APUSH roaring 20s to ww2 saq and mcq

16th Amendment (1913)

Congress is given the power to tax incomes

John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath"

Evokes the harshness of the Great Depression and arouses sympathy for the struggles of migrant farmworkers.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash Bonus Army, gathering of probably 10,000 to 25,000 World War I veterans (estimates vary widely) who, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C., in 1932, demanding immediate bonus payment for wartime services to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression.

Midway

June 4, 1942, American code-breakers managed to decipher the Japanese communication code so the navy was forewarned about the timing of the assault at Midway + prepare an ambush for the attacking fleet. Midway was the turning point of the Pacific naval war. The United States would then begin offensive action in the Pacific.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. Italian American anarchists convicted of murder Sentenced to death despite allegations that they were not given a fair trial Revealed Nativism sentiments and fear

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, + the improvement of national parks + wildlife preserves

Tensions between Britain and U.S.

Tensions between Britain and the U.S. arose as Churchill rejected American pressure to place India and other Britain colonies on the road to independence. Churchill concluded private deals to divide southern/eastern Europe in British/Soviet spheres of influence.

Conditions during the Great Depression

unemployment, poverty, homelessness, selling of family farms, minorities suffer the worst Hoovervilles: millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings. They also lost their homes. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation Foreclosures: The number of nonfarm residential real estate foreclosures doubled between 1926 and 1929. With the onset of the Depression, the number of foreclosures rose still higher, from 134,900 in 1929 to 252,400 in 1933. Migrant workers: white farmers were forced to sell their farms and become migrant workers who traveled from farm to farm to pick fruit and other crops at starvation wages.

The Second New Deal

(1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs - Focused on economic security and the redistribution of national income - Emphasized on economic security- a guarantee that Americans would be protected against unemployment + poverty - Redistributed national income to sustain mass purchasing power in consumer society

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. authorized teh federal government to set production quotas for major crops + pay farmers to plant less in an attempt to raise farm prices This led to the eviction of thousands of poor tenants + sharecropping

The Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Congress of Industrial Workers

- Aimed to secure economic freedom and industrial democracy for American workers - a fair share in the wealth produced by their labor + a voice in determining the conditions under which they worked - Created by John Lewis who leaves the AFL - Labor union that welcomes all workers, particularly unskilled - Massive General Motors strike in 1936 and major union victory

Coolidge's Presidency and his economic policies

- Believed that the president shouldn't undertake sweeping new reforms to address the challenges of the modern, industrial age. - Opposed high taxes and government regulation. - Passed the Revenue Act of 1924 - lowered tax rates and reduced the amount of people that would pay them - Reduced federal debt by limiting federal spendings

Henry Ford and cars

- Created the Assembly Line to mass produce cars - Allowed average families to gain access to vehicles - Many other industries would begin to use the Assembly Line to mass produce products - One of the factors that led to the depression (unequal distribution and declining customers)

Created the United Nations

- Establishment of the United Nations (successor to the League of Nations) - General Assembly where each member has an equal voice and a Security Council responsible for maintaining world peace. - Council would have six rotating members and five permanent members: Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States each had the power to veto resolutions

World War II redistributed world power

- Japan and Germany were utterly defeated - Britain and France despite being victorious were weakened - United States and Soviet Union were able to project their influence outside their national borders - Soviet occupation of eastern Europe created a division that would soon turn into the Cold War

Hoover's Programs to combat the depression

- National Credit Corporation, a private organization to safeguard deposits - but banks did not want to acquire assets of other failing banks (this was a failure) - He wanted business leaders to voluntarily maintain employment, wages, and investments - Organization of Unemployment Relief voluntary organization urged people to help their neighbors - Federal Farm Board in 1929 to stabilize farm prices, encouraged farm cooperatives to buy excess crops - Reconstruction Finance Corporation gave loans to large corporations, banks, Railroads

The use of Atomic Bomb

- On August 6, 1945, an American plane dropped an atomic bomb detonated over Hiroshima, Japan - 280,000 civilians and 40,000 soldiers, approximately 70,000 died immediately. The death toll continued due to the deadly radiation released by the bomb. (By the end of the year, it reached at least 140,000) - On August 9, the United States exploded a second bomb over Nagasaki, killing 70,000 persons. - On the same day, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria. - The use of the atomic bomb led to controversial debates - Truman stated that the bomb was a weapon, and weapons are meant to be used.

Keynesian Economics

- Paid for FDR's programs and was based on the ideas of John M. - Keynes- deficit spending Keynes insisted large-scale government spending was necessary to sustain purchasing power + stimulate economic activity during downturns. Such spending should be enacted even at the cost of a budget deficit - Spend money you do not have and run up a deficit

Why did Americans originally wanted to stay out of WWII?

- Policy of isolationism - Ethnic differences - Doesn't want to alienate trading partners - Skeptical + not eager to go back to war after ww1

Causes of the Great Depression

- Stock Market Speculation - people buying stocks on margin (credit) with the hopes that when the stock market went up, they would profit - when it crashed- they were in debt - Great uneven distribution of income in America- Wealth concentrated in few Rich people. When stocks became expensive - not enough rich people to buy them- When stocks are sold-stock market crashes (rich people sold stocks all at the same time) - those who had not sold or had bought on margin lost the value of their stock - No regulation of Stock Market - Insider knowledge & fraudulent/ fake companies existed - Consumer goods also being bought on "installment plans" or credit because average Americans couldn't afford them - Demand fell for consumer goods (too much supply now) - Crops- overproduction - Lack of government protection- No insurance for bank accounts, no unemployment insurance, few pension or welfare plans in states - Harder, Coolidge, and hoover tariffs (ex - Smoot Hawley tariff) reduced imports from Europe hurting their economy and ours because they owed us debts - Banks failed as farmers could not afford mortgage (deflation against for them!) - Land prices fell because of natural disaster

Harding's Presidency

- The Us would return to "normalcy" during his presidency. - His presidency was plagued by scandals such as the Teapot Dome Scandal Secretary of the Interior Albert fall accepted nearly $500,000 from private businessmen to whom he leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome - Returned to Conservatism (embrace traditions, resistance of great change) and undid some Progressive reforms. - Decreased the income tax rate as he believed that the high tax percentage caused the wealthy to hide their wealth instead of investing

Mobilization for WW2

- War Production Board, War Manpower Commission, Office of Price Administration - All: regulate the allocation of labor, control the shipping industry, establish manufacturing quotas, and fix wages, prices, and rents. -built housing for war workers and forced civilian industries to retool for war production. Michigan's auto factories now turned out trucks, tanks, and jeeps for the army. -government marketed billion of dollars of war bonds, increased taxes, and began withholding income taxes from each paychecks

Bretton Wood Conference (1944)

- created two American dominated financial institutions - World Bank provide money to developing countries to developing countries and rebuild Europe - International Monetary Fund would work to prevent governments from devaluing their currencies to gain an advantage in international trade - These two institutions were believed to encourage free trade and growth of the world economy - Replaced British pound with the dollar as the main currency for international transactions

Result of the war

- estimated 50 million persons who perished during World War II (including 400,000 American soldiers), perhaps 20 million were civilians. - estimated 50 million persons who perished during World War II (including 400,000 American soldiers), perhaps 20 million were civilians(2.2 million were from the Holocaust). - Little Americans criticized Truman's decision due to propaganda that dehumanized Japanese - Public opinion began to sway after the publication of Hiroshima, a graphic account of the horrors suffered by Japan

Blacks during world war2

-The army restricted the number of black enlistees and contained only five black officers, three of them chaplains.The navy accepted blacks only as waiters and cooks. -1 million blacks served in the armed forces. They did so in segregated units, largely confined to construction, transport, and other non combat tasks. -local authorities who administered the GI Bill allowed southern black veterans to use its education benefits only at segregated colleges, limited their job training to unskilled work and low-wage service jobs, and restricted loans for farm purchase to white veterans.

The Red Scare

1919-1920; fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life - causes: Labor unrest, strikes in US, Russian Communist Rev 1917, anti-immigrant feelings, anti-labor unions etc - "must be radicals" - Outlawing of Communist Party, communists from serving in government, etc. led to palmer raids

United States started taking steps to combat immigration in the 1920s

1921: Congress enacted Emergency Quota Law - National Origins Quota Act 1924 - quotas set (150k) - different # of immigrants allowed per country. Asians were banned (except Filipinos) - Immigration Act of 1924 - limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States through nationality quotas - The law favored immigrants from Northern and Western European countries but immigration from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe were limited.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

1930s *A Catholic priest who headed the National Union for Social Justice, which denounced FDR's New Deal policies *Held a weekly radio show and discussed politics and finance *Proposed to his many listeners an ambiguous currency program, but found popularity mostly through anti-Semitic rhetoric

The Supreme Court strikes down two new deal programs

1935 - Schechter Poultry Corp vs U.S. - court struck down parts of the NRA (National Recovery Administration) for allowing the executive branch too much power in setting codes for business (these codes/ regulations should have been made by the legislative branch United States vs Butler: court ruled against the Agricultural Adjustment Act - found it to be an unlawful taxation system (was taxing food processors and redistributing money to the farmers) found it violated the 10th amendment - excessive Federal legislative power over states (by then crop prices had still had come up from the AAA implementation

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining - empowered the National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections in which employees voted on union representation. - Outlawed unfair labor practices like firing and blacklisting union organizers -proposed to create a new independent agency—the National Labor Relations Board, made up of three members appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate-to enforce employee rights rather than to mediate disputes. -gave employees the right to form and join unions, and it obligated employers to bargain collectively with unions selected by a majority of the employees -endorsed the principles of exclusive representation and majority rule, provided for enforcement of the Board's rulings, and covered most workers in industries whose operations affected interstate commerce.

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry. Mechanized agriculture in the nation's heartland semi-arid region had pulverized the top soil + killed native grasses that prevented erosion. Winds now blew much of the soil away. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. built a series of dams to prevent floods and deforestation along the Tennessee River + provide cheap electric power for homes + factories

Roaring 20s

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies. In the Roaring Twenties, a surging economy created an era of mass consumerism, as Jazz-Age flappers flouted Prohibition laws and the Harlem Renaissance redefined arts and culture.

Dr. Francis Townsend/ Townsend Plan

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month. won wide support for a plan by which the government would make a monthly payment of $200 to older Americans with the requirement that they spend it immediately

Problems with how FDR's programs were carried out (did they reach African Americans? Did Big Businesses always follow the regulations of the NIRA and Wagner Act, etc)

Africans Americans -confined to the least generous and most vulnerable wing of the new welfare state. -public assistance programs allowed for widespread discrimination in the distribution of benefits. Set benefits at extremely low levels and authorized the states to determine eligibility standards Not all big businesses followed the regulations of the NIRA and Wagner Act. Led to FDR's plan of court packing to give the government more control. The Supreme Court then struck down any opposition to the acts.

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

An act that regulates the trading of securities such as stocks and bonds in the secondary market - Prevents another market crash/depression

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter." - Oversaw the Palmer Raids - Were enacted as a response to the uprising fear towards immigrants - Raided radical/labor organizations and arrested citizens without permits/warrants - Prisoners were held for months without reason/charge - Suppressed civil rights

Bootlegger and Speakeasies

Bootleggers made and sold illegal alcohol during the period of prohibition. They made huge amounts of money during the 20's and helped the Economy. Speakeasies were bars that operated illegally during the time of Prohibition.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Charles Schenck was arrested for printing and mailing anti-war pamphlets to draftees. He was the secretary of the Socialist Party and opposed the war because he felt the war was benefiting Wall Street Investors. Pennsylvania's court found he had violated Espionage Act because pamphlets would encourage draftees to deflect. He appealed to the Supreme Court The Court upheld his conviction and the decision allowed the government to limit free speech in wartime especially. established that the Espionage Act (from ww1 during wartime) was constitutional - the first amendment (freedom of speech/freedom of the press) was limited if it presented a danger

Social Security Act of 1935

Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC. - Protected the welfare of average American citizens - Created a system of unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid to the disabled, elderly poor, and families with dependent children. - Altered government relationship and American citizens as the federal government is intervening in the economy more.

Japanese-American Internment

Executive order 9066, ordered the relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the west coast to camps far from their homes. There were no court hearings, no due process, and no writs of habeas corpus.

1941- Atlantic Charter

FDR met with Churchill- called for freedom of seas, freedom from fear, and self-determination, FDR allegedly promised Churchill that we would force an incident to get us involved

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women transformed the role of First lady, turning a position with no formal responsibilities into a base for political action. 1939, Eleanor resigned from Daughters of the American Revolution when the organization refused to allow the black singer Marian Anderson to present a concert at Constitution hall in Washington. She arranged for Anderson to sing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial + for the concert to be broadcasted nationally on the radio

"court packing" attempt of 1937

FDR's unpopular attempt to load the Supreme Court with liberal justices to uphold his New Deal programs - Proposed that the president should be allowed to appoint a new justice for each one that was past the age of Seventy. - FDR's aim was to change the balance of power on a Court that, he feared, might well invalidate Social Security, the Wagner Act, and other measures of the Second New Deal. - The underlying purpose was fulfilled as the threat of "Court packing" inspired an astonishing about-face by key justices. The Court suddenly revealed a new willingness to support economic regulation by both the federal government and the states. - Turned away challenges to Social Security and the Wagner Act. - The Court affirmed federal power to regulate wages, hours, child labor, agricultural production, and numerous other aspects of economic life.

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance. - Stressed voluntary or charitable contributions - Little to no direct relief on the federal government's part - Idea that if you help the Banks and Corporations it will trickle down to the average person - Does not regulate business or stock market or banks

Scopes Trial

John Scopes, a teacher in a Tennessee public school, was arrested for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. This trial reflected the enduring tension between two American definitions of freedom: - Fundamentalist Christians, strongest in rural areas of the South and West, clung to the traditional idea of "moral" liberty: voluntary adherence to time-honored religious beliefs - Scope's defender, included American civil Liberties Union, freedom meant above all the rights to independent thought + individual self-expression. To them, the tennessee law offered a lesson in the dangers of religious intolerance + the merger of church and state

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. established a military administration for Germany and agreed to place top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes. Each attempted to maximize its postwar power Neither Britain nor the United States trusted Stalin. But his troops won the war on the eastern front, therefore it was hard to resist his demands of eastern Europe transforming into a Soviet sphere of influence.

D-day

June 6, 1944, nearly 200,000 American, British, and Canadian soldiers under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Normandy in northwestern France. It was the most massive sea-land operation in history.

Koremasu v US

Korematsu, a US citizen, posed as a Chinese person, stayed in his hometown instead of going to an evacuation center as Japanese persons had been ordered to. The court upheld his conviction and said "legal restrictions which curtail the civil rights of a single racial group... must be subject to the most scrutiny... (but in) conditions of modern warfare our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must commensurate (equal) with the threatened danger... we believe it does"

Huey Long, Share the Wealth

Launches the Share our Wealth Movement with the slogan "Every man a king." Called for the confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5,000 and a guaranteed job + annual income for all citizens. The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945, the formal end to the war against Germany. Germany unconditionally surrendered its military forces to the Allies and the US.

National Industrial Recovery Act

Modeled on the government-business partnership established by the war industries board of wwi. Established the National Recovery Administration (NRA) which would work together with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, + working conditions. - Public Works Administration (PWA): built roads, schools, hospitals, + other public facilities - Civil Works Administration (CWA): Nov 1933, employed more than 4 million persons by January 1934 in the construction of highways, tunnels, courthouses, + airports

Native Americans during world war 2

Navajo Code talkers- transmitted messages in their complex native language, making it hard for Japanese to decipher

Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Since early 1941 the U.S. had been supplying Great Britain in its fight against the Nazis. It had also been pressuring Japan to halt its military expansion in Asia and the Pacific. Japan intended the attack as a preventive action. Its aim was to prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and those of the United States. - Japan attacked in hopes of crippling American naval powers - Hope to establish Japan as a dominant power in the region - Japan wanted to gain natural resources like oil, and other resources from East Asia after cutting ties with the United States - The attack led to the death of 2,000 Americans, and the destruction of 187 aircrafts, 18 naval vessels, and 8 battleships. Led to the US joining the war

Hawley Smoot Tariff 1930

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos. - Highest protective tariff in American history - Hurt farmers, hurt Europeans who retaliate with tariffs which hurt our manufacturers - Made it harder for Europeans to pay back WW1 loans

21st Amendment (1933)

Repeal of prohibition (18th Amendment)

Selective Service Act 1940

Required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register with local draft boards; marked the first peacetime conscription in United States history.

Cash and Carry 1940

Roosevelt persuaded Congress to permit the government to sell military supplies to France and Britain on a cash-and-carry basis—in other words, they could pay cash for American-made supplies and then transport them on their own ships.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents. 1st Neutrality Act: Response to the invasion of Ethiopia - we will embargo warring parties 2nd Neutrality Act: Prohibited banks from loaning to warring nations 3rd Neutrality Act: response to Spanish civil war - Prohibited supplying nations in a civil war

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corrolary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers. The law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed. Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression. make grants to local agencies that aided those impoverished by the depression

Palmer Raids

The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to capture and arrest suspected socialists, especially anarchists and communists, and deport them from the United States.

Yalta Conference

The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe, especially focusing on German reparations and post-war occupation as well as Poland. - Each leader had an agenda for the Yalta Conference: Roosevelt wanted Soviet support in the U.S. Pacific War against Japan and Soviet participation in the UN; Churchill pressed for free elections and democratic governments in Eastern and Central Europe (specifically Poland); and Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Eastern and Central Europe. - At Yalta, the Big Three agreed that after Germany's unconditional surrender, it would be divided into four post-war occupation zones, controlled by U.S., British, French and Soviet military forces. The city of Berlin would also be divided into similar occupation zones. Roosevelt and Churchill entered only a mild protest against Soviet plans to retain control of the Baltic states Stalin agreed to join the war in 1945 to allow "free and unfettered elections" in Poland. But he still planned on establishing communism in eastern Europe.

New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

Brain trust

The trusted academic and professional advisors to Roosevelt were called the Brain Trust

Bracero Program (1942-1964)

This World War Two era guest worker program brought more than 4.5 million Mexicans into the U.S. under government labor contracts in order to work, primarily as agricultural workers where there was a labor shortage. The workers were supposed to receive decent housing and wages. But since they could not become citizens and could be deported at any time, they found it almost impossible to form unions or secure better working conditions. Agreed to by the Mexican and American governments, it was Initially designed as a temporary response to the wartime labor shortage, but the program lasted until 1964. It reflected a complete reversal from the "voluntary" repatriation of hundreds of thousands of Mexican-Americans during the Great Depression.

First Hundred Days

This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on. This era saw the passage of bills aimed at repairing the banking system and restoring American's faith in the economy, starting government works projects to employ those out of work, offering subsidies for farmers, and devising a plan to aid in the recovery of the nation's industrial sector.

Fordney McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade. - Increased import tax to 40 percent - Was passed in hopes of promoting U.S. prosperity but did little to nothing - Angered foreign European governments

US's policy towards Japan in the months leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor

US had placed an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan. The US had also been pressuring Japan to halt its military expansion in Asia and the Pacific.

Lend-Lease Act 1940

US supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Free France, the Republic of China, and other Allied nations with weapons and other necessary materials to fight Axis powers between 1941 and August 1945. US became the "arsenal of democracy" long term leases of ships, weapons, etc, to Allies (GB, FR, and USSR) (protection of ships from navy)

Roosevelt Recession 1937

Unemployment surged, hurting FRD's reputation and putting us in a new recession. He cut funds from the PWA and WPA. Along with taking out $2 million for Social Security. This put 2 million people out of work by the end of 1937. People realized the country had relied too much on the government. After deciding to go by the Keynesian Economics Theory (spend heavily in a recession to jump start economy), Roosevelt asked congress for $3.75 billion for the PWA, WPA, and other programs. Roosevelt reduced federal funding for farm subsidies + WPA work relief. Unemployment would rise from 14% to 20%

Mary McLeod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955) appointed by FDR as a special adviser on minority affairs. Mary McLeod Bethune was a passionate educator and presidential advisor. In her long career of public service, she became one of the earliest black female activists that helped lay the foundation to the modern civil rights movement.

Inventions in the 1920s

United the nation- the car and the radio were especially responsible for drawing the people of the country together. refrigerators, washing machines, radios, phonographs, electric razors and irons, and vacuum cleaners. The 1920's was also a time of prosperity for many Americans and there was access to easy credit which made it possible for people to take advantage of the inventions in the 1920s.

What was the general attitude towards foreign affairs in the 1920s?

Wanted foreign markets Many stated that joining WW1 was a mistake and wanted to return to isolationism

The American Liberty League

an American political organization formed in 1934. Its membership consisted primarily of wealthy business elites and prominent political figures, who were for the most part conservatives opposed to the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 by Roosevelt to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures The FDIC insures deposits; examines and supervises financial institutions for safety, soundness, and consumer protection; makes large and complex financial institutions resolvable; and manages receiverships.

Social Security

based on the ideas of Francis Townshend who had first come up with the idea of a monthly payment to the elderly Social Security taxes are taken from current workers' paychecks (income tax) and directly given to pensions of the retired elderly people and poor people.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom. Term that was used to describe new women who began to become more carefree and stopped following traditional norms

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

ended the policy of dividing Indian lands into small plots for individual families and selling the rest

Fair Labor Standards Act 1938

established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage will end child labor by banning goods, produced by children from crossing state lines, established minimum wage, overtime pay mandated for 40+ hours work weekly Note that during the Progressive Era, such laws were only on state levels - Banned goods produced from child labor - Set 40 cents as minimum wage - Required overtime pay for hours that exceed forty per week

Worker Progressive System (WPA)

hired 8 million workers, constructed thousands of public buildings and bridges, more than 500,000 miles of roads, and 600 airports. It built stadiums, swimming pools, and sewage treatment plants. - Employed many out of work white collar workers and professionals like doctors/dentists

Indian New Deal

launched under Commissioner of Indian affairs John Collie. Ended the policy of forced assimilation + allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy. Dramatically increased spending on Indian health. led to the Indian Reorganization Act 1934

Labor's Great Upheaval

mid-1930s, mobilization of millions of workers in mass-production industries. The federal government now seemed to be on the side of labor. Workers' demands during the 1930s went beyond better wages. They included an end to employers' arbitrary power in the workspace, + basic civil liberties for workers including the right to picket, distribute literature, + meet to discuss their grievances. - Altered the balance of economic power + propelled to the forefront of politics labor's goal of a fairer, freer, more equal America. - Communist/socialist thought increases in the country and there were opponents of FDR who felt he wasn't shifting our economic system enough in that direction.

Glass Steagall Act (1933)

provided for separation of commercial banking and investment banking activities in the US This act forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation, added $1 billion in gold to economy and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). prohibited commercial banks from making high-risk stock investments. Also took us off the gold standard

Roosevelt's fireside chats

speeches made over the radio: the first assured the public that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank

Sit-down strike

unveiled by the United Autoworkers (UAW), a CIO union, workers would halt production but remain inside instead of walking out

Francis Perkins

was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet who remained in offices for his entire Presidency - Helped with the establishment of the Social Security and Fair Labor Standards Acts - Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins, advised the president and shaped public policy.