APUSH - Reading guide 1.1 & 1.2
What was the impact of the Catholic victory in Spain and the European Reformation on North America
- After the Catholics reconquered the land in Spain, they set up kingdoms of which two later united and funded Columbus's exploration - The European Reformation had an impact on North America because conflict against the Catholics and Protestants made the Catholics want to spread Christianity to the Americas
In what ways did native people transform North American environment before European colonization
- Built lodgings along rivers - Built settlements of different sorts - Built earthen mounds - Farmed the land
What was the Protestant Revolt in Northern Europe about
- Certain Christians in northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome -Their revolt was known as the Protestant Reformation - Conflict between Catholics and Protestants led to a series of religious wars. The conflicts even caused some groups from both sides to want to spread their own versions of Christianity to the people in Africa, Asia. and the Americas
What did the Nation-States depend on and what did they use their power for
- Depended on trade to bring in needed revenues and on the church to justify their right to rule - They used their power to search for riches abroad and to spread influence of their version of Christianity
African Resistance
- Enslaved Africans would try to resist slavery every way possible - Some of those ways included: - Running away, sabotaged work, or revolts - For generations they always maintained aspects of their African culture
Slave Trading
- Since ancient times people in Europe, Africa, and Asia enslaved people captured in wars - In the 15th century is when slaves started to get traded. -The Portuguese would trade for slaves From West Africa and would use them to produce sugar
How did new technology enable Christopher Columbus to dominate the "New World"
- Technological advances such as using gunpowder and making improvements in shipbuilding made oceanic exploration possible - The invention of the printing press helped spread the news of Columbus's voyage
What were improvements in technology in the late 15th century
- The Europeans began to use gun powder(invented by the Chinese) - The sailing compass(adopted from Arab merchants) - Improvements in shipbuilding and map making - Invention of the printing press
How were Nation-States developed back in the 1500's
- The emergence of nation states partly come from small kingdoms such as Castile and Aragon uniting into larger ones - Another cause was the breaking up of mutliethnic empires such as the sprawling Holy Roman Empire.
What was the culture of the Aztec people like
- They were powerful after the decline of the Maya people and dominated Mexico and Central America - Their capital was located in Tenochtitlan and had a population of around 200,000
Developing Nation-States back then
- Those nation-states were countries in which the majority of the people shared a common culture and loyalty toward a central government
Why is the United States population in modern times only 2 to 3% American Indian
- When Europeans came over to the America's, they brought diseases and sicknesses with them killing off millions of American Indians. - Another cause to the decline is conflict between them and settlers
What were two major Religious conflicts in the later years of the Renaissance
1. Catholic Victory in Spain 2. Protestant Revolt in Northern Europe
What were three main effects of Europe's expanding trade in the 15th century
1. Was able to trade for slaves from Africa to run sugar plantations 2. Found a route to India 3. Opened a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope
When did period 1 begin and end
1491-1607
How long ago did Historians say the first people settled North America
40,000 years ago
What were the Northeast Settlements like
Adena-Hopewell cultures spread to this region. Their culture combined hunting and farming. In this region, the Iroquois Confederation were famous
What did all 3 Cultures of Central and South America have in common
All 3 civilizations developed highly organized societies, carried on an extensive trade, and created calendars that were based on accurate scientific observations
New routes
At first there was a challenge in finding a new way to the Asian trade; but after the Portuguese went on a voyage, they found that the south and east was the shortest route. - Portuguese sea captain Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India via the route
What is one key similarity between societies that developed in Central and South America
Both settlements cultivated crops such as corn and were hunters and fishers
What was the culture of the Inca people like
Developed an empire in South America
What were Southwest Settlements like
In large numbers, people lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multi storied buildings. Groups such as Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos evolved multifaceted societies supported by farming with irrigation systems
What was the Catholic Victory in Spain about
Islamic invaders from North Africa, Known as Moors, conquered most of Spain. Over the next centuries Spanish Christians reconquered the land and set up many independent kingdoms.
Why is 1607 a major turning point in United States history
It is the mark of English dominance in the America's. The Jamestown settlement would go on to strive for many years bringing about many new discoveries
When and where was the first settlement founded in America
Jamestown, in 1607
What were the Great Plains settlements like
Majority of the population were either nomadic hunters or sedentary people. Nomadic tribes were excellent hunters. Sedentary people farmed
What was the culture of the Maya people like
Mayas built cities in the rain forest of the Yucatan Peninsula
What were the different cultures of Central and South America
Mayas, Aztecs, and the Incas
What were Northwest Settlements like
People here lived in longhouses or plank houses. They would hunt, fish, and gather nuts, berries, and roots
What tribes was the Iroquois Confederation made up of
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk
Explain the significance of the difference between Central/South American and North America
The Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans being more sophisticated were able to become highly organized civilizations and do tasks such as extensively trade and create calendars based on scientific observations
What was the key difference between the Viking Voyages of the 12th century to that of Columbus's
The Vikings didn't come to settle there, but when Columbus voyaged to America, it later led to the immigration of large numbers of people which later took the land for themselves
What two great kingdoms formed after Spanish Christians reconquered Spain
The kingdom of Castile who was ruled by Isabella at the time and the kingdom of Aragon who was ruled by Ferdinand
What were the cultures of North America like
The native societies that lived there were smaller and less sophisticated. One of the reasons for this was the slowness of the northward spread of corn cultivation from Mexico
What were the Atlantic Seaboard Settlement like
The people of the Coastal Plains lived in this region. Many descended from Woodland mound builders and built timber lodgings along rivers
What is one key difference between societies that developed in Central and South America
The settlements in Central and South America were much larger and more sophisticated than the ones in North America
What was the Language of American Indians like
They constituted more than 20 language families. Together those families included more than 400 distinctive languages. Among the largest of these were Algonquian in the Northeast, Siouan on the Great Plains, and Athabaskan in the Southwest
What effect was most significant out of the three for Europe's expanding trade
Trading with Africa since sugar plantations were run by the slaves which turned out to be very profitable.
What were the Midwest settlements like
Woodland American Indians strived here since they had a rich food supply. Many hunted, fished, and farmed
What was the estimate of the Native population in the Americas in the 1490's
varies from 50-100 million people
