APUSH Period 5 Test Review: Chapter 14-17

Batle of Gettysburg

"On July 1, the two great armies met by accident at Gettysburg, Pa, in what became a decisive confrontation." It was an incredibly bloody battle, Lincoln was furious, but it was a major victory for the Union.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

James Polk

13th President. Dark-Horse (1844) whose four pronged approach to presidency was: reestablish the independent treasury system, reduce tariffs, acquire Oregon, and acquire California and New Mexico from Mexico.

13,14,15th Amendments

13th: abolished slavery 14th: people born or naturalized in usa are citizens of country and state. state can't violate rights w/o due process or deny equal protection of law. repudiated confederate debt. kept federal debt valid 15th: prohibited denial of suffrage by states to any citizen on basis of race, color, or previous servitude. enfranchised northern blacks who might vote republican Easy way to remember is: Free Citizens Vote!

James Buchannan's Presidency

15th President of the United States (1857-1861), he tried to maintain a balance between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both the North and South, and he was unable to stall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842- treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. Also banned the slave trade in the Atlantic world

Oregon Treaty

1846 between England and the US- signed in DC. Treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling US and British claims to the Oregon country. Negotiated by Buchanan who at the time was secretary of state. Set at 49th parallel exception of Vancouver Island. Washington territory formed from it in 1853.

Civil rights act of 1866/Civil rights act of 1875

1866: first statutory definition of rights of American citizens; was to counteract black codes; would force southern courts to practice equality before the law by allowing federal judges to remove from state courts cases in which blacks were treated unfairly; pocket vetoed by Johnson 1875: passed legislation that guaranteed access to transportation and hotels for all blacks; repealed blacks codes and removed restrictions on workers; prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection; became a watered down bill that the Supreme Court eventually struck down

The Slaughterhouse Cases

1873 the 15th and 14th amendments do not guarantee federal protection of individual rights against discrimination by their own state governments-distinction between state citizenship and national citizenship

US vs Reese

1876 curtailed fed protection of black civil rights. Court restricted congressional power to enforce KKK Act

US V Cruikshank

1876 similar to us v reese: curtailed fed protection of black civil rights. Court restricted congressional power to enforce KKK Act

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Lincoln- Douglas debates

A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.

(Ch. 15)** Who were members of the free-soil coalition, and what arguments did they use to demand that slavery not spread to the territories?

David Wilmot's declaration that the Mexican territories had been free and therefore should remain so attracted a broad coalition of Americans, including many northern Democrats and anti-slavery Whigs, as well as members of the new Liberty party. Like the Wilmot Proviso, the Free-soil party demanded that slavery not be expanded to the territories.

Bear Flag Republic

Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico.

Goliad

A site where about 400 defeated, surrounded, and surrendered Americans were slaughtered by Santa Anna. "remember goliad" became a war cry soon thereafter.

"54'40 or Fight!"

Democratic slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

Lincoln's 10% plan

A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government

Emancipation Proclamation

After victory of Antietam Lincoln announces on the first of 1863 all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. AIM: injure confederacy, threaten its property, heighten its dread, hurt its morale. Positives of the Emancipation Proclamation: -Lincoln stole initiative from Radicals. -Issuing a military measure Lincoln pacified Northern Conservatives. -Gained support of European Liberals. -Pushed border states towards emancipation (Maryland/Missouri) -Increased slaves desire to go north as troops Negative of the Emancipation Proclamation: -it had limited practicality because it applied to areas where union had no authority. -exempted slaves states in the Union and parts of Confed. under union control

Johnson's Impeachment

Andrew Johnson's impeachment was the result of Stanton's dismissal by the President, this was the last straw for the House Republicans. Johnson was just barely acquitted. As a result for the rest of his term he was powerless to alter the course of Reconstruction and the country.

What were the causes of the Mexican War? What territories did the United States gain from the Mexican War, and what controversial issue consequently arose?

Annexation of Texas, declared by a joint resolution of Congress in 1845, infuriated Mexico. The newly elected president, James K Polk, sought to acquire California and New Mexico as well as Texas, but negotiations soon failed. When Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande, Polk urged Congress to declare war. In 1848, in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago, Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the US and gave up claims to land north of the Rio Grande. The vast acquisition did not strengthen the Union, however, because a fierce debate immediately erupted about allowing slavery in the new territories.

What were the major elements of the Compromise of 1850?

It had been agreed that popular soverignty would settle the status of the territories, but when the territories applied for statehood, the debate over slavery was renewed. The Compromise of 1850 was the result of the impassioned debate over whether to allow slavery in the territories gained from Mexico, which had banned slavery. By the Compromise of 1850, California entered the Union as a free state, the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Utah were established without direct reference to slavery, the slave trade( but not slavery itself) was banned in Washington DC, and a new, stronger Fugitive Slave Act was passed.

Comprise of 1877

It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.

Stephen F. Austin

Known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.

Tenant Farming

Landowners rented land to farmers who usually supplied them with farming tools and a crude house, farmers grew crops for landowners and kept a small percentage, often not enough to sell. Farmers lived in poverty as a result.

Battle of Appomattox Courthouse

Lee forced to totally surrender at this court house in 1865; Union treated enemy with respect and allowed Lee's men to return home to their families with their horses

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election

Mexican- American War

Tension with Mexico increased after United States annexed Texas and brought slaves there even though mexico had outlawed slaver and even though america promised the Spanish rights in the southwest in the Adams Onis treaty in 1819; sparked by eleven Americans killed "on American soil,"; Polk sent war message to Congress; Most of war fought in Mexico; most of battles won by United States.

Crittenden Compromise

The first of compromise proposals submitted in hopes to prevent a civil war. This one was first submitted by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. This plan was a proposal to reestablish the Missouri Compromise line and extend it westward to the Pacific coast. Slavery would be prohibited north or the line and permitted south of the line. Southerners in the Senate were willing to accept this plan, but the compromise would have required the northerners to abandon their most fundamental position-that slavery should not be allowed to expand- and so they rejected it.

Sherman's March to the Sea

William Sherman- General who succeeded on the campaigns that led to victories in Vicksburg and Atlanta, and completed the March to the Sea, was able to capture Johnston and his army Sherman's march from Atlanta to South Carolina, he and his army applied a total warfare, scorched earth policy that led over a million dollars in damage and crushed the south.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

John L. O'Sulivan

Influential Democratic editor who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" and justified the American claims to new territory. "...is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federation self government entrusted to us."

What were the reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation?

Initially, President Lincon declared that the war's aim was to restore the Union and that slavery would be maintained where it existed. Gradually, he came to see that the Emancipation Proclamation was justified as a military necessity because if would deprive the South of its labor force. He hoped that southern states would return to the Union before his January 1863 deadline, when all slaves under confederate control were declared free

Free Soil Party

short lived political party in the USA that was active in the elections of 1848 and 1852. It was a third party and gained most strength from New York. Consisted of former anti-slavery members from Democratic and Whig parties. Its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery in the western territories in any new territories. When the party died it was mostly swallowed up by the Republic Party.

Black Codes

some of the reorganized southern state governments passed these, defining the rights of emancipated slaves in ways that severely restricted their freedom

Millard Filmore

successor of president Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. he helped pass the compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of northern Whigs for the compromise. became the 13th president when Taylor died. he was largely self-educated, he had made his own way in the profession of a law and the rough-and-tumble world of new politics, he was ready to make peace and used extreme caution, he support the compromise of 1850 and helped it pass.

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

The Alamo

Santa Anna's army succeeded in late 1836. His force of 4000 men laid siege to San Antonio, whose 200 Texan defenders retreated into an abandoned mission, the Alamo. After repeated attacks, the remaining 187 Texans including Davy Crockett were wiped out and a few weeks later Mexican troops massacred some 350 Teas prisoners.

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

John C. Calhoun

senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.

Wade-Davis Bill

(1864) bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath (they were not now disloyal to the Union nor had they ever been disloyal), pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Andrew Johnson's plan

(1865) "amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) as well as individuals (almost always plantation owners) whose property was worth over $20,000, state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted, state required to repeal secession ordinances be readmittance, ratify 13th amendment, disowned Confederate debts

Great Plains Indians

- Indians that migrated onto the Great Plains b/c of the Europeans bringing horses; Lakotas (Sioux) who had been forest dwellers migrated and adopted life as nomadic hunters and thrived

Force Acts

(1870-1871) the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

Wilmot Proviso

(JP), David Wilmot Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico (1846), Calhoun against with his compact theory (govt. created by states)

Kit Carson

-United States frontiersman -guided Fremont's expeditions in the 1840s -served as a Union general in the Civil War (1809-1868)

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Samuel Tilden

A New York lawyer who rose to fame by bagging big boss Tweed, a notorious New York political boss in New York. He was nominated for President in 1876 by the Democratic party because of his clean up image. This election was so close that it led to the compromise of 1877. Even though he had more popular votes the compromise gave presidency to the Republicans and allowed the Democrats to stop reconstruction in the south.

Uncle Tom's Cabin/Harriet Beecher Stowe

A book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

The Impending Crisis of the South

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.

What were the different approaches to the Reconstruction of the confederate states?

Abraham Lincoln and his sucessor, southerner Andrew Johnson, wanted a lenient and quick plan for Reconstruction. Lincoln's assassination made many northerners favor the Radical Republicans, who wanted to end the grasp of the old planter class on the South's society and economy. Congressional Reconstruction included the stipulation that to reenter the Union, former COnfederate states had to ratify the Fourteenth and 15th Amendments. Congress also passed the Military Reconstruction act, which attempted to protect the voting rights and civil rights of african americans

Fugitive Slave Act

Act of 1852- these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South to no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

How did the war affect the home front in both north and the south?

Both sides passed conscription laws drafting men into military service. most of the fighting took place in the south; thus, although the North had more casualties, the impact on the South was greater. Its population was smaller, and it's civilians experienced local violence and food shortages. The landscape, food supply, and wildlife were destroyed in many areas. IN both the North and South, women played nontraditional roles on farms and even at the battlefront.

Why did the issue of statehood for California precipitate a crisis for the Union?

Californians wanted their territory to enter the Union as a free state. Southerners feared that they would lose federal protection of their "peculiar institution" if more free states than slave states emerged. Whereas Senator John C Calhoun maintained that slavery could not constitutionally be banned in any of the territories, anti-slavery forces demanded that all the territories remain free.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

First Bull Run

Confederacy wins this early battle in a rout, it was a sobering experience that showed that the war was not going to be over quickly, involved a massive panic retreat

What were the main issues in national politics in the 1870's?

During Ulysses S. Grant administration, fiscal issues dominated politics. Paper money ( greenbacks) was regarded as inflationary; and agrarian and debtor groups opposed its withdrawal from circulation. Many members of Grant's administration were corrupt; scandals involved an attempt to corner the gold market, construction of the intercontinental railroad, and the whiskey ring's plan to steal millions of dollars in tax revenue

Nathan B. Forrest/KKK

General Forrest may have been one of the most respected cavalrymen of the Civil War, but his legend is marred by his racism. Before the Civil War, Forrest was a slave trader, and after the war he became one of the first Grand Wizards of the Ku Klux Klan. KKK: secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism,[2] violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions.

Battle of Vicksburg

General Grant led the Union forces in the Battle of Vicksburg. He defeated two Confederate armies and destroyed the city, this was across the river near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Five days later they had complete control of the Mississippi.

Taylor Adminstration

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in 1850

What events led to the firing of the first shots of the Civil War?

In his inaugural address. Abraham Lincoln made it clear that secession was unconstitutional but that the North would not invade the South. War came when the federal government attempted to resupply forts in the South. When South Carolinians shelled For Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, Lincoln issued his call to arms. Other Southern states seceded at that point, and the Civil War was underway.

Pacific Northwest Indians

Indian tribe that hunted and gathered everything they needed from the land and water around them, based in Oregon/Washington

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Why did settlers migrate west and what conditions did they face?

Many Americans believed that the West was divinely ordained to be part of the United States. Although populated by Indians and Latinos, the West was portrayed as an empty land. The lure of cheap, fertile land led to Oregon fever, and settlers moved along the Overland Trails, enduring great physical hardships.

How did most enslaved people become free in the US?

Many slaves freed themselves by escaping to Union Army camps. Although the Emancipation Proclamation announced the war aim of abolishing slavery, it freed only those people enslaved in areas still under Confederate control. The Thirteenth Amendment freed all enslaved people throughout the US.

Why did Texas declare independence from Mexico in 1836, and why were many Americans reluctant to accept it as a new state in the Union?

Many southerners had moved to the Mexican province of Texas to grow cotton, taking their slaves with them. The Mexican government opposed slavery and in 1830 forbade further immigration. American settlers declared Texas independent in 1836, and the slaughter at the Alamo made the independence of Texas a popular cause in the US. As soon as Mexico recognized the Texas Republic, many Texas clamored for annexation. The notion was unpopular among the growing anti-slavery faction, however, because it meant adding another slave state to the Union; thus, Texas remained independent for nearly a decade.

How did white southerners respond to the end of the old order in the South?

Many white southerners blamed their poverty on freed slaves and Yankees. White mobs attacked blacks in 1866 in Memphis and New Orleans. That year, the KKK was formed as a social club; its members soon began to intimidate freedman and white Republicans. Despite government action, violence continued and even escalated in the South

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Why did Reconstruction End in 1877?

Most southern states had complete the requirements of Reconstruction of 1876. The presidential election returns of that year were no close that a special commission was established to count contested electoral votes. A decision hammered out at a secret meeting gave the presidency to the republican, Rutherford B. Hayes; in return, the Democrats were promised that the last federal troops would be withdrawn from Louisiana had South Carolina, putting an end to the Radical Republican administrations in the southern states.

** (Ch. 14) What were the dominant issues in national politics in the late 1840's?

Nationalism and westward expansion were the dominant issues in the 1840s. President John Tyler, a former Democrat turned Whig, vetoed traditional Whig policies, such as a new national bank and higher tariffs. Boundaries with Canada were finally settled. The desire for westward expansion culminated in the Mexican War.

To what extent did blacks function as citizens in the reconstructed South?

Newly freed slaves suffered economically. Most did not have the resources to succeed in the aftermath of the war's deviation. There was no redistribution of land; former slaves were given their freedom but nothing else. The Freedman's Bureau attempted to educate and aid freed slaves and reunite families. Many former slaves found comfort in their families and the independent churches they established. Some took part in state and local government under the last, radical phase of Reconstruction.

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Winfield Scott

Old Fuss and Feathers, marched on Mexico City in 1847, considered to be the ablest general of his generation

Impact on the Missouri Compromise

One of the legislative bills that were passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 was a new version of the Fugitive Slave Act. At first, Clay introduced an omnibus bill covering these measures. Calhoun attacked the plan and demanded that the North cease its attempts to limit slavery.

Spot Resolutions

Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. To find out were the soldiers fell was important because congress was near to declaring war on Mexico.

Abraham Lincoln

Republican candidate of the 1860 election and the 16th president. He was successful in the north with his anti-slavery warnings and despised in the South. He lead the country during the Civil War, was able to emancipate and free slaves, and to reintegrate the south with the rest of the nation.

Share Cropping

Sharecropping was a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords.

Missouri Compromise of 1850

Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.

Why did the southern state secede? What were major events that pushed each side towards the Civil War?

The Democrat's split into northern and southern factions contributed to the success of Abraham Lincoln and the New republican party in the election of 1860. The republican's victory was the immediate cause of secession. Southerners, reeling form John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry, equated anti-slavery violence with the republican party. More important, the Republican victory showed that the south no longer had enough votes in Congress to protect its "peculiar institution"

Gadsden Purhcase

The Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of section

Ostend Manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought.

What were the major strategies of the Civil War?

The confederates had a geographic advantage in that they were fighting to defend their own soil. They expected support from Britain and France because of those nations' dependence on southern cotton for their textile industries. The union quickly launched a campaign to seize the confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. Initial hopes for a rapid victory died at the First Battle of Bull Run. The Union's industrial might was a deciding factor in a long war of attrition.

Destruction of the Whig Party

The election of 1852 marked the final collapse of the Whigs. The deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster that year severely weakened the party, and the Compromise of 1850 fractured the Whigs along pro- and anti-slavery lines. Gave rise to the Republican Party

Lecompton Constitution

The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected.

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act initiate the collapse of the second party system?

The proposal to overturn the Missouri Compromise by opening to slavery the territories north of 36o30' outraged the nation's growing anti-slavery faction. The Kansas-Nebraska act destroyed the Whig party, limited the influence of the Democrats, and led to the creation of the Republican Party, which absorbed many Free-Soilers and Know-Nothings.

Kansas Nebraska Act

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Freedman's Bureau

This federal bureau was an intervention by the federal government that aided ex-slaves during the transition from war to peace, and slavery to freedom. It was given direct federal funding and its agents were authorized to investigate the mistreatment of blacks.

John Tyler

Took office after the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. He was a democrat but was swayed by his adoptive Whig Party. He signed a law to end the independent treasury but he vetoed attempts to create a Fiscal Bank. "His accidency".

Antietam

Was a strategic Union victory that allows Lincoln to issue the emancipation Proclamation, and it also ends the Confederacy's attempt to attack northwards, however it was the single bloodiest day in American history.

Hinton R. Helper

Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners.

Gettysburg Adress

a 2-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Tenure of office act

a measure passed by Congress in 1867. It prohibited the president from dismissing any cabinet member or other federal officeholder whose appointment had required the consent of the Senate unless the Senate agreed to the dismissal. Johnson's violation of this act caused the impeachment crisis.

Redeemers

a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party.

First and Second Reconstruction Acts

first reconstruction act: 1867.divided the South into military districts, granted local voting rights to African Americans, and barred former Confederate leaders from holding office. Second reconstruction act: a bill passed to secure black voting rights, this placed Union troops in charge of voter registration.

Scalawags/carpet baggers

local whites in the South who had resettled there and supported or entered Reconstruction governments; were ex-Whigs seeking to reenter politics; their beliefs accorded with the policies of congressional Reconstruction Carpet Baggers: northerners who were the opponents to the scalawags; were well-educated, middle-class professionals; many were former Union soldiers attracted by the South's climate and cheap land

Northern Democrats

most dangerous to Union and election of 1864 because of association with south, leader Douglas dies

Popular Sovereignty

notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Overland Route

the route where people crossed deserts and mountain ranges in a wagon filled with gear