employment opportunities so that race could be considered with alternative factors -In 1978, Allan Bakke, a white man, sued the University of California for rejecting him in favor of less-qualified minority-group candidates -The Supreme Court rejected the medical school's quota system, which set aside 16 out of 100 places for minorities and implemented that race had to be considered with other factors

Roe vs. Wade

A Supreme Court decision done in 1973 that nullified a Texas law that prohibited abortion under any circumstances, even when a women's health was at risk. This Case constituted that abortion was legal nationwide during the first trimester, as they were protected by the right of privacy

Commodore Matthew Perry

A U.S. Navy officer that forced the Japanese to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 -Wanted coal stations in Japan and to increase their trade with Japan

Vicksburg

A Union victory that split the South and lowered the hopes of the Confederacy -Union officer Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee -Grant wanted to split the Confederacy in two, and did so by winning the Mississippi River for the Union -Six week war. Confederates were exhausted and starving, and surrendered on July 4, 1863 -The Confederate loss at Vicksburg came one day after their loss at Gettysburg. Ultimately, this battle confirmed a loss of hope in the South

Perfectionism

A Utopian community created in New England by John Noyes -Evangelical Christians -Believed that Christ had returned to Earth and people could, therefore, live without sin -Created a complex marriage system in which no two people could be married, but the whole group was technically "married" to one another (inspired by Shakers)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A Women's rights activist and abolitionist -Stanton helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention -Well-educated New Yorker

Second National Bank

A bank created in 1816 by Henry Clay, the leader of the National Republican Party -Very similar to the First Bank created by Hamilton -Held federal tax receipts and regulated how much money circulated throughout the economy

Antietam

A battle between Confederate leader Robert E. Lee and Union leader George B. McClellan. Win for the Union, allowed for Lincoln to release the Emancipation Proclamation -When Lee divided the Confederate Army and sent Jackson to Harper's Ferry, Lee accidentally dropped a copy of his military orders -Union officer George B. McClellan picked up these plans, but didn't use the advantage at first. He waited, allowing Lee to secure his position on Antietam Creek. -Despite McClellan's unwise patience, the Union greatly outnumbered the Confederacy and won -Lincoln was furious that McCellan didn't use his advantage immediately, and fired him. The win, nevertheless, was a moment of pride for the Union. Lincoln took the opportunity of Northern pride to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

A battle fought between Natives of the Western Confederacy and Americans in the Indiana Territory -Western Confederacy was lead by Tecumseh -Indiana Territory was lead by governor William Henry Harrison -When Tecumseh went to the south to convince nearby Natives to join their cause, William Henry Harrison lead a preemptive attack against the Western Confederacy in the hopes that they'd be weakened without their Chief -William Henry Harrison attacked the holy village of Prophetstown with 1,000 troops -Heavy casualties on both sides -Win for Americans

Federalism

A belief in a strong central government -The balance between the authority of the nation and the authority of state governments; the separation of powers

Bonus Bill (1817)

A bill proposed by John C. Calhoun that suggested the federal government could use tax dollars to fund canals and roads -James Madison, who was President at the time, vetoed the Bill because he believed that the states- not the federal government- should mandate these projects

Wade-Davis Bill

A bill proposed by Radical Republicans in Congress to strictly punish the South during Reconstruction. Vetoed by Lincoln, who wanted to be more forgiving and peaceful to the South. -Bill proposed to make the majority of white men in each Confederate state swear an oath of allegiance to the Union and kick all men who had fought for the Confederacy out of politics -Lincoln used a pocket veto to kill the Bill. He wanted to be more forgiving to ex-Confederates. Even so, he opened up talks to try to reach a compromise with Republicans in Congress

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A bipartisan bill with broad support, including that of President Nixon, which required developers to file environmental impact statements assessing the effect of their projects on ecosystems -Sparked by the Santa Barbara oil spill

Richard Allen

A black minister who helped blacks gain respect in America and a cultural identity. Lead the African Methodist Episcopal Church. -Founded church institutions for black people to attend in the hopes that their morale and virtue would grow so that they could be respected by white Americans -This church also served as a cultural and religious identity for African Americans, and allowed them to have a place to bond together

Black nationalism

A blanket term that could reference anything from pride in one's black community to believing in the total separation of the races, or from building African-American businesses to wearing dashikis in honor of African traditions -Emphasized the differences between blacks and whites and also highlighted the power and right of black people to shape their futures

Silent Spring/ Rachel Carson

A book written by environmentalist Rachel Carson in 1962 that was an influential wake up call to the American public concerning the harmful effects of DDT- a pesticide that had a heavy presence within the human and natural food chain

The Other America / Michael Harrington

A book written by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington in 1962 that revealed the truth behind the American economy, in which the lower class proved to be in a prevalent, ignored struggle despite the growing middle class -Showed a U.S. government study which declared 1/3 of the nation to be poorly paid and poorly educated

Double V campaign

A campaign for racial equality brought up by James G. Thompson to urge that Americans push for a victory abroad against the Axis powers and also for a victory at home against racism -Mentioned in the Pittsburgh Courier, one of the most prominent African American newspapers of the WW2 era -The notion instantly became widely popularized, and African Americans helped out with the war effort but, at the same time, would demand advancements in racial equality

Southern Strategy

A campaign strategy used by Nixon that was designed to appeal to conservative whites in the South -Nixon stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

A case that gave courts the power to review Congressional legislation and interpret the Constitution -Before John Adams left office, he had appointed a bunch of Federalist Supreme Court officials. When Jefferson took office, being a Democratic-Republican, he didn't like this. He had his Secretary of State, James Madison, avoid giving any of these officials their commissions (a document that would allow them to be cleared for their job) -William Marbury was one of these Federalist officials who was being denied his commission, and he went to court against Madison -The Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to proclaim that the Supreme Court had the power to interpret the Constitution -Revised the Judiciary Act of 1789

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

A case that raised the issue of Congress's constitutional authority over slavery. Ultimately ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional in the first place, and that black people had no right to issue their cases to a court -Dred Scott had moved with his master to the free states of Wisconsin and Illinois. He argued that because he lived in a free state (according to the Missouri Compromise), he was free. -Chief Justice Roger B. Taney argued that black people weren't citizens of the United States, and couldn't sue in a federal court -Taney also ruled that because the Consitution did not give the federal government the power to prohibit slavery from territory, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and void in the first place -The verdict angered Republicans, who wished to prevent the expansion of slavery

Established churches

A church or religion that is state-endorsed -These faded out in the early 1800s -In New York and New Jersey, state lawmakers couldn't settle on an established church because there were so many religions practiced within the state (Episcopalian, Presbyterians, Dutch Reformed, Lutheran, and Quaker) -Although states in New England had an established church of Congregationalism until the 1830s, they allowed the members of other religions to pay taxes to their own churches

The American Indian Movement (AIM)

A coalition of Native Americans that attempted to gain Native rights and enforced an ideology of Red Power, much like Black Power, to preform many protests -In 1968, they staged protests to draw attention to urban Indians who had been forced to leave their reservations in earlier decades

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A committee made under the Truman administration that helped re-spark the Red Scare in 1947 by holding publicized hearings on alleged Communist infiltration in the movie industry -Some HUAC investigations had legitimacy, as they investigated State Department official Alger Hiss. In early 1950, Hiss wasn't found guilty of being a spy, but was punished for lying about his Communist affiliations. It wasn't until the 1990s until Soviet files revealed that Hiss was actually a Soviet spy

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A compromise created by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that fixed disputes over American tariffs -Said that the tariffs would fade out over a 10 year period -Northerners liked this because it gave them time to develop their manufacturing industry while still benefitting from the tariffs -Southerners liked this because it meant that the tariffs would eventually cease to exist

The Missouri Compromise (1820)

A compromise, created by Henry Clay, that declared Missouri a slave state, admitted Maine as a free state, and declared that all states above the 36'30 would be free states -In 1820, America had 11 northern free states, and 11 southern states. Tensions were high. -When Missouri, a territory of land gained from the Louisiana Purchase, wanted to enter the Union as a slave state, a huge debate rose -Missouri was settled earlier with help from New Yorker James Tallmadge who attempted to make the Tallmadge Amendment that would've banned slavery from Missouri in 1819, but it was denied by the Senate -Antislavery coalitions still agreed with the Tallmadge amendment and believed that Congress had the right to declare Missouri a free state, whereas Southerners favored popular sovereignty -Henry Clay made Missouri Compromise: Missouri= slave state, Maine=free state, a line was made and everything above it was declared free

Cuban Missile Crisis

A conflict between the U.S. and Cuba that is widely revered as the closest we ever got to nuclear warfare during the Cold War -U.S. planes had spotted Soviet-built missile bases in Cuba, which led Kennedy to impose a blockade upon Cuba. -The U.S. Navy would intercept all shipments to Cuba, which the Soviets saw as an act of war -The conflict got very intense, as the United States insisted that the Soviets remove the weapons, while the Soviets insisted they were only defensive. War was narrowly avoided. -Finally, Robert Kennedy met with Anatoly Dobrynin to negotiate an agreement. The U.S. would remove their missiles from Turkey and Italy and promised never to invade Cuba. In exchange, the Soviets would have to withdraw from Cuba under UN inspection

Operation Ajax

A covert CIA operation in which America overthrew Iran's democratically elected nationalist premier, Mohammad Mossadegh, because he seized British oil properties. CIA agents disposed him and installed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the shah of Iran. He was widely disliked by the people as an aggressive and harsh dictator, and this would make way for Iran-American tensions

Matriarchy vs Patriarchy

A cultural and gender-based issue between Europeans and Native Americans -Natives sometimes had matriarchies, and whites tried to convince them that having a Patriarchal society was God's plan

The Enlightenment

A cultural movement in Europe during the 1700's -The Enlightenment emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world -Popular Enlightenment thinkers included the likes of John Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau

Charles River Bridge Co. vs. Warren Bridge Co.

A defining case for Supreme Court justice Roger B. Taney. Differentiated him from John Marshall's National Republican rule. -In 1835, Andrew Jackson replaced Supreme Court Justice John Marshall with Roger B. Taney. Taney believed in states rights, whereas Marshall was in favor of nationalism -The Charles River Bridge Company built was granted a charter in 1785 that allowed them to build a bridge to connect Boston to Charlestown -Warren Bridge Company wanted to make a bridge that was very close to the original bridge and connected the two destinations -Taney sided with the Warren Bridge Company, because he believed that no company should have a monopoly over an industry -This directly went against John Marshall's decision in Dartmouth vs. Woodward that protected charters

Dr. Benjamin Spock

A doctor during the 1950s whose book, Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, became wildly popular as middle-class parents sought to keep baby boom children healthy and happy -Spock urged mothers to abandon the strict feeding and baby-care schedules of previous generations, which many women found liberating -However, Spock made mothers who wanted to work outside the home feel guilty, as he recommended that mothers be constantly available to their children

Declaration of Constitutional Principles/ Southern Manifesto

A document made in 1956 by Southerners, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places -Signed by over 100 Southern politicians, the Southern Manifesto stated that the states could nullify federal laws that they didn't like and pressured Southern states to ignore the Brown vs Board of Education

The Feminine Mystique/ Betty Friedan

A famous book written by feminist author Betty Friedan that spoke out against suburban domesticity among women -Targeted college-educated, middle class women who found that their domestic routine stifled their ability to exceed in the workforce -Many women read the book and instantly related to it, and Friedan convinced them that they needed an education and work outside the home, not consumerist household products, to be fulfilled

Fort Sumter

A federal garrison (military base) in South Carolina that was taken from the Union after South Carolina seceded -When South Carolina seceded from the Union, they demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. This included the Union military base at Fort Sumter -President Buchanan lacked the authority to forcefully restore the Union, and refused to send the Navy to supply the fort. Fort Sumter was lost from Union control, and South Carolina took control of it

Ms. Magazine

A feminist magazine cofounded by Gloria Steinem in 1972 that touched upon explicitly feminist topics such as: reproductive rights, child care, employment and educational equality, sexual harassment, and marriage

Committees of Correspondence

A form of legal communication between colonies against Britian -British officials threatened to seize the Americans repsonsible for the burning of the British custom's vessel, Gaspé, and hold prosecutions in Great Britain -The Virginia House of Burgesses and other assemblies set up the Committees of Correspondence, so that patriots could communicate with leaders in other colonies when threats occurred

David Walker

A former slave who lived freely in Boston. Justified slave uprisings and urged whites towards emancipation -As black people were freed from slavery, they immediately tried to gain respect in American society by getting educated, abstaining from alcohol, and working hard. Northern whites refused to accept that black people could ever be equal to whites, and led mobs that terrorized black communities -Responding to these vicious attacks, Walker published "An Appeal... to the Colored Citizens of the World" in 1829. The pamphlet ridiculed whites and slaveholders who were holding off emancipation and attacking black communities. He warned that if slaves were denied emancipation much longer, they would rise up and get it by any means necessary -This pamphlet circulated to freed slaves and whites throughout America, and added to the abolitionist movement

Frederick Douglass

A freed slave who was a major influential figure in abolitionism -His narratives about his challenging upbringing in slavery exposed its horrors and struggles to Americans -He aided the Underground Railroad by admitting escaped slaves into New York -Although he and William Lloyd Garrison had similar ardent philosophies about abolitionism, Douglass differed from by not focusing on women's rights as much. Douglass believed that it was more important to address slavery first, and then address women's rights once emancipation had been achieved

Kerner Commission

A group made by President Lyndon Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots who revealed the staggering economic divide between white and black Americans -The Kerner Commission, in 1968, issued a report to the President warning that "our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal" -By the 1950s, thousands upon thousands of unskilled and semiskilled jobs, traditionally taken up in urban areas by black workers, were disappearing

The Hartford Convention

A group of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 met in Hartford, Connecticut to revise the Constitution Proposed many amendments: -Limiting the office to a four-year term that would be rotated among citizens from different states -Require that commercial embargoes only last 60 days -Require a 2/3 majority in Congress to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit a new state to the Union

Young Lords Organization (YLO)

A group of New York Puerto Ricans who sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the U.S. and in the Caribbean -Improved neighborhood conditions in East Harlem, where many Puerto Ricans lived -Women in the group were very active against sterilization campaigns against Puerto Rican women and fighting to get access to health care

Free soil movement

A group of Northerners who wanted to stop the expansion of slavery into Western territories gained by the Mexican-American War. -Created the Free Soil Party in 1848 -Unlike the Conscience Whigs, Free Soilers didn't morally oppose slavery. They simply believed that it went against Jeffersonian values and republicanism itself. -They were supported by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, and by abolitionists like Frederick Douglass. However, radical abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison believed that the Party supported racist "whitemanism"

Whiskey Rebellion

A group of Western Pennsylvania farmers who attacked custom officials out of a disliking of Alexander Hamilton's taxes on alcohol -George Washington employs 12,000 soldiers to squash the rebellion in a deliberate form of overkill to prove just how powerful the Constitution was

54th Massachusetts Infantry

A group of black soldiers who fought for the Union. Their success convinced Abraham Lincoln to recruit more black soldiers to help the North's cause. -Blacks were finally allowed to join army. The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) paired with a general sense of Northern exhaustion permitted black soldiers to fight -The 54th Massachusetts Infantry fought heroically and successfully for the Union in Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863 -Their victory proved to Lincoln that black soldiers could be a help to the Union, and 200,000 were recruited by 1865

Stamp Act Congress

A group of delegates who met in New York to discuss Britain's taxation of the colonies - Nothing was really accomplished here, but all delegates agreed that they had to stand against taxation -Represents a developing unity amoung colonies

The Barbary Pirates

A group of pirates from North Africa who were infamous for raiding merchant ships -America, like other European countries, had been paying a massive tribute for years to bribe the Pirates against attacking their ships -Jefferson, at first, refused to pay the Pirates and ordered the Navy to attack them at their African ports -This fighting lasted for four years before a peace treaty was signed which included a ransom to return prisoners -The treaty didn't do much to resolve naval issues, as Algerian ships continued to take American hostages

Sons of Liberty

A group of revolutionists in Boston who largely opposed taxation -They burned an effigy of tax collector Andrew Oliver and destroyed his brick warehouse

Ku Klux Klan

A group of white supremacists formed by ex-Confederates unwilling to accept the legal equality granted to blacks during Reconstruction. Created in 1866 -Leader was ex-Confederate military leader Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest was a huge slave trader, and had gruesomely murdered a black Union regiment (despite the fact that they had surrendered) at Fort Pillow -Forrest became determined to uphold white supremacy in spite of political advancements. Tennessee's Republican governor, William G. Brownlow, condemned the ideals of ex- Confederates like Forest. In response, Forest formed the KKK with various other Southerners -The Klan started out having a main goal to strike blows against Tennessee's Republican government, but grew to frightening power -The KKK was responsible for countless murderous rampages. They burned black schools, attacked and murdered Republicans, and lynched blacks

Female Moral Reform Policy

A group of women who wanted to decrease prostitution, and encourage modesty in both women and men -Created in 1834 -President was Lydia Finney -Founded by middle class New York women -By 1840, they gained about 40,000 followers across the North and Midwest

Hollywood Ten

A group of writers and directors that went to jail for contempt of Congress after they refused to testify about their past affiliations with HUAC -Along with them, hundreds of other actors, directors, and writers who HUAC investigated were blacklisted in the movie industry

Brown Berets

A group of young Mexican-Americans who proclaimed a new term "Chicano" to replace Mexican-American and organized the La Reza Unida -Modeled after the Black Panthers

Japanese American Citizens League

A group who worked towards correcting injustices towards Japanese Americans during the post-WW2 era -Filed lawsuits in the late 1940s to regain property lost during the war -They also challenged the constitutionality of California's Alien Land Law, which prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land. They went on to successfully lobby to Congress to enable these immigrants to become citizens

National Organization for Women (NOW)

A group, formed in 1966, that was a civil rights organization for women with they aim of bringing women full equality in American society -Led by Betty Friedan, the organization grew to fifteen thousand by 1971

Casta system

A hierarchy based on race and social divisions that extended status and privilege to people in the Spanish empire. -Variations were based on race, color, birth, and ethnic origin. The "whiter" a person could claim to be meant higher status in the society with: -Peninsulares: Spaniards and other Whites born in Europe -Creoloes: Spaniards and other whites born in the Americas -American Indians -Mestizos, mulattoes, and Zambia -African laborers/slaves at bottom

Saratoga

A huge turning point in the Revolutionary War; victory for Americans -Lord George Germain of Great Britain ran low on supplies as he came towards the Hudson. -Germain raided Bennington, Vermont for supplies where he was met by 2,000 Minute Men -The Minute Men succeeded in killing 4,000 men

Self-made man

A hugely prominent idea in American popular culture. Men of the middle class adopted diligent lifestyles in the belief that they could get social mobility -Thousands of men saved their money, stopped drinking, and began working harder in an attempt to move up in social demographics -Countless books, magazines, and self-help manuals were sold that depicted industrial laborers rising out of poverty by saving their money and becoming diligent businessmen -This idealism linked the middle class to the business class

Hinton Helper

A journalist and writer who noted how divided the South, especially the border states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri), was on their decision to secede from the Union -Emphasized how some Southerners were reluctant to secede from the Union, stating that all too often "the slaveholders... have hoodwinked you" -Noted that non-slave holding whites suffered the most from slavery in his novel, "The Impending Crisis of the South"

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A leader of Transcendentalism -Believed that people should break away from customs to learn from nature -Lead lectures and wrote essays to get his message across -He appealed to middle class Americans, because he preached about the self-disciplined individual. Many middle class Americans at the time had been chasing after the popular image of the "self-made man" who could rise out of a humble beginning to the top of the business world

Henry David Thoreau

A leader of Transcendentalism, student of Emerson -Wrote narratives and essays that encouraged Americans to stray away from the customs of society -"Civil Disobedience" famously tells Americans to break away from social traditions -Thoreau built his own cabin in the woods of Massachusetts where he wrote "Walden, or Life in the Woods." This inspired people to deepen their connection with nature rather than the fast-paced wave of society -Most famous quote: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." Inspired people to seek individuality and break away from America's growing manufacturing industry and connect with nature

Kinsey report

A leading figure of the sexual revolution. Alfred Kinsey was an Indiana University zoologist who posed questions about sexuality to the public. Known as "the sex doctor," he broke many taboos about sex -He published "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" in 1948 and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female" in 1953 -The books were wildly popular, and looked at sexuality with a scientific mindset. He documented a wide range of sexual experiences in America, breaking many taboos about homosexuality and marital infidelity. He noted that 85% of males had had sex prior to marriage, while 25% of married women had had sex outside of their marriage by age 40

The Western Confederacy

A loose confederacy of Natives allied together in the Northwest Territory to prevent white settlers from intruding on their land -Fought and lost the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Married women's property laws

A major breakthrough for women's rights. Laws enacted by three states (Mississippi, Maine, and Massachusetts) to give married women rights to their property. -Instead of trying to change the cult of domesticity in American culture and get women into the work place, female reformers decided to focus on gaining women's property rights -This idea was supported by wealthy men who feared bankruptcy in the unpredictable industrial market and wanted to put some family assets under their wife's name -Between 1839 and 1845, these states enacted laws to give married women property rights -in 1848, New York even went as far as to give women full legal control over a property that they had once been forced to share with their husbands

Yalta Conference

A major meeting of the Big Three (Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Stalin, and Winston Churchill) at which the implications of the Allied victory -They discussed the postwar treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations, and the Russian entry into the war against Japan -This meeting showed that the US and Russia had an equal playing field as world powers, which set up the Cold War

John James Audubon

A man who emphasized regional cultural sensibilities of the frontier -Studied birds by categorizing them and painting them

Trail of Broken Treaties

A march done by AIM (American Indian Movement) in solidarity with various other Native tribes -The group seized the headquarters of the Bureau of Indian affairs in Washington, D.C. and ransacked the building. Many tribal leaders spoke out against this aggression

Operation Rolling Thunder

A massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam authorized by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 -The bombing had little effect of the Vietcong's ability to wage war in the South, as they could quickly rebuild their infastructure and had underground developments that remained untouched by bombs -Instead of destroying the will of the North Vietnamese, it only strengthened their determination

The Panic of 1837

A massive financial crisis that took place during Martin Van Buren's Presidency, but occurred due to the decisions made by Andrew Jackson -The Bank of England stopped investing in American manufacturing. This was huge because Britain spent millions on the cotton industry and investing in canal bonds. -Cotton prices fell from 20 cents/ lb to 10 cents/lb -American merchants, planters, and canal corporations were forced to withdraw gold from their domestic banks to pay off foreign debts. -Every bank in America ran out of specie

The Annapolis Convention

A meeting of 12 delegates from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia -They discussed how to better facilitate trade, as the Articles of Confederation didn't give the federal government the power to regulate trade -This lead for Congress to call for the Constitutional Convention

The Philadelphia Convention

A meeting of all the states except Rhode Island -Young, educated, property-owning men -Favored a strong central government and increased national authority

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance for Eastern Europe created in 1955 that was very similar to NATO in that the nations agreed that an attack on one of these nations was an attack on them all -Formed between eight nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union -Proved that Europe was massively divided

Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

A military conflict between Sioux Indians and whites, in which the Sioux were triumphant -George Armstrong Custer lead white militia into an unprovoked battle. -Sioux Indians killed Custer and all of his men -Increased animosity against Indians -Ultimately, though, this victory didn't grant Sioux rights to their land for too long. Gold was found on their land in South Dakota and the Sioux were forced to move

Mariano Vallejo

A military officer and governor of Mexican California who sided with Americans during the War -Descendent of a Spanish family who had lived in Mexico since the Spanish conquest -In the 1830s and 40s, Vallejo got land grants of 270,000 acres in Sonoma Valley, California -When he was governor of his territory, he welcomed Americans into the land -Despite this, he was imprisoned during the Bear Flag revolt. Bear Flaggers were an outlandish group of Americans who revolted against California's Mexican government

Jonathan Edwards

A minister who inspired a spark in Pietism in his homeland of New England -His form of Pietism was influenced by Christianity and Puritanism, and quickly spread thanks to his published book, "A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God" which was printed in London and Boston, and translated into German and Dutch

Women's liberation movement

A movement among women in the late 1960s that launched a new brand of feminism -Primarily younger, college-educated women of the New Left, antiwar, and Civil Rights movements -These women found that the male leaders of these movements had pushed women's rights to the side and soon became fed up -A loosely-structured movement, an alliance of women in big cities across the nation, who sought to end the exploitation of women -Protested at the Miss America pageant in 1968

Fourierism

A movement created by French philosopher Charles Fourier, and carried out in America by Arthur Brisbane. Fourierism believed that capitalism and individual property rights would eventually be phased out in favor of a more socialistic society. -Wanted to abolish the system in which laborers worked long hours for unfair wages at the hands of employers -Worked in groups called "phalanxes" which shared property rights to stores, banks, schools, and libraries among community members -Believed phalanxes would bring equality between men and women -Practiced among educated farmers and craftsmen, who were able to gain a steady money supply after the Panic of 1837 -About one hundred Fourierist communities existed at their peak in the 1840s, and they were mostly in the Midwest and western New York -Died out because members fought over work responsibilities and social policies. This showed how difficult it was to maintain a Utopian community

White flight

A movement of middle class whites away from the cities and towards the suburbs during the 1950s and 60s -This left poor minorities to majorly occupy urban areas; thus, intensifying the separation of the races both socially and economically.

The sexual revolution

A movement of sexual attitudes in the 1970s in which sexuality was more openly discussed -Pushed forward by 3 social advancements: introduction of the birth control pill, the rise of the baby-boomer-led counterculture, and the influence of feminism

Republican motherhood

A movement that called on women to teach republican values to their family and gave them a new importance in American political culture -Gained popularity from the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded societal roles

Sextant

A navigation tool that allowed people to travel the ocean accurately -Determined distances based upon angular measurements between the stars and the horizon

Copperheads

A nickname for Northern "Peace Democrats" who opposed the Civil War and called for a constitutional convention to negotiate a settlement -Opposed by Republicans who believed that fighting was necessary to suppress the rebellion and save the Union -Republicans called them "copperheads" after the venomous snake. Emphasized their distaste towards a peaceful compromise

Peace Corps

A nonmilitary initiative made by Kennedy to call Americans towards public service in many foreign nations -Thousands of men and women devoted a couple of years as volunteers for teaching or nursing -The Peace Corps was also a Cold War weapon intended to sway developing countries away from communism

The Affluent Society/ John Kenneth Galbraith

A novel made in 1958 that analyzed the nation's successful middle class against the troubling, and often ignored lower class -Author John Kenneth Galbraith argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians who celebrated their new growth -He noted that one in thirteen families earned less than 1,000 dollars a year

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that encouraged abolitionism -Stowe wrote the novel in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 -It was a best-seller at home and abroad in Great Britain -Exposed the violence and inhumanity of slavery, and grew the abolitionist movement

Common Sense

A pamphlet that urged Americans to create independent republican states - Said that Great Britian's government wasn't fit to govern the colonies -Written by Thomas Paine -Circulated throughout the colonies, and spread the ideology of the American Revolution

States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats)

A party formed in the South by Strom Thurmond, the governor of South Carolina in the early fifties, that moved away from Truman's democrats who were beginning to push for racial equality -Known as the Dixiecrats, the group hinted at the division of the Democratic Party over Civil Rights, as well as the Southern white opposition to racial equality

National Republicans

A party founded after the War of 1812 that broke off of Republican values -Led by Henry Clay -Pursued Federalist policies

Deindustrialization

A pattern of American industry being radically lessened during the 70s and 80s -The steel industry was notably impacted by downsizing, automation, and investment in new technologies. Along with it, many Northeastern and Midwestern industries suffered: tire, textile, and other consumer durable industries (appliances, electronics, furniture, etc)

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty made in 1979 between Israel and Egypt in Washington D.C. between Egyptian President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Begin. President Carter hosted and officiated the event

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A peacetime military alliance between twelve nations formed in 1949- the U.S., Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and West Germany. All nations agreed that an attack on one of them was an attack on them all

The Panic of 1819

A period in which American mercantilism, farming, and land decreased greatly in value -After the end of the Napoleon Wars, Americans began to rapidly increase their consumption of British wool and cotton products -American farmers, therefore, suffered a 30% cut in their world agriculture prices -South Carolina cotton went from a profit of 34 cents to 15 cents per pound -Great Britain closed America off from West Indies, so wheat prices plummeted -Farmers couldn't pay off debts -Land prices dropped by 50%

Zambo

A person of African and Indian decent

Metis

A person of Indian and French heritage -French colonists often intermarried with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquires furs and other products for export to Europe

Mulattos

A person of Spanish and African decent

Mestizos

A person of Spanish and Indian decent

"iron curtain"

A phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division in Europe between nations that affiliated with the Soviet Union and those who didn't -In general, Eastern Europe was allied with the Soviets and Western Europe was capitalist. Germany was notably divided in half by the iron curtain

Jack Kerouac- On the Road

A piece of work from the Beat Generation (younger people in the 50s and early 60s who went against middle-class materialism) -On the Road glorified spontaneity, sexual adventurism, drug use, and spirituality

Albany Plan of Union

A plan proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 near the beginning of the French and Indian War -He wanted one general government to be made that assembled all of the colonies to discuss trade, Indian policy, and colonial issues -Never enacted

Anaconda plan

A plan proposed by Union officer Winfield Scott which would successfully cut the Confederacy in two. -Included a blockade of Southern ports and called for a Union advance down the Mississippi River -This cut the South in two and "suffocated" them

The Compromise of 1850

A plan that attempted to settle the political disputes over slavery -Created by Whigs Henry Clay and Daniel Webster and Democrat Stephen A. Douglas -Made a Fugitive Slave Act that federally supported slave catchers -Admitted California as a free state -Resolved a boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas, to the benefit of New Mexico -Abolished the slave trade in Washington D.C. -Organized Mexican lands into New Mexico and Utah, and left the slavery question up to popular sovereignty for their inhabitants

Steele plow

A plow crafted by John Deere whose steel made it easier to cut through the thick sod of the Western prairies -Plows were previously made out of cast-iron, which wasn't as strong -Pushed America's wheat industry forward; flour soon became 10% of all American exports to foreign markets

Yippes

A popular nickname for members of the Youth International Party who led a major antiwar campaign in the late 1960s and early 70s -Led by Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman -Protested the 1968 Democratic National Convention -Their protests were geared towards maximum media exposure

H-bomb

A powerful nuclear weapon that the United States had ready after NSC-68 -Eisenhower increased the production of the hydrogen bomb under his defense policy towards the Soviets. The Soviet Union matched the United States weapon for weapon and, by 1958, both nations had intercontinental ballistic missiles

Wilmot Proviso

A proposal suggesting that slavery be banned from all territories gained from the Mexican-American War. It ultimately failed. -David Wilmot, an anti-slavery Democrat from Pennsylvania, created the proposal -Whigs and anti-slavery democrats passed it, but the Proviso sectionally divided Congress -Fearful that the Proviso would cause too much political unrest in Congress, a few proslavery Northerners and Southerners voted to kill it

Three-fifths Compromise

A proposition made by the Constitutional Convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a vote -Southern delegates wanted slaves to count as a whole vote

Slave trade compromise

A proposition made by the Constitutional Convention to determine America's involvement in the slave trade -Some argued that slavery went against republican values, and wanted to end America's involvement in the African Slave Trade -It was agreed that their involvement in the Slave Trade would only continue until 1808

Black Panther Party/ Huey Newton

A radical black nationalist group founded in Oakland, California in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale -It was a militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, and largely took cues from Malcolm X -The organization spread to other cities in the late 60s, which lead many community-organizing projects but also clashed violently with the police

John Brown's Raid

A raid that proved that abolitionists were sometimes willing to use violence to achieve their goals -Brown lead 18 men (both black and white) to a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859 -He planned to distribute the weaponry to slaves to begin a violent uprising, but was caught and hung before he achieved this goal -Both Democrats and Republicans condemned him for his violent intentions, but transcendentalists glorified him as a martyr -Heightened political tensions over slavery

Horace Mann

A reformer who worked to improve the quality of American school system -Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education from 1837 to 1848 -Lengthened the school year -Bettered the standards of reading, writing, and math -Recruited well-educated women as teachers

Dorothea Dix

A reformist who taught to improve prison conditions and raise mental health awareness -In 1841 began to advocate for prisoners, especially the mentally ill. She noticed that the mentally insane were roomed with those who were mentally stable, that people who committed minor crimes were roomed with people who committed major crimes, and that women were paired with men. She wanted people of similar backgrounds paired with one another. -By 1854, Dix had traveled over 30,000 miles across to country to visit 18 state prisons, 300 county jails, and over 500 hospitals -The reports she made on the conditions of prison and issues with mental health inspired many hospitals and prisons to change their practices

Mormons

A religion developed by Joseph Smith in the 1830s and continued by Brigham Young after his death in the 1840s -Smith's "The Book of Mormon" told his followers that Jews from the Middle East migrated to the Western Hemisphere, where they became known as the decedents of Israel. It explained why Native Americans were in America and planned to include them in their traditions. -Mormons valued the self-made hardworking individual and, therefore, embraced capitalism -John Smith created the "City of Zion" in Missouri for Mormons to live in, however, surrounding Protestant ministers persecuted them. They decided to move to Nauvoo, Illinois. -Nauvoo had about 30,000 citizens in the early 1840s, but they had secret rituals, polygamy, hard discipline, hostility towards other sects, and bloc voting that greatly swung elections. People hated them for these things -Smith decided that he didn't accept the laws of Illinois and wanted to declare Nauvoo its own federal territory that he would be the President of. This was the last straw for citizens of Illinois, and an anti-Mormon mob murdered him -Brigham Young took over Nauvoo and moved its followers to Mexican Territory to escape persecution

NSC-68

A report issued by the NSC (U.S. National Security Council) in 1950 which said that the Soviet Union wouldn't stop their Cold War aggressions until they achieved "domination of the Eurasian landmass." This massively reshaped the American approach to the Cold War towards militarization -The report was written in a very serious and alarming tone that scared the U.S. into proposing a new program to combat the Soviet world. This program included the development of a hydrogen bomb, a thermonuclear device, increases in military forces, and higher taxes to support the military -This report is largely considered to have militarized the United States during the Cold War

Abraham Lincoln

A republican from Illinois who opposed slavery. Worked his way up in the political scene until he was elected the sixteenth President of the United States in 1860, where his Presidency majorly consisted of the Civil War. -Previously a member of the Whig Party, Lincoln admired the work of Henry Clay. He promoted education, banks, canals, and railroads in Illinois legislature. -He stayed fairly moderate on the issue of slavery. He voted for military force in the Mexican American War, yet also voted to pass the Wilmot Proviso -Eventually, abolitionists disliked him for his middle-ground stance on slavery, and he wasn't reelected. Lincoln quit politics and worked as a lawyer. -Lincoln was drawn back into politics after the Kansas-Nebraska Act, when he was dismayed to find that the Missouri Compromise had been redacted. He came back to the political scene as an abolitionist

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A resolution made by Lyndon B. Johnson made in 1964 in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident -North Vietnamese torpedo boats had fired on the U.S. destroyer Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin -This led Johnson to pose a call to arms, which was widely supported among the public and Congress -The Resolution ultimately gave Johnson the freedom to begin conducting military war operations in Vietnam

Shay's Rebellion

A revolt against taxes and debts faced by Americans after the war -Daniel Shay watched his fellow Revolutionary War veterans go to jail because of their debts -These debts were due to the high taxations imposed upon the people in an attempt to make up for war debts -Shay lead a group to march to the Massachusetts Court House, and request that they forgive the debts of veterans -The Massachusetts government pays an army to put down the rebellion

Brown vs Board of Education

A revolutionary Supreme Court case in 1954 which declared that "separate but equal" made school systems "inherently unequal", and therefore abolished segregation in school systems -Linda Brown, a black student in Topeka, Kansas, had been forced to attend a distant all-black school rather than a closer white elementary school on the basis of her race -Thurgood Marshall argued that this was unconstitutional, as it denied Brown the "equal protection of the laws" guaranteed by the 14th Amendment -This reversed Plessy vs Ferguson

Memphis Riot

A riot of bitter white Southerners in postwar Memphis. Proved how ex- Confederates were unwilling to grant racial equality towards blacks, despite laws made by Congress. Forced Congress to approach postwar Southern rebellion with more scrutiny -In 1866, a group of black Union soldiers went to a bar to celebrate the victorious ending of their military service -Angry whites lead a violent attack against them. For three days, whites burned down black neighborhoods, churches, schools, and raped black women

Dominion of New England

A royal province composed of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and later New York and New Jersey - Created under the English rule of King James II and his appointed governor, Edmund Andros. Both were very inflexible and wanted to exert stricter rule over the Dominion - Here, the English destroyed all forms of self-government by the colonists, enforced public attendance to the Church of England, and revoked land titles from the original Massachusetts Bay Charter

Lincoln Douglas debates

A series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and Stephen Douglas (Democrat). The two men were fighting over a U.S. Senate seat in 1858, and mainly quarreled over issues of slavery. -Douglas supported white supremacy, and argued that America was to be ruled only by white men -Lincoln, although he didn't believe black and white people were equal, believed that both races should have equal economic opportunities -Eventually, Douglas was elected to the Senate seat

Nat Turner

A slave who lead a bloody slave rebellion in Virginia, and forced the state to tighten black codes -Nat Turner was born into slavery and was denied the emancipation he had sought since he was a child, and later separated from his wife by a master -Turner claimed to have had a vision in which God told him that white slaveholders were to be punished for their sin and, one day, he carried out the punishment that he believed God was urging him to do -Turner rallied a couple of his friends to lead a murderous rampage against white people, and killed 55 men, women, and children -He wished for hundreds of slaves to rally with him to fight against whites, but only about 60 people did. The white militia was easily able to disarm his force. -All his comrades were killed, and Turner was hung -The Virginia Assembly discussed enacting a gradual emancipation law, but the bill didn't pass. Instead, they decided to tighten slave codes

Homophile movement

A social uprising of American homosexuals during the sexual revolution, who attempted to defeat the negative stigmas associated with homosexuals -Kinsley pointed out to a surprised American public that homosexuality was a lot more common than it was thought to be, as he calculated that 37% of men had engaged in gay activities and 13% of women had engaged in lesbian activities. This shocked the public, as homosexuality was feared, illegal, and categorized as a mental illness in 1952 -These claims allowed America's gay community, calling themselves "homophiles" to begin to speak out for equal rights in both social and political spheres

Truman Doctrine

A speech in which President Truman promised to provide American support to any nations resisting communist influence -This was made in response to Great Britain faltering its support towards the Cold War, leading Americans to fear that the Soviets would soon take over Greece and other nations -The Truman Doctrine gave way to the United States providing Greece and Turkey millions of dollars to fight off Soviet expansionism, which worked -Seen as a great U.S. success during the Cold War

Martin Van Buren

A supporter of Andrew Jackson, who helped him attain the Presidency and served as his Secretary of State -Van Buren was the one to increase taxes on imported goods and contribute to the Tariff of Abominations. This gained Jackson the supporters of many states, whose manufacturing benefitted from the taxes that were imposed on imported goods -When Jackson decided to run for President, Van Buren marketed his campaign. He had newspapers publicly endorse Jackson and mass meetings were organized for people to pledge their support towards him. Van Buren portrayed Jackson as "Old Hickory" who wasn't a political, but a stern war hero

Spoils system

A system in which a person of high political power unjustly grants government positions to close friends or supporters -Martin Van Buren was accused of running a spoils system when he had a powerful influence on New York's legislature in the early 1820s. He appointed around 6,000 of his friends to legal positions in New York's court system as judges, sheriffs, justices of the peace, deed commissioners , and coroners

Crop-lien system

A system in which storekeepers took liens (or security interest) on the crops of sharecroppers. This forced sharecroppers into greater depths of debt. -Most sharecroppers were black men who had just been freed from slavery. Consequently, they had no money for farm supplies and food -Storekeepers lent them these supplies in exchange for liens on their crops -Storekeepers often took advantage of sharecroppers by maintaining unfair interest rates and having crooked bookkeeping

Morrill Tariff

A tariff that raised money for the Union to meet the cost of the war -1861. Passed during James Buchanan's Presidency, as states were seceding to join the Confederacy -Increased taxes on shipping from five to ten percent -Raked in millions of dollars, and fostered rapid industrial growth

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

A tariff that was created by President John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to promote American manufacturing, but was ultimately used by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren to increase their support leading up to Jackson's run for Presidency -John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were national republicans who employed federalist policies in office (strong central government, support for mercantilism). They put tariffs on British textile goods so that American manufacturing could prosper -Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren joined Adams in increasing tariffs. They made taxes on imported raw materials that would favor manufacturing in New York, Ohio, and Kentucky. These states gave Jackson support in his upcoming Presidential run. -Eventually, tariffs were significantly raised in 1828 on textiles, raw materials, and iron. Americans hated this and called it the "Tariff of Abominations" -Even though it was ultimately Van Buren and Jackson who had pushed the tariff over the edge, President Adams took all the heat for it

Tariffs

A tax made on imports or exports

Scalawags

A term coined by Ex-Confederates to describe Southerners who supported Reconstruction -Most Southerners disliked the Union's approach to Reconstruction. -They believed that institutions supported by the Republican Party, like the Union League and the Freedmen's Bureau, were unnecessary. Believed they intervened in Southern affairs too much, and Southerners resented aid towards blacks

Carpetbaggers

A term coined by Southerners to describe white Northerners who moved down South to exploit its politics -During Reconstruction, many limits were put onto Ex-Confederate governments. Confederate leaders were kicked out of office, and many Northerners came to the South to quickly take over these empty positions -The term "carpet baggers" comes from the idea that Northerners packed up their lives in cheap carpet bags to come down to the South while it lay in ruins from the war, just so they could hold political power

Beatniks

A term referring to young people in the 1950s and early 1960s who identified with the Beat Generation, a group of writers and poets centered in New York and San Francisco who disdained middle-class materialism. -The Beats were apolitical, but their cultural rebellion would inspire a new generation of young rebels disenchanted with the political and cultural status quo in the 1960s

Treaty of Greenville

A treaty that was made in response to the American conquest at the Battle of Fallen Timbers -Made in 1795 -US officially designated lands in the Northwest Territory to them -America gained most of Ohio from Indians -Indians agreed to have American sovereignty

Treaty of Kanagawa

A treaty, signed in 1854, that allowed U.S. ships to refuel at two ports in Japan -Commodore Matthew Perry forced Japanese to sign this treaty -Opened up the gates for America to begin trading with Japan in 1858

Iroquois Confederacy

A united group formed out of Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas- all of whom occupied the area between the Hudson River and Lake Erie -Lead by Hiawatha, who united the once war-torn groups by telling his people of a spirit who had taught him peace and power through condolence rituals -Had Sachems rather than Chiefs -Matriarchal

Shakers

A utopian community lead by Mother Ann Lee that was inspired by the Second Great Awakening -Egalitarian communities (women were equal to men) -Tried to "shake" sin out of citizens -Known for furniture -Died out because they didn't allow anyone within their community to reproduce; this was unfavored by followers and literally didn't allow their following to grow

Comstock Lode

A vein of silver ore discovered in Nevada in 1859 -Built the boomtown of Virginia City, which gained popularity. The town soon got hotels and its own stock exchange. In 1870, 100 saloons were in the city. -Eventually became a ghost town when the landscape was ravaged beyond repair with poisoned water sources, mountains of debris, and lands stripped of timber -Lead to Congress seeking more mining opportunities in the West, like the General Mining Act of 1872, which allowed anyone who discovered minerals on federal land to work the claim and keep all the proceeds. Mining became a popular enterprise

Lydia Maria Child

A very popular writer who strongly believed in equal rights for all. Her books circulated greatly in America, and increased the movement for change -Abolitionist; She wrote a book, "An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans." Very successful and promoted abolitionism -Published the newspaper "The Anti-Slavery Standard" and was on the executive committee on the Anti-Slavery Society in 1830s -Activist for Women's rights -Opponent of American expansion -Activist for Indian rights

Viceroy system

A viceroy was elected by the Spanish throne to rule out legislative, executive, and judicial power over Spain's American colonies

Korean War

A war between Communist North Korea led by Kim Il Sung and Nationalist South Korea led by Syngman Rhee. The Soviets allied with the communists, while the United States helped the Nationalists. The war lasted between 1950-1953. -At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to occupy Korea separately (each side lived north or south of the 38th parallel). Eventually, tensions of the Cold War erupted into the Korean War which pitted Communists led by Kim Il Sung (in North Korea) against an aggressive Nationalist leader, Syngman Rhee (in South Korea) -The war had begun in 1945, but it didn't escalate until 1950 when Stalin agreed to back the Communists. After this, North Korea launched a surprise attack into Nationalist South Korea. Truman immediately requested to bring Americans to help South Koreans and the Korean War began for the United States -Cost the lives of over 36,000 U.S. troops and Korea was decidedly split into two nations at the 38th parallel

Mexican American War

A war that lasted from 1846-1848 and granted a victorious America with vast amounts of Western land (California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico) -President James K. Polk was an avid expansionist. He first set out to gain California from Mexico by urging Californios to seek independence from Mexico and join America, and he seized San Francisco Bay. -Then, Polk sent John Slidel to Mexico to try an d gain land diplomatically. They proposed to secure the Texas boundary at the Rio Grande River, and buy California and New Mexico. Mexican officials wouldn't meet with Slidel. -Polk then ordered General Zachary Taylor to provoke war. 2,000 American soldiers went to the Southern-most point of the disputed Texas border (at the Nieces River) and wait until Mexico fought first. Mexico began the fighting, and the war began.

Billy Graham

A young Reverend who used television as a platform for his evangelical Protestant views, which were popularized in the 1960s in response to the growing fear of Cold War bombings and the spread of "godless communism" -Graham went to places like Madison Square Garden to broadcast his sermons to masses

Grimke Sisters

Abolitionist writers -Sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote "American Slavery as It Is: A Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses" which used first-hand stories from slaves to give a hard-hitting depiction of slavery's violence and inhumanity -Circulated well throughout America and spread the abolitionist movement

26th Amendment

Added in 1971, the 26th Amendment guaranteed people 18 years old and over the right to vote -Historically, it had been 21. But the mounting opposition to the Vietnam War argued that if a man was old enough to serve in the military, he should be able to vote, so the voting age was lowered to include the 18-20 year old draftees who had been denied these rights

Jay's Treaty

Addressed the issue between Britain and America in 1794 -The British were seizing American ships and impressing sailors -George Washington wanted to prevent any military confrontations, so he issued the treaty -British agreed to remove troops from America and settle financial claims

Exodusters

African Americans who left the South and headed Westward -In 1879, a group of black communities left Mississippi and Louisiana in a quest to escape poverty and white violence -About 6,000 blacks left together. Most of them had nothing. -They called themselves Exodusters because they were "participants in a great exodus towards Kansas" -In 1880, 40,000 blacks were in Kansas as a result of this -Texas was also a popular home for black Exodusters, due to its expanding cotton frontier

Post WW2 gender roles

After WW2, women were largely expected to stick with the middle-class domestic ideal, in which women raised children and devoted themselves to duties at home and making their husbands happy

Proclamation of 1763

After learning how expensive it was to control the trans- Appalachian west, the British issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which confirmed Indian control over the region. -Colonists were not allowed to settle there -Colonists largely disobeyed this

"Report on Manufacturers"

Alexander Hamilton's proposal that requested that the nation add tariffs to imported goods -Wanted to protect American industry -Congress didn't do anything with it -Influenced later industrial policies

"Report on the public credit"

Alexander Hamilton's report in 1790 that urged the States to assume the national debt from war -Hamilton wanted to strengthen the country's credit, while also enticing wealthy investors

La Raza Unida

Also known as the National United Peoples Party or United Race Party was a Hispanic political party centered on Mexican-American nationalism -It was born in the early 1970s and became prominent throughout Texas and Southern California -Focused on getting politicians elected who would speak out for Latino rights, but was mainly unsuccessful in this reguard

Freedom of Information Act

Amendments were made to strengthen the Freedom of Information Act in 1974 in the wake of Watergate. This gave citizens access to federal records

Second Great Awakening

America's religious revival movement in the early 19th century. Focused more on individualistic beliefs, and inspired utopian religions -The First Great Awakening and the Enlightenment inspired rationalism in America; people, like deists, who believed that humans were only cogs in a greater scheme -People began to dislike this, and started a religious movement that focused on spirituality in the individual that began on America's frontiers -It greatly increased the number of Methodist and Baptist followers in America; these were the dominant religions going into the Civil War -Focused more on reform, and physically doing things to "get right" with God -Focused more on diversity; many utopian communities were Egalitarian (equality for men and women)

Oregon Boundary dispute

American expansionists wanted to extend their rights to land in Oregon, but the British already had claims to some this land -Once Americans had moved to the area along the popularized Oregon trail, expansionists wanted to extend America's right to the land -However, in 1846, America had signed the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. This established a clear border between British and American land. Expansionists threatened to break this treaty and, therefore, would cause a violent dispute between Britain and America

Romanticism

American movement in the 19th century that popularized emotion over reason -Influenced art and writing -Fostered the idea that everyone could find truth if they had spiritual intuition -Popular works usually had profound visual and sensory experiences

The Great Awakening

American religious response to Enlightenment ideas -A movement of religious revival in the American colonies, that introduced religions (such as Pietism and Calvinism) that were rivaled by those who believed in the traditional forms of religion that had been previously popularized -Made it common to question religious authority (King) -Increased devotion to God; emotional sermons

Salutary neglect

American self-governance and lax attention from England -Salutary neglect was the form of American self-governance recognized under their rule from King George I and King George II, who didn't regulate colonial affairs outside the realm of trade

Battle of New Orleans

American victory lead by Andrew Jackson against the British in the War of 1812 -Jackson had been informed of Britain's military plans for the battle by Jean Laffite, a French pirate -700 British soldiers were killed and 2,000 were taken as prisoners -13 Americans killed -Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war 2 weeks earlier -The battle boosted nationalism and morale, made Jackson a hero, and dismantled the amendments made by the Hartford Convention

James Fenimore Cooper

American writer who greatly contributed to U.S. literary culture -Wrote about idealized versions of frontier and Indian life in the West in books like "The Last of the Mohicans" and "The Deer Slayer"

Texas annexation

Americans gained lands in Texas from Mexico in 1836 -In 1821, Mexico had won independence from Spain. They had massive amounts of land that Mexicans alone couldn't occupy, so they offered land grants to American planters. -In 1835, about 27,000 white people and their 3,000 slaves occupied Texas. They hugely outnumbered the 3,000 Mexicans who lived in the Southwestern region -The Mexican government created a new stronger central government that forced inhabitants to convert to Christianity and forbid slavery. Americans created loopholes around both of these rules, but this made them question their allegiance to Mexico -A "war party" lead by Sam Houston wanted independence from Mexico -A "peace party" lead by Stephen Austin negotiated with the Mexican government to gain political autonomy for the state. He won for slavery to be allowed in the territory but, the President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna nullified it. -War party lead a rebellion that was largely supported by the American settlers and, in 1836, they proclaimed Texas as an independent territory that allowed slavery

GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act)

An Act made in 1944 in which the government payed for veterans to go to college and have increased access to middle-class status -By the 1950s, 2.2 million veterans had attended college and another 5.6 million had attended trade school with government financing

National Interstate and Defense Highways Act

An Act made in 1956 that authorized $26 billion over a ten-year period for the construction of a nationally integrated highway system -Done as a Cold War necessity because broad highways would make evacuation from crowded cities easier in the event of a nuclear attack -Enthusiastically put forth by President Dwight D. Eisenhower -Drastically altered the American landscape and driving habits

Reconstruction Act of 1867

An Act that declared the terms to which Southern states would have to comply to rejoin the Union -Broke up the South into 5 military districts, each of which would be lead by a Union military General. In order for the states to rejoin the Union, they had to: - Allow black people to vote -Ratify the 14th Amendment (everyone born in United States is a citizen, including black people) -Deny ex-Confederate leaders the right to vote -This Act was vetoed by Johnson, but his veto was overridden by Congress

Phyllis Wheatley

An African-American poet enslaved in Boston -Wrote poems that praised Patriots like George Washington -Her work circulated throughout Great Britain and the colonies

Focus on the Family

An American Christian conservative organization founded in 1977 to promote Evangelical views during the Fourth Great Awakening. They pushed for the nation to maintain traditional gender roles and continue creating nuclear families that were free from the influence of the sexual revolution

John C. Calhoun

An American Democrat who aided in South Carolina's threat of secession during the Nullification Controversy of 1832 -Wrote "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest" (1828) which argued that America couldn't be justly governed by an overarching federal government; this wouldn't allow for the grievances of each region to be addressed. He believed in the power of the state over the power of the government. -Calhoun's works inspired his home state of South Carolina to threaten secession in 1832. Andrew Jackson hated him for this. -Calhoun later supported slavery in "Slavery, A Positive Good" which stated that slavery was beneficial to both blacks and whites -Very scary looking man

The Liberator

An American abolitionist newspaper made out of Boston by William Lloyd Garrison -Discussed slavery and its many faults, and exposed the depth of its horrors to Americans -Spread abolitionist cause

John Deere

An American blacksmith who invented the steel plow -Much more improved than previous iron plows, and pushed the American wheat industry forward

Benjamin Franklin

An American deist -Though he was born and raised in America, Franklin cultivated his deist beliefs in the minds of his people through his novel, The Poor Richard's Almanac -He was also an inventor of the lightning rod, bifocals, electrostatic machine, and various other things

George F. Kennan

An American diplomat during the Cold War who wrote the "Long Telegram" -Kennan was very educated in Russian ideologies and could also speak Russian very well; he was a widely-used asset during the Cold War. His advice and insight was largely helpful and formative to U.S. strategy at the time -Kennan wrote the "Long Telegram" in which he told the U.S. State Department in an 8,000-word cable that the Soviets were insecure and fearful of the West, and simply needed to be contained. Kennan believed that as long as we didn't allow the Soviets to expand their influence, they would eventually collapse

Zachary Taylor

An American general who helped lead America to victory during the Mexican-American War -Lead American troops at the beginning of the war near the disputed Texas border, where he ensured that Mexico was the first to begin fighting. He went on to fight near the Rio Grande River, and soon gained control of Monterey- a city in the center of Mexico.

Arthur Brisbane

An American preacher of Charles Fourier's philosophies on Fourierism -Brisbane believed that social changes in America would eventually lead to the end of capitalism and property rights -Wrote "The Social Destiny of Man" to promote Fourierist ideas

Nez Perce

An Indian group who lived in the Pacific Northwest -Fished for salmon -Hunter-gatherers

Southern Paiute

An Indian tribe in the Great Basin -Did not have horses, and almost got wiped out because of it

Northern Conscription Act (1863)

An act made by the Union to recruit more men into the Northern army for the Civil War -Also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act -Required that all men (20-45) and all immigrants with the intention of becoming citizens were to join the military -Exemptions to the draft could be bought for $300, or you could hire a replacement fighter

Taft-Harley Act

An act passed by Democrats in Congress, despite Truman's veto, that weakened the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining -Forced unions to purge communists, who had been among the most successful labor organizers in the 1930s, from their ranks

Quartering act of 1765

An act passed by Parliament that required all of the colonies to house British militia -The British army was sent to the colonies to prevent conflict between the colonists and Indians

Civil Rights Act of 1866

An act proposed by Republicans in Congress that granted citizenship to former slaves, giving them legal equal rights and protection in court -This act was vetoed by Johnson, who was a blatant racist. Congress overruled his veto. Increased political tensions between Republicans and Democrats

Manumission

An act released in 1782 that allowed slaves to be freed by their individual owner, either by the death, will, or living discretion of their owner

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

An act that aided the creation of a Railroad that spanned from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. It also granted federal security of the Railway for postal and military purposes -Increased manufacturing by connecting the West to the manufacturers in the East -Connected the precious metals in California to Eastern America

Civil Rights Act of 1875

An act that allowed blacks equal access to jury service, transportation, and public accommodations -A radical Republican Massachusetts Senator, Charles Sumner created the bill in 1870. He wanted blacks to have equal access to schools and churches as well; however, some believed that this would allow intermarriage between whites and blacks, and that allowing blacks in churches might interfere with the first amendment rights of whites. -Last Civil Rights Act for nearly 100 years

National Bank Act (1863)

An act that raised money to pay off Union war debts -Forced Northern banks to buy interest-paying bonds -This concept of strengthening the bank and central government was a key part of the American System, which Union Republicans enacted to raise money for war costs -Covered roughly 65% of war debts

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

An act that set aside 140 million federal acres that states could sell to raise money for public universities -Goal was to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical, scientific, and agricultural expertise -Also pushed people to populate the vacant West

Southern Conscription Act (1862)

An action made by the Confederacy to draft soldiers for the War -Required existing soldiers to serve for the duration of the war, and mandated three years of military service from all men (18-35) -After the Confederate loss at Antietam, the age requirement went to 45 -Wealthy southerners found loopholes to the draft. One white man could be exempted from fighting if they possessed 20 slaves. This meant large plantation owners could avoid the draft. Some wealthy Southerners paid for a replacement to fight for them.

A. Philip Randolph

An activist for racial equality in the post-WW2 era -Led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, which was the most prominent black trade union. They called for a march on Washington in early 1941 if African Americans weren't given equal opportunity in war jobs. This pushed FDR to issue Executive Order 8802 that year, which prohibited racial discrimination in defense industries

Tenant farming

An agricultural system in which a farmer rents land from a landlord, and pays the landlord with rent in exchange for his use of the land -Similar to sharecropping, except farmers tended to make slightly more sums of money because they had their own supplies

15th Amendment

An amendment enacted in 1870 that gave everyone the right to vote, no matter their race -Whites still created poll taxes and impossible tests to prevent blacks from voting -Raised the question on whether or not women would be allowed to vote

William Lloyd Garrison

An ardent American abolitionist -Created the abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator" which strengthened his cause -He demanded immediate emancipation, and argued that even the U.S. Constitution was at fault for perpetuating slavery within America -Established the American Anti-Slavery Society

Lucretia Mott

An ardent women's rights activist and abolitionist -In 1833, when men excluded women from the American Anti-Slavery Society (founded by William Lloyd Garrison), she created the Female Anti Slavery Society -In 1848 she organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Elizabeth Lady Stanton

Hudson River School

An art school that focused on teaching artists how to make landscape paintings to show how majestic nature was

John Trumbull

An artist who glorified the first leaders of America, like George Washington, as heroes who were larger than life

Benjamin Banneker

An author who was the first African American to publish a scientific book- the Almanac. A renown mathematician and author, Banneker defied racist stereotypes

Margaret Fuller

An educated New England woman who expanded the ideas of Transcendentalism to American woman -In 1839, she began a discussion group for educated Boston women that spoke intelligently about transcendentalism -Editor of "The Dial", a transcendentalist journal -In 1844, she wrote "Woman in the Nineteenth Century." This book spoke to her views that all people, including women, should be allowed to live freely in their own life choices and relationship with God

Washington Irving

An elitist Federalist who was famous for writing and helped put America on the map for culture -Wrote "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" -Both books very incredibly popular in the U.S. and over seas

The XYZ Affair

An event in which Americans traveled to France to ask the French to stop harming American ships -The French delegates, X, Y, and Z, asked for a bribe -Americans were insulted -Resulted in Quasi War

Bay of Pigs invasion

An event in which President John F. Kennedy planned a covert CIA operation to dispatch Cuban exiles into Cuba to begin an anti-Castro uprising. Complete failure -The invaders weren't well prepared for the mission, and it is rumored that Castro was tipped off to their plans of invasion. Either way, Castro's troops crushed their force of 1,400 -Kennedy refused to go enforce an airstrike against Cuba, and instead took full responsibility for the defeat -After this invasion, Castro turned Cuba into a communist nation and sought support from the Soviets. Nikita Khrushchev sent weapons to Cuba, setting up the Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Airlift

An event in which U.S. planes flew missions over Berlin to bring food and other supplies to the land after the Soviet Union had blocked it off from its former supply routes in an attempt to force it towards communism -The event was a success for the U.S. as it strengthened Berlin and West German support for America, and made the Soviet Union look unnecessarily ruthless -The Soviet Union lifted the 321 day blockade on May 12, 1949 after it was declared a clear failure

Zenger Trial

An event that forced the American legal system to recognize the freedom of the press - John Peter Zenger condemned the British rule in his publication, which violated the English element of law that didn't allow the press to oppose the government -When he was taken to court, it was ruled that, as long as publications were factual, they could be written in opposition to the government

Little Rock Crisis

An event which proved the public opposition towards Brown vs Board of Education and the racial discrimination that still existed in America despite the legal advancements towards equality -After Brown vs Board of Education declared that no school could deny a student from enrollment on the basis of their color, nine black students pegged the Little Rock Nine went to go attend a previously all white school in Little Rock, Arkansas -The school's white students and the community revolted against their enrollment and initially prevented from entering the school. Dwight D. Eisenhower was forced to send in troops to enforce their attendance

Rise of mercantilist European Nation-States

An example of how Europe switched from feudalism to capitalism -Citizens of the Nation-States were able to make their own wealth through increased trade and new sources of mineral wealth

Fair Deal

An extension of the New Deal, the Fair Deal was made by Dwight Eisenhower in 1949 -In the end, Congress blocked many of Eisenhower's aims, and left the Fair Deal to only aid through improvements in minimum wage, Social Security, and the creation of the National Housing Act (authorized the construction of 810,000 low-income units)

Transcendentalism

An intellectual movement inspired by the Market Revolution and European Romanticism. -When goods became mass produced and America's industries grew, a few influential individuals stepped forward to remind people that the best way to live life was to break away from customs and institutions -Transcendentalism took romantic beliefs to new extremes. Romantics emphasized a strong connection to nature and human behavior, and transcendentalists looked at nature to learn how to perfect themselves and humanity -Leading Transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. They wrote essays that encouraged Americans to break away from institutions and place more emphasis on nature

The United Nations

An international body to replace the League of Nations and promote international unity after World War II -Made at the Yalta Conference by the Big Three -The United Nations was set up with a General Assembly to represent all nations, and a Security Council that was made up of the five major Allied Powers (US, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union). The Security Council could have veto power over the decisions of the General Assembly

Bretton Woods- World Bank

An international conference was held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944 to discuss international economic policies. This meeting marked the creation of the World Bank, which was created to provide loans for the reconstruction of war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world -Guided the global economy after WW2

Weathermen

An offshoot group from Students from a Democratic Society who believed that peaceful protests weren't getting their antiwar initiatives across, so they turned to violence -They were responsible for a few cases of arson and bombing that destroyed campus buildings and claimed several lives

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An organization created in 1960 made up of Middle Eastern oil producers, which created a cartel (a business association formed to control prices) on the oil industry -OPEC often took sides in political conflicts. For example, when the United States helped Israel in the Yom Kippur war, OPEC declared an oil embargo in 1973. U.S. gas prices jumped up 40% and caused an energy crisis

The American Anti-Slavery Society

An organization of abolitionists who rallied together with a goal of emancipation -Founded by William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Weld, and 60 others. These people were abolitionists, religious, and were both black and white -They wanted to convince the American public to push for emancipation by appealing to religion and morale -Religion: Founder Theodore Weld published "the Bible Against Slavery" in 1837 which condemned slavery in context with Bible verses. -Morale: Weld then came together with the Grimke sisters (Angelina and Sarah) to promote abolitionist ideas in literature. They wrote "American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses" in 1839. The book exposed all of the horribly violent true stories of slavery.

Quasi War with France

An undeclared was fought almost entirely at sea between the United States and France during 1798-1800 -A result of the XYZ Affair

Bread basket colonies

Another name for the middle colonies -The middle colonies mainly produced cereal crops -They made wheat, oats, and barley

General "Mad" Anthony Wayne

Appointed by George Washington to lead the Continental Army at the Battle of Fallen Timbers -Gained a victory for America, and opened up the Northwest Territory to white settlement

Edmund Andros

Appointed by James II to govern the Dominion of New England - Andros was a hard-edged former military officer

Bartolome de Las Casas

Appreciated Natives, but by no means thought they were equal to whites - Valladolid debate with Juan de Sepulveda -Believed they could be Christianized -Appreciated their government, city structure, and abilities in the liberal arts

Articles of Confederation

Approved by the Continental Congress in 1777 -The Articles of Confederation allowed for a loose union -Each state got its own freedom and sovereignty -Each state had one vote -There was no executive or judiciary branch -Couldn't tax people either

Growing European demand for colonial goods (tobacco, lumber, sugar)

As Europe wanted tobacco, lumber, and sugar, new lands in America and abroad provided it for them with plantation labor -Chesapeake colonies gave them tobacco -New England gave them lumber -Barbados gave them sugar

Washington's Farewell Address

As he ended his presidency, Washington urged America: -not to create permanent allies -be peaceful with all nations -not to create political parties -especially not to create political parties based upon geography

Abigail Adams

Asked her husband, John, to "remember the ladies" in his talks during the 2nd Continental Congress. She pushed him to include women's rights in the Declaration, however, he failed to do so

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Lincoln in April of 1865, two weeks after the end of the Civil War. This left the Nation in political uncertainty, and gave Reconstruction duties to Lincoln's underwhelming Vice President, Andrew Johnson -Booth was a Southern sympathizer who refused to accept the Union victory -He and a couple of Southern conspirators planned to kill Lincoln and other members of his Cabinet, but Booth was the only one who finished the job -Booth believed that the South would think of him as a hero for the assassination, but the exact opposite was true. Southerners knew that Lincoln would be easy on former Confederates, and that he would implement laws that weren't very strict to ensure they could rejoin the Union. Lincoln's assassination lessened this possibility

Slaughter-House Cases

Beginning in 1873, the Slaughter-House Cases were a series of court rulings that undercut the 14 amendment (gave citizenship rights to American-born blacks and whites alike) -Its most important case was U.S. vs Cruikshank -In this case, African American farmers were murdered by ex-Confederates in Louisiana -The Court ruled that if African American's rights were violated by groups (like the KKK), then federal jurisdiction couldn't touch it. It was the state government's responsibility to decide whether or not to put down the attackers. -Because the 14th amendment didn't protect citizens from armed vigilantes, the Court decisions were Constitutional

Federalists

Believed in a strong central government -Wanted to ratify Constitution -Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and James Madison

Anti-Federalists

Believed that political power should ultimately rest in the hands of the people -Didn't want the federal government becoming too powerful -Didn't want to ratify Constitution -Thomas Jefferson

Alien and Sedition Acts

Bills passed by Congress under John Adams -Made it harder for immigrants to become citizens -Allowed president to imprison and deport any aliens who they deemed dangerous -Made any statement made about the federal government that was both untrue and a criticism to be a crime

Black Power/ Stokely Carmichael

Black Power was a movement lead by Stokely Carmichael that believed blacks should build economic and political power in their own communities so that they could become less dependent on white America

Sacagawea

Shoshone woman who aided Lewis and Clark in their journey across the West -Married to French-Canadian fur trader Toussaint Charbonneau -Bilangual; she helped the explorers communicate with Natives -She knew the land very well and was able to introduce the travelers to food sources -Her calming presence allowed Lewis and Clark to avoid conflicts with Natives

New York City Slave Revolt (1711)

Slave uprising -Slaves in New York City revolted against whites in an event which killed 9 -In response, 21 slaves were brutally killed

Slavery as a "positive good"

Some Southern planters stopped following Jefferson's principles and being ashamed for slavery, but instead began to consider it as "a positive good" -John Calhoun lead this movement -People argued that slavery was good because it got money to the white elite and was a 'privilege' for the black people

New sources of wealth (gold, silver, and land)

Sought for by Europeans going into the New World -Precious metals were most prioritized, but were not found as much as they had hoped -Land was more prized, and was used to cultivate crops for economic gain

South Carolina Declaration of Secession

South Carolina officially seceded from the Union after the Election of 1860, prompting other pro-slavery states to follow them and prompt the Civil War -When Lincoln was elected in 1860, South Carolina was gravely concerned. Having a population of 50% slaves, slavery made up most of their economy. And now they risked the abolition of slavery at the hands of someone who hadn't even shown up on their ballot. -Prompted Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas to secede. -All of this was done before Lincoln had even sworn in

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer who sought to bring Spain glory by reaching Asia by going West, but ended up in the Americas (oops) -Wanted to gain territory for Spain, trade with Natives, and Christianize Natives

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers who were given to right to travel and gain land for Spain in the New World -Very brutal to Natives, and greatly attributed to wiping them out

Sputnik/ space race

Sputnik was the world's first satellite, and was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 to begin the space race -The space race is categorized as a period of history in which the Soviet Union and the United States put their Cold War aggression into science and technology to see who could make more advancements into space travel.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Stabilized currencies and provided a predictable monetary environment for trade, with the U.S. dollar serving as the benchmark -Created in 1944 at Bretton Woods -Guided the global economy after WW2

Alger Hiss

State Department official who was investigated by HUAC for communist connections that were proven to be legitimate many year later. -In early 1950, Hiss wasn't found guilty of being a spy, but was punished for lying about his Communist affiliations. It wasn't until the 1990s until Soviet files revealed that Hiss was actually a Soviet spy

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Stated that equal rights cannot be denied by the United States on the basis of gender -The Amendment was first adopted by Congress in 1972, and was adopted by 38 states before it was stopped by opposition from Phyllis Schlafly, who advocated for traditional roles for women

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Stated that the Constitution could be interpreted to give broad powers to the national government -The Second Bank of the United States (1816) set up state branches that interfered with state-chartered banks -Maryland taxed notes made by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank -The Second Bank refused to pay them and claimed they were unconstitutional because they infringed on national powers -Maryland claimed the Second Bank was illegal because the Constitution didn't state that a national bank could be created (think Thomas Jefferson) -It was decided that Constitution could be interpreted to give powers to national government

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

Stated that the Virginian government would not politically enforce any religion upon its citizens -Created by Thomas Jefferson

Levittown

Suburban housing developments in New York and New Jersey made by contractor William J. Levitt, which made housing based upon suburban styles popularized in the postwar 1950s era -Levitt created mass-production techniques and turned out suburban landscapes at quick speeds. Word of mouth brought in buyers from across the country, and farmland was quickly snatched up to provide for more developments, called Levittown

Ulysses S. Grant

Successful Union military General in the Civil War. Would later become the 18th President -Grant led many successful battles: -Vicksburg in 1861 -Traveled along rivers with an iron-clad boat. Won Fort Donelson (Cumberland River) and Fort Henry (Tennessee River) -Shiloh, Tennesse -Most importantly: Vicksburg, where he split the South into two by gaining control of the Mississippi

Robert Smalls

Successful black state legislator and congressman -Moved South to support Republican Reconstruction -Smalls was born into slavery in South Carolina -Became a steamer pilot in Charleston Harbor -Became a war hero when he escaped with his family and other slaves, bringing his ship to the Union navy -After the war, he bought a property in Beaufort, South Carolina -Became a state legislator in South Carolina, and a congressman

James Buchanan

The 15th Democratic President of the United States, who served immediately before the start of the Civil War -Southern Democrats nominated him in the hopes that he'd enforce popular sovereignty in more territories -Buchanan was, in fact, pro southern -With the American Party and Republican Party both loosely held together, Buchanan's only job was to keep the last surviving American party, the Democratic Party, together. He had one job.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd President of the U.S, Truman served right after Franklin Delano Roosevelt -Truman dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, helped rebuild war-torn Europe, worked to contain communism, and lead the nation into the Korean War

Dwight Eisenhower

The 34th President of the United States who took over after Harry Truman -Dwight Eisenhower managed Cold War tensions over the threat of nuclear weapons, ended the war in Korea, authorized a number of covert anti-communist CIA operations around the world, and bettered U.S. infrastructure and Social Security

John F. Kennedy

The 35th President of the U.S. -He worked on the Cold War as it propelled tensions in Vietnam, Cuba, and elsewhere -Also worked out many Civil Rights legislation -Assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX which sent shockwaves through the country

Lyndon Baines Johnson

The 36th President of the US (after Kennedy) -Enacted progressive reforms to help realize "Great Society" -Oversaw and aided in many great triumphs for the Civil Rights movement -Marred by his failures during the Vietnam War

Richard Nixon

The 37th President of the United States -Took U.S. troops out of Vietnam -Established diplomatic ties with China and the Soviet Union -The Watergate scandal tarnished his Presidency

Jimmy Carter

The 39th President of the United States who over for Ford in 1971 and reigned until 1981 -Responded to the energy crisis, economic troubles (stagflation), reopened relations with China, and made efforts to improve the Arab-Israeli conflict (this was tarnished by the Iranian hostage crisis)

Townshend Act of 1767

The Act imposed duties on colonial importas of paper, paint, glass, and tea -Charles Townshend, the successor of William Pitt during his periods of heightened mental illness, -Townshend used some of the Act's revenue to pay for the British militia in America, but used most of it to pay royal governments, judges, and imperial officers in hope that they would better enforce taxes

Indian Removal Act of 1830

The Act that addressed Indian claims to their land and, ultimately decided upon pushing them towards present-day Oklahoma with the Trail of Tears -In 1802, Georgia had given up their rights to Western land for the promise that the Indians in their state would be removed. They asked Andrew Jackson to enforce this promise. -Andrew Jackson had spent years fighting Indians off their land during the War of 1812, so he quickly agreed with Georgia's demands -The Indian Removal Act was brought to Congress, where it was hotly debated before it passed -Protestants opposed the Act -The House of Representatives passed the act with a slim vote of 102 to 97 -Created Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma and Kansas, and enforced that Indians leave their ancestral lands and live their

Potsdam Conference

The Allies agreed that only the "unconditional surrender" of Japan was acceptable, which set the pretense of the dropping of the atomic bomb, and the US and Russia displayed increasing tensions -It was believed that, in order to get the Japanese to completely surrender like Germany and Italy did, Japan needed to be invaded -Americans believed that only a massive devastation would make Japan surrender, hinting at the atomic bombs which were later dropped -The Conference also showed tense US- Soviet Relations, as Truman was determined to stand up to Stalin even though he was in no position to realign events in Western Europe where Soviets reigned Supreme and Stalin was set on winning boundary disputes to advance his borders

Termination policy

The American policy used during the 1950s and 60s to handle negotiations with Native Americans -Although termination policy didn't try to assimilate Natives nearly as much as the Dawes Act of the late 1800s, it broke off negotiations with individual tribes and instead spoke to Native Americans as a whole; thus, forcing them to join as a group into American society

Containment

The American response to communism during the late 1940s. Containment was a strategy in which we sought to limit Stalin's influence to Eastern Europe and reconstituted democratic governments in Western Europe

Appomattox

The Appomattox Court House in Virginia was where Confederate military commander Robert E. Lee officially surrendered to the Union army in 1865. This marked the end of the Civil War after four years of fighting -Lee and Union officer Ulysses S. Grant worked out the details of the War's resolution. The Union was preserved, slaves were freed, and Grant gave the Confederates supplies and let them keep their firearms -Grant assured that it was a peaceful ending

Energy crisis/ Arab Oil Embargo

The Arab Oil Embargo was imposed by OPEC in October 1973 and caused a massive "energy crisis" within the United States -Gas prices increased by 40% -Americans waited for hours in mile-long lines at gas stations for a good portion of the winters of '73 and '74 -Congress imposed a national speed limit of 55 miles per hour to conserve fuel -Americans began to buy smaller, more fuel efficient cars like the Volkswagen, Toyota, and Datsun models

Force Bill 1833

The Bill created by Andrew Jackson in response to the Nullification crisis with South Carolina -Jackson believed South Carolina's threat of secession was unconstitutional because it threatened the union by which the very Constitution was created to preserve -Had Congress pass the Force Bill which gave him the power to enforce South Carolina to stay loyal to the Union and its national laws

Waltham-Lowell System

The Boston Manufacturing Company further competed with British manufacturing by hiring cheaper labor -The Waltham-Lowell System was the process by which young farm-girls were hired to work at their textile mills -They provided the girls with boarding houses, lectures, cultural activities -They appealed to parents by enforcing strict curfews, bans on alcohol, and church attendance -In the early 1830s, over 400,000 girls worked in textile mills in New England

Collapse of the Catawba nation

The Catawba was wiped out by increased contact with Europeans. -Increased trade with Europeans spread epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts, and, in this case, completely wiped out the Catawba

Worcester vs Georgia

The Cherokee Indians of Georgia fought for their rights to the land, and won them at the Supreme Court. Despite this ruling, they were forced off Georgian lands and joined the Trail of Tears -John Marshall said that the Cherokee were a distinct political community that had rights to their land -Decision didn't matter, Jackson decided to override it and force them upon the Trail of Tears

John Marshall

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court -Worked mostly under Jefferson's Presidency -A Virginian Federalist -Largely involved in the Marbury vs Madison case -Argued for powers of the Supreme Court over that of individual states

Warren Court

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Earl Warren, shocked many by advocating for civil rights and civil liberties. His reign lasted from 1954 until 1969, making this Supreme Court era known as the "Warren Court" -Miranda vs Arizona ruled that arrestees have to be informed by the police of their right to remain silent -Roth vs United States ruled that obscene material had to be completely without social importance to be banned

Chief Little Turtle

The Chief of the Indians in Miami Ohio -Helped to raid American settlements in the Northwest Territory during the Battle of Fallen Timbers -Forced to sign Treaty of Greenville

Chinese Civil War- Chinese Nationalists (Chiang Kai Shek) vs. Chinese Communists (Mao Zedong)

The Chinese Civil War had began in the 1930s as Communist forces led by Mao Zedong fought Nationalists led by Chiang Kai Shek -The United States gave 2 billion dollars to Chiang's army between 1945 and 1949, as many officials in America considered communism in the Far East to be a bigger threat than European communism -In 1949, Mao's forces had the winning advantage, and Truman noted that the only way to beat him would be to deploy the U.S. military to fight in China. Truman wasn't willing to do this, so he cut off the Nationalists and left them to lose -Mao formed the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949 and Chiang's followers fled to inhabit present-day Taiwan

Colombian Exchange

The Colombian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism

The Compromise of 1877

The Compromise that resolved the Election of 1876, and named Rutherford B. Hayes the 19th President of the United States -The Election of 1876 pitted Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) against Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) -The two didn't really mention the Southern states who were still governed by Reconstruction governments. Evidently, these states (Florida, South Carolina, an d Louisiana) became tie breaker states. -No one knew how to count electoral college votes in these states, as they were technically still under Reconstruction rulings. The Constitution didn't give specific instructions about how to distribute votes to these states. The only thing it said was that the president of the Senate could grant electoral certificates to members of the House of the Representatives. -An Electoral commission was appointed by Congress to choose the President. The commission had seven Republicans, seven Democrats, and David Davis -Davis was known for being impartial and to have no party loyalties, and he was the deciding member -Davis disqualified himself by accepting a Senate seat in Illinois, and he was replaced by a Republican judge- Joseph P. Bradley -Bradley swayed the election so that his fellow Republican, Rutherford B. Hayes could win

Freedom Riders

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized Freedom Rides on interstate Southern bus systems to call attention to the blatant violations of Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce -Participants, mostly young black and white people, realized the risks that they were taking. KKK members would attack them with clubs at the bus stops, one bus was firebombed outside Anniston, Alabama, and some riders were brutally beaten -Although the government was wary to intervention and John F. Kennedy publicly discouraged the Freedom Riders, the media coverage of these beatings forced Attorney General Robert Kennedy to dispatch federal marshals to stop the white violence

James Madison

The Creator of the Bill of Rights -Known as the "Father of the Constitution" -A federalist -His strict constructionist ways would lead him to disagree with fellow federalist Alexander Hamilton on the national bank

Election of 1860

The Election in which Lincoln won, and after which, South Carolina decided to secede. -The Republican Party chose Lincoln to represent them in the poles because of how likable he was to Northern and Western voters -He was moderate on slavery, yet still supported abolitionism. And he had an egalitarian image that appealed to small farmers and midwesterners -Lincoln won every Northern and Western state- except for New Jersey -However, he won less than one percent of the Southern vote, and his victory lead to the secession of South Carolina

Indian alliances and conflicts in the Ohio Valley

The English allied with the Iroquois Confederacy as a means of prosperous Indian relations in the Northeast, but most Ohio Indians sided with the French at this time. -The British and French often got into conflict about their Indian alliances

The Fourth Great Awakening/ Evangelicalism

The Fourth Great Awakening happened during the 1970s and 1980s characterized by a Christian awakening and a growing concern with the family -Evangelicalism was practiced by grassroots Evangelical Protestant churches which placed emphasis on a personal connection to the Bible -Evangelicals fully believed in the importance of the nuclear family in which the father was the breadwinner and the mother nurtured the children. They pushed to maintain strict traditional gender roles and fought against the growing presence of the sexual revolution (pornography, legalized abortion, and the rising divorce rate)

Free Speech Movement/ University of California- Berkeley

The Free Speech Movement was organized by college students who put together a series of nationwide sit-ins to protest the Vietnam War -The University of California- Berkeley was the breeding ground for this movement, as it held one of the first major demonstrations in 1964 after administrators had banned student political activity on university grounds

French Revolution/ Declaration of the Rights of Man

The French Revolution was very much inspired by the American Revolution and its ideals of independence, liberty, and individual rights

Pontiac's Rebellion

The French and Indian War battler where Chief Pontiac lead Indians on a battle to capture British posts -This nearly overwhelmed British frontier fronts -British used biological warfare against Indians to wipe them out, form a peace agreement, and regain their land

The Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Act required that runaway slaves were to be returned to their masters by the help of all American citizens and law enforcers -The most controversial element of the Compromise of 1850. -Runaways were denied a trial by jury or even the right to testify -Increased sectionalism and tension over slavery

Douglas MacArthur

The General in command of the American army during the Korean War -He led American troops on a surprise attack that successfully granted the UN forces to have control over Seoul, the South Korean capital, and almost all the territory up to the 38th parallel (the border between North and South Korea) -MacArthur then led his troops past the 38th parallel all the way to the Chinese border at the Yalu River, which was almost certain to draw China into war and start WW3. China led a counterattack that sent MacArthur's forces to retreat. Truman was furious for MacArthur for gambling with China and fired him from command in 1951

Glorious Revolution impact on colonies

The Glorious Revolution was the event in which King James II of England was overthrown- inspiring American colonies to rebel against the English throne - The Dominion of New England then seized Governor Andros and shipped him back to England - The Dominion was then broken up so that white male property owners could vote -Puritian restrictions were eliminated from the Church of England

Dispersal of the Huron Confederacy

The Huron Confederacy dispersed as the beavers of their region were overheated and they had increased conflict with other tribes -The Huron were close allies to the French, and their increased contact and trade with these French people contributed to both the overhunting and the conflict between tribes -An example of how increased European influence in America caused radical demographic shifts of Native Americans

Arawaks and Tainos

The Indian groups that Christopher Columbus came into contact with in the Americas -In the Caribbean

Coercive/ Intolerable Acts

The King's response to the Boston Tea Party - Forced Massachusetts to pay for tea and to submit to imperial authority -Boston harbor was closed to shipping -Massachusetts Government Act anulled the colony's charter, prohibited town meetings, installed a new Quartering Act that gave new barracks to militia, and the Justice Act allowed trials for capital crime to go all the way up to Great Britian

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan was a highly successful recovery effort that benefitted both the U.S. and Western Europe -Almost 13 billion U.S. dollars were spent to rebuild Western Europe after WW2 -European industrial production increased by 64%, the appeal of Communist parties waned in the West, and markets for American goods grew stronger -Although the Marshall Plan was a major success for the United States, it greatly intensified the Cold War tensions

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

The Masters and Johnson research team, composed of William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson, pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions -Began in the late 1950s -A part of the sexual revolution, the team proved that the American taboo on sex was being culturally lifted

Jerry Falwell/ Moral Majority

The Moral Majority was a prominent American political organization that followed Evangelical and conservative motives -Founded in 1979 by Baptist minister Jerry Falwell -Part of the Fourth Great Awakening

Nation of Islam/ Malcolm X

The Nation of Islam was the leading black nationalist group during the 1960s. Malcolm X was a prominent leader -The Nation of Islam combined a rejection of Christianity with self-improvement ideologies. Its followers, known as black Muslims, preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam. They prepared for the day in which Allah would banish the white "devils" and give justice to the black community -Malcolm X was a charismatic speaker from the Nation of Islam who preached a philosophy of militant separatism. He had little interest in integration, but focused mainly on strengthening the black community to provide racial equality

Examples and impact of new crops/ livestock from New World to Old World

The New World/ Americas gave corn, potatoes, beans, cocoa beans, tomatoes, gold, silver, and tobacco Impact: Ex, tobacco had a major economic impact on European colonies to facilitate the switch from feudalism to capitalism (people could make their own money on crops)

Vietnamization

The Nixon administration's policy towards the Vietnam War during late 60s in which a good number of troops were pulled out of Vietnam to ease the antiwar criticism at home - Troop levels dropped from 543,000 in 1968 to 334,000 in 1971 -Despite this, fighting didn't stop in Vietnam

Examples and impact of new crops/livestock from Old World to New World

The Old World/ Europe brought cattle, swine, sheep, horses, honeybees, and wheat Impact: ex, some Native Americans like the Comanche benefitted greatly from the introduction of horses. They used them to have power over other tribes by raiding them

Jefferson Davis

The President of the Confederacy -Argued that the Confederacy was fighting for self-government, just like the American forefathers had in 1776 -Wasn't focused on expanding the Confederacy, and decided that securing their borders would grant them independence -Denied any form of emancipation, despite the fact that this would dissuade European countries from helping them in war -Couldn't assemble Southern resources, which made yeomen farmers question his war efforts

"Revolution of 1800"

The Presidential Election of 1800 that pitted John Adams against Thomas Jefferson -Jefferson won the Democratic-Republican vote over Aaron Burr despite their deadlock tie; Hamilton convinced the House of Representatives to vote for Jefferson -Jefferson called the election the "Revolution of 1800" because it proved that a new government could be decided upon by the people without violence, despite the bitter partisan rivalries. It also opened the door to Democratic-Republican presidencies after a period of Federalism

The Regulators

The Regulators were North Carolina debtors/ farms men who defied their government; tobacco prices went down in the South, leading to debt for farmers. This debt lead to creditors suing farmers for missed payments, which ultimately lead to farmers being revoked of their land titles -Regulators demanded that legal fees be lowered, taxes should be based on a person's income, and they wanted greater representation in the assembly -Englishmen denied Regulators of these things, and sent William Tyron to lead a devastating attack against them

Black Hawk War

The Sauk and Fox tribes refused to heed to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, and fought against U.S. troops in an attempt to keep their ancestral lands in Illinois -In 1832, Andrew Jackson sent troops to remove the Sauk and Fox from Illinois -Sauk and Fox were lead by Black Hawk -In the Bad Axe Massacre, 850 of Black Hawks 1,000 fighters were killed by American troops -The tribes were forced to relocate West of the Mississippi

Second Bank of the United States and veto

The Second Bank of the United States was largely supported by National Republicans, like Henry Clay, because it stabilized the nation's money supply. Jackson completely disagreed with the Bank's existence, declaring it unconstitutional and vetoing its recharter. -The Second Bank stabilized how much money the country had, but it was controlled privately with much influence from the federal government -Supporters of Andrew Jackson worried that the Second Bank would overshadow smaller state banks -Andrew Jackson vetoed the Bank's recharter in 1832. This meant that the Bank would no longer exist. -Jackson stood by the ideas of Jefferson when he decided to veto the Bank. He argued that the Constitution didn't give the government the power to create a national bank. He also thought it unjustly favored Northern manufacturers over laborers and farmers.

End of the Second Party System

The Second Party System of Whigs and Democrats fell out due to issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism that weakened loyalties to the two major parties, and created the Republican Party. -It became clear that the Whig Party was weak during the Election of 1852, when the Whig candidate Winfield Scott won only four states -The Kansas-Nebraska Act ruined the Whig Party. Former Whigs joined Free soilers, Conscience Whigs, and anti-slavery Democrats to create the Republican Party

John Quincy Adams

The Secretary of State for President James Monroe -Unlike his father John Adams, John Quincy was a Republican -Negotiated Treaty of Ghent (before his service in the Cabinet) that ended War of 1812 -While he was the Secretary of State, he helped the United States define their territory and relationship with Europe -Negotiated Rush-Bagot Treaty, Adams Onis Treaty, and the Monroe Doctrine

John Foster Dulles

The Secretary of State under Dwight D. Eisenhower -Worked under the U.S. policy of brinkmanship, while also famously threatening "massive retaliation" upon the Soviets -Was instrumental in creating the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) -Lead covert operations against governments that he suspected as being too closely aligned with the Soviets, utilizing the CIA

Seminole Wars

The Seminole Indians lived in Southern Florida and were given partial rights to their land upon acquisitions by the U.S. Army -The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced Indians to relocate to Indian Territory in modern-day Oklahoma and Kansas. The government imposed this ruling on the Seminole -The Seminole refused to leave their ancestral lands and successfully used guerrilla warfare to evade the U.S. Army -The Army forced 2,500 Seminoles to the Indian Territory -A remaining 2,500 Seminoles continued their fight and won claims to their land

Daniel Webster

The Senator of Massachusetts during Jackson's Presidency -When South Carolina threatened secession, and arguments were raised about state's rights, Webster spoke in favor of popular sovereignty. This would allow states to make decisions themselves based on a majority vote

Seneca Falls Convention and Declaration

The Seneca Falls Convention was a meeting of women's rights reformers to create their manifesto- the Declaration of Sentiments -In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the convention -70 women and 30 men attended -They released their Declaration of Sentiments as a mirror of the Declaration of Independence, but one that included "that all men and WOMEN are created equal." Pleaded for equal rights. -Many people disregarded this message, including women who believed that the reformers acted as though they were better than all other women

Singer Sewing Machine Company

The Singer Sewing Machine Company was an American manufacturing company who gained massive international fame -Issac Merritt Singer created the Singer Corporation in 1851 -Singer quickly became a household name in America and abroad; they built factories in Great Britain and America -In 1877, 75% of the international sale of sewing machines was controlled by the Company

Boston Tea Party

The Sons of Liberty's revolt against British taxes - The Sons of Liberty prevented East India Company ships from delivering their cargoes, because they did not like the Tea Tax -Artisans and laborers boarded the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver dressed as Indians -They broke 342 chests of tea and dumped them into the Boston harbor

Sunbelt

The Southern and Southwestern states where taxes were low, the climate was desirably warm, and open space could be made into subdivisions. This area was popularized during the 50s and 60s as a suburban landscape. -In addition to increased suburban populations, the Sunbelt area also became a breeding ground for defense-related aircraft and electronics industries

Spanish Mission System

The Spanish set up missions around the Southwest and the Pacific Coast in an attempt to convert Indians to Christianity. Think California towns: San Jose, San Diego, San Francisco

John Lewis/ Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC/ "Snick") was organized by activist Ella Baker in 1960, and facilitated student sit-ins -SNCC created a generation of new Civil Rights leaders, such as John Lewis -Thanks to this group, by the end of 1960, students had launched sit-ins in 126 cities. This drew African American college students into the civil rights movement -SNCC quickly became the most important student protest organization in the nation

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)/ Post Huron Statement

The Students for a Democratic Society was formed by college students in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1960 to speak out for social change. Aimed to guide America towards leftist ideals and campaigned to end the war in Vietnam -Two years later, the SDS held their first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan. Here, Tom Hayden gave a manifesto known as the Post Huron Statement which showed that the students were disenchanted with American consumer culture and the growing gap between the rich and poor and rejected Cold War foreign policy (especially in Vietnam)

US vs Nixon

The Supreme Court case in which Congress and Nixon battled it out for the revelation of his tapes -Nixon claimed that his tapes were personal property and couldn't be seized by Congress. The trial claimed that the tapes were the property of the United States. These tapes were the last nail in his coffin and ultimately incriminated him, leading to his resignation

Shelley vs Kraemer

The Supreme Court case which outlawed restrictive covenants to no real effect. -Suburban developments like Levittown came with restrictive covenants prohibiting occupancy by nonwhites and often applied to Jews and Asians (Specifically, Asians in California). This set the pretense for Shelley vs Kraemer, which outlawed this discrimination on paper -Despite this decision, racial discrimination in housing changed little because the FHA and VA continued the policy of redlining: refusing mortgages to African Americans and members of other minority groups seeking to buy in white neighborhoods

Treaty of Paris 1763

The Treaty that ended the French and Indian War -French traders were ousted from East India Company and the British gained French land in Senegal, and the sugar- producing islands of Martinique, and Guadeloupe

South Atlantic System/ Triangular Trade

The Triangular Trade was a mercantilist system in which New England ships would travel to... - Africa to trade rum and slaves - The Caribbean to trade slaves, sugar, and molasses - Return to New England to make rum from the sugar and molasses -In essence, America would send its mother country of England raw materials, England would create manufactured products out of them, and American colonists would buy them (mercantilism)

Virginia and New Jersey Plans

The Virginia Plan -Made by James Madison -Wanted a population-based vote -Rejected state sovereignty -Believed that the people should ultimately have the most power in government The New Jersey Plan -Wanted to keep one vote per state -Wanted a single-chamber Congress

Brinkmanship

The ability to get to the brink of war without actually going to war; the American strategy during the Cold War to coerce the Soviet Union into backing down militarily

Sharecropping

The agricultural institution in which black men worked as renters who exchanged labor for the usage of farmland. Sharecroppers were often cheated out of an equal economic gain to land owners -Mainly grew cotton. Sharecroppers (renters) would give about half of their produce to a landowner, in exchange for the use of their land, tools, housing, and sometimes seeds and fertilizer -Sharecroppers started out with no money, and couldn't make it through their first growing season without borrowing money for food and supplies. -This is where country storekeepers would step in. Storekeepers provided sharecroppers with food and supplies. In exchange, they took a lien on the sharecropper's produce. -Now sharecroppers had to pay debts to storekeepers as well as landowners. This left very little money for sharecroppers

Iroquois Covenant Chain

The alliance between Britain and the Iroquois -Iroquois would assist British in raids, and reaffirmed their alliances at meetings in New York -British provided guns, powder, lead, clothing, and alcohol to Iroquois

Covenant Chain

The alliance between the Iroquois and New York colonists that later became a model for relations between the British Empire and and Indians - Iroquois were made to ally with all nearby tribes, which allowed England to gain political and economic power

Harriet Beecher Stowe

The author of Uncle Tom's Cabin -A Northern abolitionist born in Connecticut to a Calvinist family

The Battle of Fallen Timbers

The battle between the Americans and the Western Confederacy in 1794 -George Washington was afraid that the Western Confederacy would ally with the British in nearby Canada -He doubled the size of the Continental Army to fight the Western Confederacy -American troops were lead by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne -Americans won the battle, and the Northwest was opened up to white settlers

Animists

The belief possessed by the majority of Indians, which believed in the spiritual power of the natural world

Gettysburg

The bloodiest battle of the Civil War in which the Union gained a key victory -George G. Meade of the Union fought Robert E. Lee of the Confederacy -Lee marched his army towards the Potomac River with the hopes that he'd invade Maryland and Pennsylvania. Meade's army was positioning itself between Lee and Washington D.C. The two met by chance in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania -On the first day of the battle, Lee drove the Union towards the South of town. There, Union soldiers placed themselves on well-guarded hilltops. -Overnight, Meade sent in reinforcements. The Union army soon greatly outnumbered the Confederacy -Feeling cocky from his previous victories, Lee ordered his men to attack the center Union line. Confederates were sitting ducks, and it was an immediate blood bath for them. -Key Northern victory

Electoral College

The body of representatives that formally casts votes in the election of the President and the Vice President -Both state and federal governments were included -Based off of the federalist ideas of Alexander Hamilton, who didn't want to put too much political power in the hands of the average American

Robert Kennedy

The brother of JFK who was a democratic prospect candidate for the election of 1968 which would replace President Lyndon B. Johnson -A middle ground between leftist democrats and conservative democrats -Assassinated before he could continue as an option

Election of 1844

The candidates were: John Tyler, James K. Polk, Henry Clay, and James G. Birney. The main theme of the election was to address expansion into Texas and Oregon. Polk wins. -John Tyler: Previous President. Whig turned Democrat. Pro slavery and expansionist. -James K. Polk: Democrat who resembles Andrew Jackson. Proslavery and avid expansionist (even into Britain's claims to Oregon) -Henry Clay: Whig, American System, supported Texas annexation to get Southern votes -James G. Birney: The Liberty Party. Hardly got any votes

Minor vs. Happersett (1875)

The case in which the Supreme Court ruled that suffrage rights weren't guaranteed by citizenship. Even though the 14th amendment accepted women as citizens, it didn't give them voting rights. -After Constitutional amendments- like the 14th and 15th- were added to federal legislature, hundreds of suffragettes tried to see if they could register to vote. Many of them were denied. -Virginia Minor of Missouri claimed that the registrar who denied her the right to vote was breaking the law. Minor claimed that her rights of citizenship, protected by the 14th amendment, allowed her to vote -Supreme Court ruled that women, although citizens, didn't have the right to vote

Non-importation agreements

The colonial promotion of domestic manufactured goods, and a strong distaste for Great Britain's taxed imports.

Fidel Castro

The communist leader of Cuba who took over in 1959 when he overthrew the right-wing dictator Fulgencio Batista -Leader of Cuba during the Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis

Kansas- Nebraska Act

The controversial act that redacted the Missouri Compromise and allowed Kansas and Nebraska to be decided either free or slave by popular sovereignty. Broke apart the Whig party -The Missouri Compromise denied any new slave states to be created above the 36'30 line, so Southerners had left territories above the line alone and left it as Indian land. -Stephen Douglas, a Northern Democrat, suggested that the land above the line be opened up as a free territory named "Nebraska" and that a railroad could be established in it to span from Chicago to California. -Southerners opposed Douglas' idea, as they wanted slavery to expand into the Louisiana Purchase. They also wanted a Southern city to be featured in the railroad -Douglas amended the bill so that it redacted the Missouri Compromise and organized Nebraska and Kansas with popular sovereignty -The Whig party broke apart and became more avid abolitionists. They joined the Free soilers, anti-slavery democrats, and conscience Whigs to from the Republican Party

Eli Whitney/ cotton gin invention (1793)

The cotton gin made slavery very profitable by the mid to early 1800s -Slavery was able to expand to different states -There was an increased opposition to slavery from leaders like Alexander Hamilton -Helped to create regionalized attitudes towards slavery

Rust Belt

The country's manufacturing heartland in the Northeast and Midwest. The Rust Belt was filled with abandoned plants and distressed communities as the nation went through a deindustrialization period during the 70s and 80s -The automobile, steel, tire, textile, and other consumer goods were impacted

New York Times vs U.S.

The court case in which the New York Times were put on trial for publishing the classified Pentagon Papers, which revealed secrets about the Vietnam War that the government had been keeping from the people -The Court ruled in favor of the media, stating that they had the constitutional right to publish anything that didn't threaten national security

Joseph Smith

The creator of Mormonism -Smith grew up in a poor New England farm family when he began to experience emotional conversion rituals. He claimed that in one of these religious experiences, God came to him and deemed him worthy of telling new truths about the Christian religion. He believed he was a prophet -In 1830, Smith published "The Book of Mormon" which told of the religious values and history of Mormonism -Wanted to create a society that had a strong sense of morale stemming from religion -He was constantly suffering attacks from Protestant and Christian ministers and other religious rivals. He ended up being murdered in 1844 by an anti-mormon mob

Colonial Militia/ Minutemen

The defensive force that was appointed to "stand at a minute's warning in case of an alarm" -They served Patriots by fighting against British troops -Created by Concord town meeting

"Old" Lights vs. "New" Lights

The difference in religious views between those influenced by the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment and those who still carried the traditional ideals of society -"Old" lights were conservative ministers who were against the emotional outbursts in revivalist meetings and their newfound Pietist beliefs -"New" lights were the revivalists who followed the Pietist religion

Stagflation

The disastrous state of the U.S. economy in the 1970s as it suffered under both unemployment, stagnant (stilled) consumer demand, and inflation -Resulted in a decline in purchasing power -Income per worker dropped 18% between '73 and '82

Impact of disease on indigenous people

The diseases spread from Europeans to Indians had a dramatic effect on their population, seen in instances like the Collapse of the Catawba nation and the dispersal of the Huron Confederacy, occurred due to the fact that Indians hadn't developed an immunity to European diseases and were incredibly vulnerable to fatalities

Expressed vs implied powers (elastic clause)

The elastic clause gave Congress the power to do things that aren't distinctly expressed by the Constitution, but represent the ideas of the Constitution

The Election of 1824- "corrupt bargain" election

The election which ultimately made John Quincy Adams as the sixth President of the United States. The election was very controversial, as Andrew Jackson's supporters believed Henry Clay had willingly given all his votes to Adams in hopes that he could become the Secretary of State -The Election had many contenders: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. -No candidate won a majority vote so, according to the 12th Amendment, the vote went to the House of Representatives -Henry Clay was disqualified, and it is believed that he then swayed his voters towards Adams so that he could be the Secretary of State -Although Congressmen thought Jackson had the potential to become a tyrant and this could've played into their decision not to elect him, Jackson and his followers were convinced that Henry Clay and Adams had cheated on the election -Andrew Jackson and his followers were so angry about this that they spent the entirety of Adams' Presidency trying to thwart his decisions

James K. Polk

The eleventh President of the United States. Pro-slavery, expansionist, and a democratic. -People called him "Young Hickory" because he resembled Andrew Jackson. He was ambitious and had an iron will -He urged that America occupy the whole of Oregon (against British claims) and move into Texas

Californios

The elite Mexican ranchers in California who made ties with American settlers -When Americans traveled along the Oregon Trail, some of them broke off along the Snake River in Idaho and traveled to California instead -Here, they encountered Indians and mestizos who worked on huge ranches owned by Mexican officials -New England merchants traveled here to try to buy into the leather made at these ranches. These agents married the daughters of Californios, and celebrated their culture and Catholic religion

Salutary neglect

The end of salutary neglect occurred when, for example, the Sugar Act was heightened in importance to the British throne. Merchants were prosecuted under this act and were tried in vice-admiralty courts, where British appointed judges governed the high seas -Increased a distrust and dislike of the English empire, lead up to Revolution

Environmentalism movement/ Earth Day

The environmentalism movement was sparked in the early 70s -A combined result of the energy crisis, 60s activism, the lasting effects of the New Deal, and anxiety about the looming presence of nuclear weapons -The environmentalism movement was lead by the Sierra Club, the Wilderness Society, and the Natural Resources Council -Earth Day marked environmentalism as a certifiable mass movement on April 22, 1970 when 22 million citizens gathered across the nation to express their support for a cleaner, healthier planet

Trent affair

The event in which Great Britain almost went to war with the Union over their ties to the Confederacy. Lincoln swiftly avoided this. -In 1861, a Union warship stopped a British ship on its way to England and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board (James Mason and John Slidell) -Britain was furious and prepared for a war with the Union. They began sending troops into Canada. Britain was allied with the Confederacy because their mercantilism was dependent upon the South's cotton exports -Lincoln feared that Great Britain would attack the Union, so he released the two Confederate leaders from jail

"Revolution of 1800"

The event in which Thomas Jefferson won the Presidency over John Adams -This ushered in a new generation that was ruled by the Democratic-Republicans -Eventually lead to the end of the Federalist Party of the First Party System

Tenure of Office Act

The federal law that restricted the power of a President to remove certain office-holders without Senate's approval. President Johnson broke this law, and was impeached. -Enacted on March 3, 1867

James Monroe

The fifth President of the United States -Served during the Era of Good Feelings after the War of 1812 -Rush-Bagot Treaty -Adams-Onis Treaty -Monroe Doctrine

Alexander Hamilton

The first Secretary of Treasury -Fought in the Revolutionary War -Loose constructionist -Federalist -Believed in a strong central government -Didn't trust the American public with too much political power -Strong supporter of National Bank -Wanted states the assume war debts -Wrote the majority of the Federalist Papers

The Liberty Party

The first abolitionist political party -Established by those who opposed William Lloyd Garrison's approach to abolitionism, in which he addressed multiple different social issues in addition to slavery (like women's rights, pacifism, and prison reforms). The Liberty Party wanted to focus strictly on abolitionism -The Liberty Party believed that the Constitution didn't address slavery, so it didn't have any right to exist on national territory -In 1840, the Party had its own Presidential candidate, James G. Birney. He didn't gain many votes

Roanoke Island

The first attempt at an English colony in the Americas. - Ruled by Sir Walter Raleigh -Unsuccessful, "Lost Colony" - 117 settlers "mysteriously vanished", but based on evidence, historians have found it plausible that they moved to the nearby Croatoan Island

Hiram Revels

The first black man to hold a Senate position (1870) -Worked as a Republican to support Reconstruction -A freed black man from North Carolina who had moved to the North to receive an education at Knox College in Illinois -During the Civil War, he recruited black soldiers for the Union. He had also served as a chaplain of a Mississippi black regiment -Leader of the African Methodist Episcopal Church

James Meredith

The first black student admitted to the University of Mississippi -Meredith was a black air force veteran who faced violent opposition when he attempted to register for classes at the University of Mississippi -JFK was forced to send in 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to facilitate his enrollment and put a stop to the rioting and violence -Tragically shot during a civil rights march in 1966

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution that protected individual liberties -Written by James Madison -Created freedom of religion, freedom of the press, etc

Credibility gap

The gap of facts between U.S. officials and the media, who gave contradictory statements about the American position in Vietnam -Although President Lyndon B. Johnson and government officials claimed that the U.S. was winning the war, the media covered massive losses like the Tet Offensive to suggest otherwise -There was a moment when Walter Cronkite, a broadcaster from NBC, watched the Tet Offensive and said "What the hell is going on? I thought we were winning this war." LBJ was watching this broadcast and said, "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America"

George Wallace/ American Independent Party

The governor of Alabama who ran as a third-party Presidential candidate in 1968 -A segregationist Senator who famously tried to stop the government from desegregating the University of Alabama in 1963 and was also a hinderance to the Selma march -He appealed to whites in the North and South, but only won 13.5% of the popular vote

William Henry Harrison

The governor of the Indiana territory, who lead the victorious Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe -Also served to later be the short-lived ninth President, until he died a month after his acceptance from pneumonia

The Middle Passage

The horrific journey from Africa to the Caribbean made by innumerable slaves during the rise of plantation systems and the Atlantic slave trade -Written about by Olaudah Equiano, who experienced the voyage first hand

California Gold Rush

The huge influx of migrants who came to California between 1848 and 1857 searching for gold -In 1848, gold was found in the Sierra Nevada foothills. Immediately, Americans from Monterey and San Francisco along with nearby Indians and Mexicans flocked to these foothills. -Soon, migrants came from Australia, Chile, and China in hopes of wealth -By the end of 1849, over 80,000 people came to California

Internal improvements

The idea that Henry Clay endorsed during his run for President in the Election of 1824 -Clay wanted to raise tariffs and collect taxes so that he could fund internal improvements like canals and roads -The West loved this idea because they needed better transportation -The South opposed it because they relied on rivers for their cotton industry and they didn't have any ties to manufacturing

Republicanism

The idea that people can elect representatives to make laws -People used this to move away from the British monarchy, and to move towards democratic ideals

American exceptionalism

The idea that the US had a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization

Popular sovereignty

The idea that the settlers of a state could decide where the territory was free or slave -Created by Democrat Lewis Cast, who wanted to maintain party unity on the issue of slavery -Northern Democrats who opposed the expansion of slavery were displeased with the concept, and left to join the Free Soil Party.

Domino theory

The idea, supported by Eisenhower, which reasoned that if Vietnam fell to communism, then its surrounding Southeast Asian countries would also become communist -An extension of containment

Types of diversity in the Middle Colonies

The increased accessibility to British colonies allowed for a safe haven of religious and ethnic diversity for the persecuted - Baptists rose in number in New England- where Congregationalists used to reign - Presbyterians, Lutherans, and German Reformed were seen in the South- where Anglicanism was previously established in the region -The Middle Colonies saw an abundance of new religions, like Quakers, Lutherans, Moravians, Protestants, and Presbyterians

Impressment

The kidnapping of merchant sailors of another country -Frequently practiced by British ships upon Americans leading up to the War of 1812, despite the Compromise of 1800 -Angered Americans

Indian Territory

The land in present-day Oklahoma and Kansas that was set out for Indian occupation by the Indian Removal Act of 1830 -Indians in Florida (Seminole), Georgia (Cherokee and Creek), and Mississippi (Choctaw and Chickasaw) were forced to occupy this area by traveling upon the Trail of Tears -Blacks who were of mixed Indian and African heritage were not given the right to hold office in the Territory

Cahokia

The largest settlement in the U.S. (Mississippi River Valley) -Mounds were used for religious purposes -The head of the tribe lived near the top of a mound -Permanent dwellings -Hunted small game and deer

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)/ Sharon Statement

The largest student political organization in the country -Conservative students asserted their faith in God's free will and their growing fear that the government had accumulated enough power to get in the way of this free will -Defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam -The Sharon Statement outlined these beliefs

Crittenden Compromise

The last attempt made to try to unite the Union before the impending Civil War. The Compromise failed, and war ensued. -Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden, the Crittenden Compromise proposed two things: a constitutional ammendment to protect slavery in anywhere it already existed, and to extend the Missouri Compromise Line all the way to California- so that all states above it (and possible new Caribbean territories) could be free, and all states below it could be slave -The Compromise ultimately failed, and politicians accepted the coming of the Civil War

Denmark Vessey

The leader of an unsuccessful slave revolt in 1822 -Inspired a group of slaves to join him in capturing Charleston, South Carolina -One slave ratted him out before the mission began, and all 37 of Vessey's followers were hanged

Henry Clay

The leader of the National Republicans, he represented Federalist ideals -In 1816, Clay pushed for the creation of the Second Bank of the United States -In 1817, Clay helped pass the Bonus Bill- which made a national fund for roads and communal infrastructure. This was vetoed by James Madison

Hernan Cortez

The man who ruined the Aztec Empire -Kidnapped their ruler, Moctezuma, cut off their food and water supply, and introduced them to disease

Brigham Young

The man who took lead over the Mormon religion after its creator Joseph Smith was murdered in the 1840s -Once Joseph Smith had been killed by angry anti-Mormons in Nauvoo, Illinois, Young decided to move the Mormons out of the United States for safety -In 1846, around 6,500 Mormons followed him into Mexican territory (present-day Utah). There, they developed irrigation systems and agricultural societies that worked off of cooperative labor

The Louisiana Purchase

The massive amount Western land gained by Thomas Jefferson from France -Napoleon got Spain to sign a secret treaty that gave Louisiana to France and to prevent Americans from entering ports at New Orleans, which went against Pickney's Treaty -Jefferson sent James Monroe to issue an alliance with Britain, fearing that the French would soon control ports in New Orleans -Napoleon also tried to regain French control of Saint-Dominique in Haiti, which was a major sugar producer. The slave revolt lead by Toussaint L'Overture was very strong, and weakened the French Empire -Jefferson sent the American minister in Paris, Robert Livingston, to buy the Louisiana Territory from the weakened French -This was a point in history in which Thomas Jefferson reverted to loose constructionist ways, as the Constitution didn't cover the subject of gaining new land, and Jefferson felt he had to act quickly to gain the Louisiana Purchase

Transportation Revolution

The massive movement of Americans to Western lands past the Appalachians -After the Indians were pushed off their land in the Midwest, greedy Americans were quick to increase their means of transportation and move in -Lower southerners: Moved to Missouri & Arkansas -Upper southerners, New England, and New York: Moved to the Great Lakes -Extra farmers: Joined German immigrants in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Iowa -Congress encouraged the movement of people to the west, and lowered the cost of land from two dollars/ acre to 1.25/ acre -5 million Americans moved west of the Appalachians at this time

George Whitefield

The most notable religious preacher of the 18th Century, whose exchange of ideas led the First Great Awakening -Whitefield was a very charismatic preacher whose sermons led to very emotional responses from his followers. He traveled from Georgia to Massachusetts where he expanded on the local revivals of Jonathan Edwards -His sermons were printed by Ben Franklin to spread his message to the colonies -Methodism and evangelical movement

New Left

The movement made by the SDS to distinguish their leftist ideas from the Old Left, who were the communists and socialists of the 1930s and 40s

Market Revolution

The movement that increased the Midwestern manufacturing system and created increased means of transportation in America to keep up with the massively industrialized society -In 1820, the Market Revolution began with the creation of an American canal system and an increase in roads. This helped distribute manufactured goods throughout the country -A huge flux of Americans migrated to the Mississippi River Basin to get manufacturing jobs. This area is currently known as the Midwest. -By 1860, roughly 1/3 of Americans lived in the eight states that occupied the Basin

Bank of the United States

The national bank was created by Alexander Hamilton to represent a strong central government -Established a national currency -Regulated the nation's trade

Underground Railroad

The network of whites and free blacks that allowed for slaves to escape bondage and enter the North to gain freedom -About 1,000 blacks were able to successfully enter the North every year -The system worked out of dense Southern cities like Richmond, Charleston, and countless others -Its leading figures were Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies lead by George Washington -Created by the First Continental Congress, pushed for by delegate John Adams -Always low on supplies

Cult of domesticity

The opposing argument made by people in the early to mid 1800s who witnessed women getting more involved in politics (abolitionist movements, women's rights) and believed that they had no place in politics and should stay at home -People, like Reverend Philemon Fowler of New England, believed that the only way women should participate in politics would be through republican motherhood -Encouraged women to focus on their domestic work rather than pursue political change

Executive Order 9981

The order that desegregated the military during WW2 -Made in 1948 by Harry Truman

Republican Party

The party that emerged after the Whig Party collapsed. Consisted of Free soilers, Conscience Whigs, and Anti-slavery Democrats. -Opposed slavery. They argued slavery drove down the wages of free workers and spat on the values of manual labor. -Praised the middle class (independence farmers, aristocrats, and proprietors) -Valued domesticity, religion, and capitalist enterprising

Oregon Trail

The passageway by which thousands of American farmers traveled to the Western Oregon Country and other Western states -In 1842, the US Navy issued a report that the land in Oregon County's Puget Sound was very fertile -The same year, 100 farmers traveled along the Oregon Trail to come to the land -These farmers wrote back to their friends, and 1,000 people traveled the Oregon Trail in hopes of fertile land -Then 500 more farmers from the Southern border states (Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee) came -The Oregon trail spanned across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, and was very dangerous (Floods, dust storms, and violent encounters with Natives) -Around 250,000 Americans traveled along the Oregon Trail by 1860. Around 34,000 migrants died.

Era of Good Feelings

The period after the War of 1812 that lasted mostly during James Monroe's presidency -The War of 1812 boosted nationalism -Political conflicts decreased in comparison to previous decades; Federalist Party vanished after succession threats in the Hartford Convention

Flexible response

The policy used by President John F. Kennedy in which a wide range of diplomatic, political, economic, and military options were used to deter an enemy attack -Made to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of massive retaliation

Nullification Controversy

The political crisis that happened near the beginning of Andrew Jackson's Presidency. A breaking point in sectionalism was reached due to tariffs and slavery debates; South Carolina threatened secession -Although the Tariff of 1828 had helped Jackson get elected, it had major consequences -South Carolina, who had the highest slave population, feared that the Union would ban slavery. They attacked all tariffs because they threatened slavery. -In 1832, Congressman reenacted the Tariff of Abominations. South Carolina held a convention and, in response, proposed an Ordinance of Nullification -The Ordinance of Nullification stated that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were void in their state (would not be enforced). And they declared that if the federal government forced them to pay the Tariffs, they'd secede -The nullification was posed based on Calhoun's ideas that national legislation shouldn't make broad decisions for the Union, but that the interests of states and regions should be ultimately represented -Jackson hated Calhoun for threatening his Union, "John Calhoun, if you secede from my nation, I will secede your head from the rest of your body"

Republican aristocracy

The political opinion of wealthy Southern planters who wanted to preserve slavery -The original roots of republicanism came out of Ancient Greece and Rome, where slavery was very incorporated into their society. Southern wealthy planters adopted these values. -Southerners wanted to ensure that the federal government didn't interfere with slavery -Looked down upon democrats in the Midwest and North who suffered major economic gaps as a result of manufacturing

Whigs

The political party created in 1834 that opposed Andrew Jackson's Presidency. They favored political ideologies similar to federalists did in the 1790s. -Lead by Henry Clay and John Calhoun -Hated Jackson's authoritative rule, and often referred to him as "King Andrew I" -The Whigs believed that America needed to be run by the self-made man. They believed that no man was entitled to power because of natural rights alone, but because of the enterprising they had done to gain status -Whigs welcomed the Industrial Revolution because it allowed for America's enterprising men a platform to gain power -Supported Clay's American System

Baby boom

The post-WW2 nationwide increase in babies. Americans were expected to have several children -This happened because Americans "made up for lost time" after WW2 and the average marriage age dropped (22 for men and 20 for women)

Domestic slave trade

The practice of trading slaves within America to different regions of the South -Upper Southern states in the Chesapeake region (Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina) had been cultivating tobacco without crop rotations. Their soil was, therefore, dried out. -So planters in the Upper South would trade their slaves to the Lower South and West. -Slaves were needed in the Lower South on cotton plantations (King Cotton) -Slaves were needed in surplus in the West to both clear and cultivate the raw land

Eugene "Bull" Connor

The public safety commissioner in Birmingham, Alabama. He ordered the city's police troops to meet civil rights marchers (led by Martin Luther King Jr.) with violence: dogs, electric cattle prods, and fire hoses

The Alamo

The rebellion made by Americans in an attempt to defend their Texas land after the Texas Annexation. Mexicans wiped out Americans in battle, but Americans were glorified -President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna sent troops to attack American forces at the Alamo. Mexicans swept the Americans and captured and killed about 350 people -Even though they had lost the battle, American reporters glorified those who had fought because they opposed the Catholic Mexicans (similar to how they hated the Catholic Irish)

Valley Forge

The rough time during the war in which many soldiers died while retreated in Valley Forge -In the winter of 1777, George Washington and the Continental Army stopped at Valley Forge for a retreat -Countless soldiers died from starvation, sickness, cold weather, and lack of supplies -Baron Von Steuben made a new drill system here that strengthened the Continental Army -Soldiers persevered through this time by their commitment to their cause

Watergate

The scandal that lead to Nixon's forced resignation from his Presidency in 1974 -On June 17, 1972, five men carrying wiretapping equipment were caught trying to break into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in Watergate. The White House dismissed the incident as a bad burglary attempt, and Nixon denied any involvement -The two masterminds of the attempted heist were G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt were former FBI and CIA agents who worked for Nixon's Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) -This wasn't an isolated incident, as the Nixon administration was obsessed with finding more information on its enemies, doing so by any means necessary -Nixon arranged hush money for the burglars and instructed the CIA to stop the FBI investigation into the affair. This was an obstruction of justice, a highly criminal offense

Blanche K. Bruce

The second black man to hold a Senate position (1874) -Moved South to support Republican Reconstruction -Born as a slave in Virginia, Bruce was tutored at a young age by his white father -During the Civil War, he escaped to form a school for free blacks in Missouri

John Adams

The second president of the United States -Federalist -Resolved conflicts with France

Andrew Johnson

The seventeenth President of the United States who was forced into office after Lincoln's assassination. Although he tried to put Lincoln's plans for Reconstruction into place, Republicans thought he was too lenient on ex-Confederates. This caused political tensions and chaos during Reconstruction, and he was nearly impeached after four years -Johnson was from Tennessee, and was against Southern secession. Nevertheless, he fought for the Confederate state of Tennessee and, when they were taken over by the Union, Lincoln appointed him as a Union military governor -He became Lincoln's Vice President after the Election of 1864. Although Johnson was a Democrat, he brought a sense of unity between the two parties in office -Once Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, his Democratic values led him to disagree with his surrounding Republicans -Although he enacted many of Lincoln's plans, like the Ten Percent Plan, Johnson was criticized by Republicans for being too lenient on Southerners during Reconstruction. -Johnson was ultimately impeached for hiring Edwin M. Stanton as the Secretary of War without Congress's approval. Ultimately, this was an excuse for angry Republicans to fire him for being so lenient with the South

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States -Democrat -War hero from the War of 1812 -Very used to giving orders as a military officer, and he adopted a similar authoritative stance in office -Very unpredictable; people liked him because he said what was on his mind, but people also hated this -Didn't have a background as a politician, and always looked out for the common folk on the Western frontier -His Presidency sought to destroy Henry Clay's American System (which wanted to use tariffs to promote mercantilism and strengthen the National Bank)

John Quincy Adams

The sixth President of the United States whose policies reflected the ideals of National Republicans like his Secretary of State, Henry Clay -He implemented Clay's American system into his decisions: imposing tariffs to protect manufacturing, creating canals and roads that were paid for by the federal government, and implementing a strong national bank -Northerners and Midwesterners liked his policies because they benefitted mercantilism and provided America with better transportation -The South disliked his policies because they competed with their small farm based economy and Jackson's followers were still mad about the "corrupt bargain" election of 1824

Haitian Revolution/ Toussaint L'Overture

The slave uprising lead by Toussaint L'Overture in Haiti that revoked France's rights to Haiti -Lead to Napoleon selling the Louisiana Purchase to America

Boston Massacre

The standoff between British militia and angry Bostonian colonists -1,000- 1,200 British troops were stationed in Boston for one and a half years before the Massacre, and they accounted for 10% of the population -A group of nine Redcoats fired into a crowd and killed five townspeople; the crowd was provoking them with taunts and poking them with sticks

Pet banks

The state banks that Andrew Jackson provided with silver and gold from the Second Bank of the United States -After he vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, Andrew Jackson appointed Roger B. Taney as the head of the Treasury Department -Taney was officially in charge of the distribution of wealth to various state banks, but fully Jackson supported the decision. This choice was very controversial and borderline illegal. -Jackson argued that he was elected because the majority of Americans believed that the Bank should be abolished, and he was simply carrying out their wishes. This was a very radical act and it was the first time that a President claimed that his success in the polls allowed him to act independently of Congress

Gang-labor system

The strictly supervised labor of slaves that became more popular in the mid 1800s -Before the gang-labor system, masters would observe their slaves sparingly and usually give them tasks to complete at their own pace -The gang-labor system provided supervisors to watch groups or "gangs." Supervisors worked slaves at a steady pace to first clear and plow land, then sat upon mules to monitor their work -The gang-labor system increased profit by ensuring that more work was done, and became popular

Freedom Summer

The summer of 1964 in which black organizations mounted a major campaigns in Mississippi -Thousands of volunteers came into Mississippi from across the nation (mostly from the SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC) -They established freedom schools for black children and conducted a major voter registration drive, however, their opposition limited its success and only about 1,200 black voters were registered that summer -During this time, 400 civil rights workers were murdered and 37 black churches were bombed or burned

The American System

The system that Henry Clay stood by during his run for President in the Election of 1824 -Henry Clay was a national republican, who upheld many federalist ideals (strong central government, national bank) -His American System proposed that the country would always promote mercantilist policies in their economy; he wanted to strengthen the 2nd National Bank and collect tax money that would pay for canals and roads

Impact of television post WWII America

The television became the mediator between marketers and consumers, as well as a platform for national culture -In 1947, there were 7,000 TV sets in American homes. In a year, CBS and NBC were created to offer regular programming. Ten years later, 87% of American homes had a TV -Shows and commercials showed white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant, middle class families: Leave it to Beaver, Father Knows Best -Only two shows, Beulah and Amos n Andy, showed black actors in major roles, and they played servants and the poor in discriminatory roles

John Tyler

The tenth President of the United States, forced into service after being the Vice President of William Henry Harrison, who died three months after his inauguration -Harrison's death raised concerns about how John Tyler would serve as a President. Would he assert his own ideas into office or have little political power but act as President? The Constitution was vague here -The Whig party that had won him the vote urged Tyler to assert little power over the nation because they wanted a weak executive branch. Tyler refused and enacted his own policies in office. Whigs began to dislike him -Tyler had served as a Democratic Republican for the majority of his life and firmly believed in Jeffersonian values and state's rights. He only joined the Whig party because he opposed Andrew Jackson's stance on nullification -When Tyler became President, he vetoed all Whig bills that supported the American System and the Second Bank -Whigs hated him and called him "His Accidency"

John Tyler

The tenth President of the United States. Pro-slavery. Wanted to annex Texas and supported American claims to Oregon -Disowned by the Whig party because he didn't follow Henry Clay's nationalist economy. He sought reelection in 1844 as a democrat. -In 1844, he and Secretary of State John Calhoun made a treaty to accept Texas as a state. Senate rejected the treaty.

King Cotton

The term that explained the cotton boom in the South that helped them create a regional identity based off of slavery -Eli Whitney's cotton gin allowed for cotton to be produced at a much quicker rate, and accelerated America's cotton exports -Cotton boomed mainly in the 1830s and 40s -Leading up to the Civil War, the success of cotton proved that the South's economy could possibly survive without Northern help

Mercantilism

The theory or practice of merchant or trading pursuits. - In the case of the Americas and Europe, the American colonies existed for the good of the Mother Country; they produced raw materials to give to Europe. Europe then made manufactured goods from these raw materials, and colonists bought them

Thomas Jefferson

The third President of the United States, Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican and an anti-federalist -Believed that the people should ultimately govern their country -Southern and agrarian-minded -Helped France draft their independence from Great Britain -Believed in Strict Construction -Wrote Declaration of Independence

Origins of the African slave trade

The trans-Saharan trade sparked an increase in slavery that lead up to things like the Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage

Pinckney's Treaty

The treat between the United States and Spain -Allowed Americans to dock their ships in New Orleans and utilize the Mississippi River for trade routes

Treaty of Wanghia

The treaty between America and China that gave America access to Chinese ports and established tariffs between the two nations -An example of how the growth in manufacturing created commercial ties between America and foreign nations

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)

The treaty signed between the US and the Iroquois in present-day New York -The first of many treaties between the US and Native Americans after the Revolutionary War -Secured Iroquois' rights to lands farther West

Convention of 1800

The treaty that ended the Quasi War and settled the hostilities between America and France

Treaty of Paris 1783

The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War -Recognized United States as independent from Great Britain -The Continental Congress made a five-member commission to negotiate

Paris Peace talks

The treaty that ended the Vietnam War in 1973

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812 -British were financially exhausted from conflicts with France; this pushed them to call for the end of the war -Signed in Belgium -The treaty confirmed the prewar borders of the United States

Trenton

The turning point where we crossed the Delaware for the surprise attack on Hessians -On Christmas night 1776, George Washington lead 2,400 men across the Delaware to attack the sleeping Hessians -Hessians= Germans helping British fight the Rev. War -American troops killed 30 Hessians, captured 918, and gained 6 cannons -We showed Great Britain that we were capable of winning the War

Manifest destiny

The underlying idea behind expansionism in America -White people believed that their race, religions, and culture was superior to that of Native Americans and Mexicans -This was how they rationalized pushing Indians and Mexicans off of Western lands

Gag rule

The unofficial agreement in Congress that matters concerning abolition would be tabled. This lasted from 1836 until 1844. -As racial tensions grew between the North and South, lynchings became more prevalent, mobs on either side attacked one another, and Southerners deliberately didn't allow abolitionist pamphlets in their mail system -Being a long time slave owner, Andrew Jackson asked Congress if they could limit the amount of antislavery mail that came into the South -The House of Representatives then decided to enact the gag rule and avoid making any federal jurisdictions about antislavery sentiments

Bleeding Kansas

The violent movement that lasted from 1856-1861 in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and continuing tensions over slavery -When Douglas created the Kansas-Nebraska Act, he stated that Kansas could decide through popular sovereignty whether it was free or slave -Both abolitionist and pro-slavery migrants came into Kansas to sway the vote. Missouri Senator David R. Atchison encouraged Missourians to cross into Kansas and vote for it to be slave. Whereas, the abolitionist New England Emigrant Aid Society urged free soilers to go into Kansas and vote for it to be free -Eventually, violence ensued between the two opposing sides -A proslavery force burned a free-sailer town to the ground, which prompted abolitionist John Brown to lead the murder of 500 pro-slavery settlers in Pottawotomie

New York Draft Riots

The violent rampage of German and Irish immigrants in New York who opposed the draft for the Civil War -The Enrollment Act of 1863 forced men to enroll in the army for the Civil War -German and Irish immigrants refused the draft. They argued that it wasn't their war. -In 1863, these immigrants began riots in New York to oppose the draft. For five days, they burned draft offices and the homes of big wig Republicans. They also lynched and destroyed the homes of blacks. -Lincoln sent in Union troops to suppress the rioters, and killed over five hundred of them

Task system

The way of life that dominated slavery in South Carolina before the expansion of the gang-labor system -Slaves were given one task to complete by the end of the day and, when they were done, they were free to do what they wanted for the rest of the day -This way of life completely changed once gang-labor systems were introduced, as white overseers ensured that slaves worked consistent, long hours to maximize profit

Daughters of Liberty

The women that were crucial to the non-importation agreements; they restricted their use of British goods, and promoted domestic goods -Reduced a household's consumption of imported goods, produced home-sput cloth, celebrated American products by drinking rye coffee and eating bear venison, and spun wool for the needy

Counterculture/ Woodstock

The youth culture made up of "hippies" who wore ragged jeans, tye-dye shirts, beads, and long unkempt hair -Woodstock was a three-day outdoor concert that attracted many hippies for a weekend of music, drugs, and sex -Showed a cultural shift that idolized rebellion and a message of "love above all" -By the mid-1960s, the youth listened to influential rock groups like the Beatles, The Who, and the Rolling Stones, which increased the generational divide between them and their disapproving parents

Abundance of land

There was an immense abundance of land, particularly in the Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies, that allowed European settlers to easily establish systems of economic gain -Land allowed for plantation-based societies -The indentured servants who worked the land would soon turn to African slaves (based on servant revolts like Bacon's Rebellion) -Land was taken from Indians

Democratic Republicans

Those who believed in state's rights, and that political power rested within the hands of the people -Strict constructionists -Agrarian-minded -Thomas Jefferson

Thurgood Marshall/ NAACP

Thurgood Marshall was a member of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and was also a lawyer who famously worked on cases that challenged segregation -Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court in the late 1960s by President Lyndon B. Johnson, making him the first African American to be in the Supreme Court -His most famous case was Brown vs Board of Education

Francisco Pizzaro

Toppled the Incas in Peru -Incas were already weak from the spread of disease -Killed their last emperor, Atahulvalpa

Vice admiralty courts

Tribunals runned by British Parliament that governed the high seas -Colonists disliked them because they were harsh in comparison to the rules under salutary neglect, where they only got a slap on the wrist for smuggling

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Two suspects of an infamous espionage trial that was followed around the world. The Rosenbergs were convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, and were executed in 1953. -Decades later, documents surfaced to prove that Julius Rosenberg could have been a leak, but nothing suggested Ethel's guilt. For these reasons, their execution is debated to this day. Experts believe that the Red Scare and the McCarthy hearings fueled this decision

Grant administration scandals

Ulysses S. Grant had two major scandals while in office: Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring -Credit Mobilier was a fake corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad. They gained government grants and huge sums of money from the fake corporation, which was a major federal offense. To keep Credit Mobilier away from federal investigation, the Union Pacific Railroad gave huge stocks of it to powerful Congressmen. -The Whiskey Ring was a network of liquor distillers and treasury agents who gained millions of dollars on fraudulent excise taxes on whiskey. The person in charge of this was Grant's private secretary, Orville Babcock. Grant stood by him during the scandal, a controversial decision that sent shockwaves through the White House

Monroe Doctrine

Under James Monroe's presidency, coerced to Monroe by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams -Warned Spain and other European powers not to colonize the newly independent republics in Latin America -In exchange, the U.S. promised not to interfere in European conflicts

Adams-Onis Treaty

Under James Monroe's presidency, negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams -Persuaded Spain to give the U.S. their land in Florida -In exchange, the U.S. gave them land in Texas and they compromised on the western border of Louisiana

Kivas

Underground religious rooms -Utilized by Southwestern tribes like the Pueblo Indians

Sherman's March to the sea (1864)

Union leader William T. Sherman lead a rampage from Atlanta to Savanna that ruined Southern infrastructure and morale -Sherman utilized a "total war" strategy, in which he attacked civilian property, industry, and entire cities -He destroyed land within a 60 mile radius of his path -Wrecked Southern morale

Ostend Manifesto

Urged President Franklin Pierce to seize land in Cuba -Pierce was an expansionist, who urged Cuban slave owners to declare independence from Spain and join the United States. This would mean that the United States would have to go to war with Spain. -When Pierce's Secretary of State created the Manifesto, Northern Democrats denounced the idea as aggressive and it was killed

Rio Pact

Very similar to NATO, the Rio Pact was formed in 1947 between 18 Latin American nations (and the United States) in which all nations agreed that an attack on one of them was an attack on them all

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Violent conflict between Cheyenne Indians and whites. Cheyenne were senselessly murdered. -Cheyenne's Chief, Black Kettle, consulted with U.S. agents to ensure that his people wouldn't be attacked. The agents told him to settle along Sand Creek in Colorado until a treaty could be signed -Months later, John M. Chivington's Colorado militia attacked the Cheyenne camp at Sand Creek -The attack was completely unprovoked, and preformed while most of the men were out hunting -Later, Chivington's men celebrated in Denver, where they showed Cheyenne scalps and female genitals to a crowd at the Apollo Theatre. The crowd roared. -This event showed how senselessly white expansionists and the general American public were willing to kill Indians to move West

Kent and Jackson State shootings

Violent riots held by antiwar college students, at Kent and Jackson State, who were angered by the bombings on Cambodia -On May 4, 1970 at Kent State University in Ohio, an antiwar protest turned deadly when National Guardsmen fired on the rally, injuring 11 and killing 4 -Soon after, at Jackson State Collage in Mississippi, Guardsmen stormed a dormitory and killed two black students

Mercy Otis Warren

Warren urged Americans to stand against the patriarchal rule -Warren was a patriot, author, and historian -She argued that partriarchies weren't a "natural rule and only justified for the sake of order in families"

Antebellum nativism

When Catholic and German immigrants increased their presence in America, American-born citizens began to assert the dominance of Protestantism. -In 1834, Samuel Morse published a book, Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States, which threatened that Catholics would ruin American republicanism -Protestant mechanics and factory men would come together in mobs to attack Catholic immigrants. These workers thought that Catholics were stealing their jobs and reducing their wages -Many riots occurred between Catholics and nativist Protestants -Protestants who pushed for public education neglected to provide financial aid for Catholic schools

William Henry Harrison (Tippecanoe)

When William Henry Harrison ran for President in 1840, the Whig party worked on his campaign so that he'd be more appealing to the public -Running against former President Martin Van Buren, Harrison was supported by the Whig Party -Whigs portrayed Van Buren as a spoiled and manipulative aristocrat, whereas they made Harrison look like a salt-of-the-earth guy. They made him look like someone who lived in a log cabin and drank hard cider, and they reminded the public of his accolades at the Battle of Tippecanoe and his signature on the Declaration of Independence -The Whigs had a campaign slogan for William Henry Harrison and his running mate John Tyler: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too." This reminded Americans of Harrison's victory at Tippecanoe

Conscience Whigs

Whigs who morally opposed the Mexican-American war -Conscience Whigs, like Charles Francis Adams and James Kent, were Northern officials who believed that Polk had fought the War to gain more slave states. -Urged that America gain no land from the Mexican War, but their wishes were cast aside with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Board of trade

William and Mary's new Parliament body -William and Mary, James II's successors, implemented the Board of Trade as a new body of Parliament - The Board of Trade continued mercantilist policies of commerce, and created laws to force colonists to only trade with Great Britian

Role of Women in the West

Women played essential roles to life out in the West: -Tended to animals and garden -Preserved food -Helped out with the harvest -Some women were homesteaders on their own, and had the rights to their own land. About 5-20 percent of North Dakota homesteaders were women.

Role of women during and after the war

Women were trusted with republican motherhood. They were trusted with teaching their children the ideals of republicanism and the liberties reserved by the natural rights of citizens

Role of women in the Civil War

Women worked to maintain the economy and assist soldiers and (for Union women) slaves -Some Union women worked as volunteers in the Sanitary Commission and the Freedman's Aid, where they gave supplies to freed slaves -Many women served as nurses, clerks, factory workers, farmers, and worked in schools and offices -Some women even became spies, scouts, and fighters (disguised as men) -Opened up nursing as a new employment option for women

Kerner Commission Report

Written in 1968 by Illinois governor Otto Kerner, the Kerner Commission Report investigated the causes of the violent race riots (like Watts, Newark, and Detroit) -Kerner revealed that the riots were a result of the frustrations of black Americans who had been consistently shut out of white-dominated society, as impoverished blacks felt that they had no stake in the social order