APUSH Semester 2 Unit 1

What role did foreign markets play in America's prosperity?

After 1870, many U.S. business leaders greatly increased the range and scope of exports. The value of U.S. exports went from $234 million in 1865 to $1.5 billion in 1900. This was huge for the stability of the economy.

What did Native Americans have to do in order to become U.S. citizens?

After accepting the land allotted, Native Americans had to live apart from other members of the tribe and become "civilized."

Why did the demand for beef increase after the Civil War?

After the Civil War, eating meat became more common. People were more prosperous and could afford to eat more beef.

How did immigrants learn about economic opportunities in the United States?

Friends and relatives often told people in the homeland about the prosperity available in the United States through letters. Steamship companies also advertised the economic opportunities. Some businesses advertised for workers in foreign countries.

How is Billy Cody (Buffalo Bill) depicted in this excerpt? How would you describe him?

In some ways, Buffalo Bill seems heroic because he refuses to run away and leave wounded men behind when Native Americans attack. He keeps his head under fire and keeps up with the others even though he is tired. However, Buffalo Bill is also depicted as a ruthless killer who uses racist terms.

Why did members of the populist movement want the U.S. government to increase the amount of greenbacks in circulation?

Increasing the amount of greenbacks would make it easier for farmers to repay their debts and obtain loans.

What was the cause of the Johnson County War?

Large ranchers wanted to drive the small ranchers out.

How did white settlers in the West discriminate against the Chinese?

Laws prevented Chinese immigrants from becoming American citizens or voting. Chinese immigrants had to pay a special tax if they wanted to mine. Americans boycotted products made with Chinese labor and forced the Chinese to live in segregated districts. Sometimes, Chinese immigrants were attacked physically.

Besides pogroms, what other factors caused the Jewish people to want to leave Russia?

The Jewish people in Russia were very poor. The Russian government had confined them to an area called the Pale of Settlement in the eastern part of the Russian Empire. They were not allowed to own land there, which made it very difficult for them to earn a living.

What reasons does Red Cloud cite for the Native Americans' discontent with reservation life?

The Lakota did not see any choice other than to settle on the reservation and try to become farmers. However, they failed at becoming farmers because they were not taught how to grow crops or provided with the tools that they needed to do so. In addition, government rations were insufficient, their horses were taken from them, they were moved from place to place on the reservation, and white people tried to destroy their culture.

What reasons does Red Cloud cite for why the Lakota agreed to live on a reservation in the first place?

The Lakota originally agree to move to the reservation because the buffalo on which they depended for their existence were disappearing and white settlers were taking their land.

What had to happen before the federal government granted statehood to Utah in 1896?

The Mormon Church had to ban the practice of plural marriage.

How did the settlement of California affect Native Americans living there?

The Native American population of California was nearly destroyed by the settlers, who wanted their land. One governor of California offered money to settlers who brought in Native American scalps.

When the Nez Perce fled with Chief Joseph, where did they go?

The Nez Perce traveled from Idaho through Wyoming and Montana and tried to reach Canada.

What did the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek want the Comanche to do?

The Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek wanted the Comanche to settle on a reservation and become farmers. They were still allowed to hunt in Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

What led the U.S. Army to fight the Comanche in the 1870s?

The U.S. Army fought the Comanche in the 1870s because the Comanche violated the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek, using the reservation as a base from which to raid.

What protections were offered to the Native Americans in the Treaty of Fort Laramie?

The U.S. government promised the Native Americans that they would punish anyone, including white men, who harmed them. The government made it clear, however, that all wrongdoers would be punished by the government according to U.S. laws.

Why was the U.S. government content to leave the Plains Indians alone before the 1860s?

The U.S. government was content to leave the Plains Indians alone because very few Americans lived in the West before the 1860s.

How did the White Caps resist the enclosure of the open range in New Mexico?

The White Caps destroyed the fences erected by Anglo-American ranchers.

Why did the U.S. Army dislike Grant's policy?

The army disliked Grant's Peace Policy because it prohibited them from entering the reservations, even if they were pursuing Native Americans they had been fighting.

Why did the cattle industry begin to suffer in the 1880s?

The cattle industry suffered in the 1880s as a result of severe winters that killed many animals. An economic recession in the late 1880s also hurt the cattle industry.

What influence did technological developments have on the demand for beef?

The development of refrigerated railroad cars by Gustavus Swift made it easier to ship beef to market without it spoiling.

Why did exodusters believe that Kansas would be a good place to settle?

The exodusters believed that Kansas would be a good place to settle because, before the Civil War, the settlers in Kansas had fought hard to enter the Union as a free state. The exodusters assumed that Kansas would welcome former slaves, but they were mistaken.

In what ways did the industrialization of agriculture hurt farmers in the late 1800s?

The industrialization of agriculture led to overproduction, which lowered the price of crops.

What was the intent of the Dawes Act?

The intent of the Dawes Act was to force Native Americans to assimilate by destroying the reservations that preserved their culture.

The Homestead Act made moving west appealing to American settlers because it promised each family

160 acres of land on the condition that the family maintained it for five years.

What is another name for the Battle of Little Bighorn?

Custer's Last Stand

Which of the following had to take place before a western territory was admitted to the Union as a state?

1. Congress had to pass an enabling act for the territory. 2. The territory had to draft a constitution.

Which of the following were effects of the transcontinental railroad on the West?

- It made it easier for settlers to travel to the West. - It allowed farmers and ranchers to more easily ship products to market.

Which of the following were a result of the Second Industrial Revolution? Select all that apply.

1. the growth of cities and urban areas 2. the mass production of clothing and other goods 3. the use of faster and safer methods of transportation

Who was a forty-niner?

A forty-niner was someone who had gone to California in search of gold. They were called "forty-niners" because many arrived in California in 1849, a year after gold was discovered. What was life like for forty-niners?Possible response: Life was difficult. Housing and sanitation in the mining camps were poor. The camps also had high rates of crime, and life was very violent. Some miners made fortunes, but most did not.

What percentage of American women got married in the late 1800s?

About 90 percent of American women got married during this time.

Why were African Americans who settled in the West after the Civil War called "exodusters"?

African Americans who settled in the West after the Civil War were called "exodusters" as a reference to the Biblical book of Exodus. In this book, the Hebrews, who were enslaved in Egypt, left to travel to the Promised Land. Similarly, African Americans were seeking freedom in the "Promised Land" of the West.

How did American settlers in the Southwest discriminate against Mexican Americans?

American settlers in the Southwest gave the most difficult, lowest paid jobs to Mexican Americans. Settlers also passed "Sunday laws" that banned noisy activities, such as bullfights, on Sundays, which interfered with many traditional Mexican American amusements. "Greaser laws" allowed sheriffs to charge unemployed Mexican Americans with vagrancy and arrest them. White American settlers often took land that belonged to Mexican Americans, and judges sided with the white Americans.

Which of the following best describes an important difference between American and Mexican settlers in the West?

American settlers wanted exclusive rights to land, while Mexican settlers preferred communal grazing lands.

What did Andrew Carnegie think about the extravagant displays of wealth of the Gilded Age?

Andrew Carnegie believed that the rich should live modestly without excessive displays of wealth. He preferred that the wealthy use their riches to benefit the poor. He would have disapproved of the extravagant displays of wealth of the Gilded Age.

Who could receive land under the Homestead Act of 1862?

Any U.S. citizen over the age of 21, even those who had come to the United States as immigrants, could receive land under the Homestead Act of 1862. The only U.S. citizens who could not receive land were people who had taken up arms against the government, such as veterans of the Confederate army.

How did the Panic of 1873 affect ordinary Americans?

Banks collapsed and railroad construction stopped. Industries that produced materials for railroads, such as steel mills, lost business. Hundreds of thousands of people lost their jobs and could not afford to eat.

Why did so boomtowns disappear?

Boomtowns disappeared when the mineral wealth that they depended upon was fully depleted.

Which of the following was a success for the labor movement?

Bread and Roses Strike

How did the Comanche resist the terms of the Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty?

By relying on government rations and raiding.

Which of the following companies was the model of vertical integration?

Carnegie Steel

How did many Chinese immigrants finance their trip to the United States?

Chinese immigrants used credit-tickets to come to the United States. An American businessman paid for their passage. After arriving, the immigrants worked for their sponsor until the debt was paid off.

Why did the Lakota resent living on the reservations to which they had been assigned?

Conditions on reservations were poor in the 1870s and 1880s. They resented having to live on the reservations, and promised government supplies were often insufficient or of poor quality.

What type of mineral wealth was discovered in the Anaconda Mine in Montana?

Copper was discovered in the Anaconda Mine.

How did the lives of cowboys change when corporations began to take control of the cattle industry?

Cowboys became like other people who worked for wages and lost much of their independence.

How did new inventions transform the lives of individual people in the late nineteenth century?

Electric lights made days longer as people and businesses no longer relied on kerosene or candles. Phonographs and motion pictures offered more opportunities for entertainment. The first automobiles, such as the Model T, and then airplanes made travel faster. These all led to a greater standard of living than previous generations had.

Grant's Peace Policy had the effect of

Giving missionaries control of reservations to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Why did the U.S. government order the Sioux to leave their lands in the Black Hills?

Gold was discovered in the Black Hills.

What does Billy Cody do that, to people today, might be considered barbaric?

He is excited by the fact that he has killed a man and accepts a Native American scalp from one of his companions.

Should industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. P. Morgan be characterized as "robber barons" or as "captains of industry"? Explain your thinking.

Industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. P. Morgan can be thought of as "robber barons" because they often acted unethically to increase their own wealth. These actions contributed to the economic instability of the United States during the Gilded Age, and many people lost their jobs and suffered greatly during financial panics. However, one might also think of them as "captains of industry" because their actions increased the wealth of the country and the economy. The population grew, and exports increased drastically.

Who did much of the work on the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad lines?

Irish immigrants built much of the Union Pacific, and Chinese immigrants built much of the Central Pacific.

What was the message preached by Isa-tai?

Isa-tai promised the Comanche that if they stopped living like white people and got rid of the settlers, the buffalo would return, and they could resume their old way of life.

What effect did the Dawes Act (1887) have on Native American peoples?

It divided reservations into land allotments to be given to individual Native American families.

How did J. P. Morgan save the United States from bankruptcy?

J. P. Morgan agreed to give the U.S. government $65 million in gold in exchange for government bonds. He then gave the bonds to European investors, which they accepted in place of gold because they trusted Morgan.

Why did local elites sometimes oppose statehood?

Local elites sometimes opposed statehood because they wanted to retain control over appointments to territorial offices and how federal money would be spent in the territory. Once a territory became a state, democratic elections would decide who held state office, and these elected officials would decide how money would be spent.

Which of the following accurately describes the experiences of immigrant groups in the late 1800s?

Most immigrant groups moved to urban areas, where they settled in ethnic enclaves with people of the same ethnicity.

Why did most Italian immigrants come from southern Italy instead of northern Italy?

Most of Italy's wealth and industry were located in the north. In the south, people were very poor, especially after the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius destroyed villages and farmland. As a result, many people in southern Italy migrated to the United States in search of economic opportunities.

How did Native Americans and white settlers differ in their ideas regarding land ownership?

Native Americans believed that land should be held in common for use by all. White settlers believed in the individual ownership of land.

Why did Native Americans agree to perform in Wild West shows even though the shows depicted them in stereotypical ways?

Native Americans were impoverished, and the shows gave them a chance to earn money. The shows also gave them a chance to perform dances that were forbidden on the reservations.

In what ways did trusts harm the public?

Once a trust had come to dominate an industry, it could raise prices as much as it liked because there was no competition. Consumers either had to pay or go without the product. Trusts also usually paid workers low wages and treated them badly in order to cut costs.

Besides going to church, what kinds of religious activities did members of the middle class engage in?

Outside of church, the middle class participated in Bible societies, Sunday schools, mission groups, social reform groups, and nondenominational religious organizations such as the YMCA. They also sang hymns around the piano, which the middle class could afford to have in the home.

Among which tribe did the Ghost Dance begin?

Paiute

Why was it easier for Mexican residents in New Mexico to exercise political power than it was for Mexicans in Texas?

People of Mexican descent were the majority of New Mexico's population, but they were a minority in Texas.

How did the railroads actively encourage western settlement?

Railroads advertised the benefits of moving to the American West.

Who led the Native American forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

How did new inventions transform cities in the late nineteenth century?

Steel construction and elevators enabled buildings to grow taller than ever. Electric streetcars made cities cleaner.

What technological developments made railroad travel safer?

Steel rails, George Westinghouse's air brakes, and Eli Janney's coupling system made railroad travel safer.

How did steel make the building of skyscrapers possible?

Steel was used to make strong frames for the walls of buildings. Unlike walls made entirely of stone, steel-framed walls were lighter and could rise higher. Because the steel frame bore most of the weight, spaces could be left in the walls for windows.

Why was the Bessemer process important?

The Bessemer process was important because it enabled people to make steel more quickly and more cheaply.

Why did white settlers and other tribes complain about the Comanche's behavior?

The Comanche not only stole cattle and horses, but took captives.

How did the Comanche use the Civil War to their advantage?

The Comanche used the absence of Texas settlers and the Texas Rangers to steal cattle and horses.

Why was the Gilded Age called that?

The Gilded Age was called the Gilded Age because it was an era in which a thin layer of prosperity veiled a large amount of misery underneath. Spectacular fortunes were amassed by some, while the poor grew poorer. Political corruption was also often involved, and workers lived much worse lives than the men who ran the corporations they worked for.

Why did the Gold Rush end after only a few years?

The Gold Rush ended in 1855. By then, the gold that could be easily removed from streams using tin pans was gone. The remaining gold could be mined only using complex equipment that only large companies could afford.

Which of the following provided a great economic and social incentive for single women to move to the West?

The Homestead Act of 1862

In which of the following ways did the middle class differ from the working class in the late 1800s?

The middle class began to live in the suburbs, while the working class lived in the city.

In what way was the violence of the West sometimes a result of the Civil War?

The people engaged in violent conflict in the West had often fought on opposite sides in the Civil War, and some outlaws were Confederate veterans.

What was the purpose of treaties negotiated between the U.S. government and Native American tribes before the 1860s?

The purpose of treaties before the 1860s was to keep Native American tribes from fighting one another.

What was the original purpose of the reservation system?

The reservation system was initially implemented to remove Native Americans from land that American settlers wanted.

Which of the following BEST describes the primary cause of the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877?

The settlers wanted access to gold in the Black Hills.

What kinds of jobs were held by educated, middle-class, American women?

These women held a variety of jobs, including clerical positions, college professors, and settlement-house workers.

What important contribution did Mennonite settlers make to western settlement?

They brought Russian hard winter wheat that could grow in the West.

Why did Native Americans dislike Grant's policy?

They disliked Grant's Peace Policy because they did not like being confined to reservations, and the government supplies they were given were of poor quality.

In what ways did trusts benefit the public?

Trusts sometimes reduced prices and improved the quality of products.

Why was it more difficult for Chinese immigrants to enter the United States in the late 1800s than it was for European immigrants?

U.S. federal laws prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers who were not U.S. citizens already.

How did the arrival of farmers affect cattle ranchers?

When farmers settled in an area, pressure was placed on cattle ranchers to build fences to keep their animals away from the farmers' crops.

How did Cooke's failure cause the Panic of 1873?

When the Northern Pacific Railroad failed, Cooke could not sell any more stock in the company, could not pay his investors, and declared bankruptcy. Americans were now afraid to invest in railroads or banks. As banks and railroads failed, the rest of the economy suffered as well.

Why is the Battle of Wounded Knee a significant event in U.S. history?

Wounded Knee was the last significant act of resistance by Native Americans to the U.S. Army and the reservation system.

What did Wovoka tell Native Americans would be accomplished by the Ghost Dance movement?

Wovoka promised that one day the settlers would disappear and the buffalo and dead Native Americans would return.

Which of the following MOST helped the populist movement transform into a political party to support its causes?

farmers

Which of the following was a goal of both the Populist Party and the Knights of Labor?

government ownership of railroads

In the 1860s and 1870s, the political faction that most supported maintaining a strong Reconstruction was the

liberal Republicans

The Panic of 1873 was brought on primarily by

low railroad profits and a drop in the price of grain.

The changing immigration pattern in the U.S. over the course of the nineteenth century is BEST summarized as a shift away from

northern European immigrants and toward those from southern and eastern Europe.

Booker T. Washington proposed the Atlanta Compromise because he believed that it would make African Americans more likely to

prosper economically

The breakup of the Great Sioux Reserve in the Black Hills into six smaller reservations was representative of larger patterns in that it exemplified

the U.S. government giving land it had previously allocated to Native Americans to white settlers.

Which of the following platform divisions MOST undermined the unity of the Populist Party going into the 1896 election?

the gold standard versus free silver

American settlers were able to move west with relative ease to seek their fortunes because of the U.S. government's

willingness to provide them with land traded, purchased, or taken from other countries or peoples.