APUSH TEST 1
British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England.
1622 virginia massacre Pequot war in connecticut Four main wars between the french and indians (french and indian war) Bacon's rebellion
British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England.
1622 virginia massacre by Opechancanough Pequot war in connecticut King philip's war / metacom Bacon's rebellion (attempted to give the right to slaughter native americans) French and Indian war
The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transAtlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
Anglicization = To become more "English" over time (British colonies began to adapt traditions of life in England More colonies became "royal" colonies Political views influenced by whigs Every colonies was eventually tied into british trade Carved out a middle class
The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
Cast system and development of merchant class (mercantilism) Industrialization Growing economy due to trade Exposure to more economic opportunity Corn and potato crops caused European populations to grow quickly Gold and silver mining created a economic growth, mostly used for trade
As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
Chattel Slavery = Slavery in which persons are treated as chattel (personal property) of their slave owners. Slaves were merely property who could be bought, sold, and directed to whatever their owners wished 1692 interracial relationships were illegal, but sometimes ignored Vigiania made all africans slaves by law, and took many of their rights away Bacon's rebellion made slavery preferred
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
Columbian Exchange Increased British interest in controlling colonies and acquiring resources Mercantilism Navigation acts enforced trade with only britain
American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
Day of the dead and other holidays are celebrated Spanish led revolts and rebellions that gave native americans rights to own land
English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.
Differences between North, Middle, & Southern colonies regarding social statues, economics, politics, geography, etc... Pilgrims and puritans worked separately from others in the area Jamestown attracted settlers through the profits from tobacco, house of burgesses, and the headright system Pennsylvania offered land and religious toleration Maryland = catholic refuge, even though protestants rejected act of toleration Rhode Island = religious toleration
Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.
Discoveries in navigation and sailing allowed for exploration by sea African slave trade provided a new labor source Joint-stock companies made colonization easier for the English and Dutch (helped create Jamestown, Plymouth, New Amsterdam, Boston, ect.) Development of cash crops added cushion to economy
The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.
Diversity in middle Colonies "Breadbasket" Colonies New york = First jewish community (welcomed all)
Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups.
Dutch armed the Iroquois, leading to many attempted native american fights Pequot war by puritans in connecticut for land Bacon's rebellion caused many Native Americans to be killed Spanish war on Aztecs caused them to form more alliances. Results of french and indian war - forced native americans to take sides when the british drove the french out of north america
Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society.
Encomienda System Caste System (Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Native Americans, African American Slaves) Bartolome De Las Casas Native american labor replaced by African slaves
French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
Fur Trade French = Canada Dutch = Spread along Eastern coast Henry Hudson New Netherland → New York
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
Growth of Mercantilism (caused by columbian exchange) Navigation acts (enforced trade with only the british) Salutary neglect set patterns for the future Exports (new england - food and rum, middle colonies - wheat, chesapeake - tobacco, north carolina - timber, south carolina - rice, indigo, (and later) cotton
The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
Impact of Great Awakening on colonies Enhanced religious renewal New york had dutch heritage, more ethnic and cultures Production of books and reading material Church of england in hands of people Impact of the Enlightenment John Locke (social contract between government & people) Government should exist to protect its people Deism (god as a watchmaker)
Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
Increased slave culture through communities among Plantations and the development of varying slave religions Stono rebellion Slaves participated in passive resistance (working slowly, accidents, ect) Running away and hiding as a "free man" (not in virginia)
Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.
John Locke's theories on the role of government - colonists should believe they were the font of political power Maryland = catholic Pennsylvania, delaware, new jersey = quaker Defyance of navigation acts Colonists controlled taxes
The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
John Winthrop ("City On a Hill") Church centered towns Puritans required conversion for membership
The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.
King James I took over virginia as a royal colony, ordered that the house of burgesses be abolished Toleration act (designed to protect catholic minority) New england was unhappy after oliver cromwell ignored "City upon a Hill" Navigation Acts were often defied New england was unhappy about the restoration of King Charles II Bacon's rebellion (between Nathaniel Bacon and governor William Berkeley
The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
King james I / takeover of virginia as a royal colony English puritans and navigation acts Glorious revolution Salutary neglect and its effect on law enforcement
The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
Maize was the main cash crop and trading resource of the tribes in the area, Mayans and Aztecs Promoted sedentary life Provided food, leading to population growth
The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.
Mercantilism Navigation Acts: attempted to limit trade to britain, were often defined by smaller companies over the next century King James II took away self government from new england, making new england, new jersey, and new york into the dominion of new england Glorious revolution New england was not happy after their "city on a hill" was ignored Bacon's rebellion
Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
People in this area had rich environments and got their food from a mix of hunting, fishing and gathering These diets didn't become common until the Columbian Exchange
Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups
Pequot war (puritans in connecticut to take more land) John Smith / Pocahontas - kind of alliance Bacon's rebellion (caused slaughter of Native Americans) King Philip's war / queen anne's war / king george's war - all had natives on both french and british sides
European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
Portuguese replaced Arabs in the slave trade Slave trade lead to devastation of many cultures because large chunks of the population were taken Africans were immune to more diseases and died off less often
Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
Salutary Neglect: Policy of the British government from the early to mid-18th century regarding its North American colonies under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British government and contributed to the economic profitability of Britain. This "salutary neglect" contributed involuntarily to the increasing autonomy of colonial legal and legislative institutions, which ultimately led to American independence. House of burgesses was first self governemt Differences in Government Structure for.. Northern: elected legislature Middle: Southern: house of burgesses
The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
Sex ratio between males & females Indentured servitude → African slavery Life expectancy and overall atmosphere Headright system Only about half of indentured servants survived winter Tobacco made colonies with few towns more suitiable
All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.
Slavery existed in every colony, but less in the north (not an economic need) Seaport colonies all participated in slave trade somehow Sugar colonies used many slaves
Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
Smallpox because Native Americans' immune systems were not as well developed and exposed to as many diseases About 90% of Native Americans died due to disease Conquistadors terrorized Native American tribes and destroyed their crops
Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
Smallpox killed 95% of the Native Americans (disease was spread by travelling traders) Fur trade significantly damaged the environment
The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.
South carolina and georgia based on rice and indigo (later, cotton) Slaves from portugal Worked slaves to death and then bought more Slaves converted to christianity
Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
Spread of Smallpox Weapons = King Philip's War (1675-1676) Native americans went to war to control trade with European colonies Fur trade caused environmental damage Disease spread by french traders that travelled
In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.
The Iroquois tribe settled along rivers and established small towns that were used as trade centers By the time settlers arrived the Iroquois were a powerful tribe in the region
The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.
The casta system placed every person into a hierarchy Order - people born in Spain, the Spanish born in the Americas, Spanish and Native american mixed, European and African, African and Native american, slaves Catholicism was required by the Spanish
American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
The celebration of Day of the Dead and other holidays Pueblo revolt and pope's rebellion - native americans could maintain their own territory and cut down on forced labor
In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
The encomienda system tried to replicate feudalism in the Americas System placed spanish on top and forced Native American to be slaves
Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
The new people were learning from the Native Americans and adapting to incorporate their way of life. Tribes that were there had mostly nomadic hunters Continued farming led to the exhaustion of the soil in the area Traded and ate all of any animal they caught
European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.
Wanted religious freedom / religious turmoil in Europe Overpopulation Reasons for colonization Crusades connected Europe to Asia (traded silks, spices, tea), causing competition Spain's many conquistadors were already exploring the Americas, adding pressure