APUSH Test: Period 3-8 Review Questions
how did the tariff of 1816 represent economic nationalism?
-it raised tariffs to protect US manufacturers -it was promoting US manufacturing and economic prosperity
ideals of jeffersonian democracy?
-neutrality policies -mix of republicanism and federalism -expanding westward
compare/contrast adv of 2 sides
North: -had to conquer a large area -large population, would work in favor for war of attrition -US navy helped command of water -dominated the nation's economy (railroads, factories, farmland, banking, capital) -fighting to preserve union -well established central gov, strong public support South: -only had a defensive war to win -had to move supplies shorter distances than union -experienced military leaders -confederates hoped europe's demand for cotton would bring financial aid -struggling for independence -ideology of state's rights a problem(they needed a strong gov to win war) -hoped union would turn against lincoln and the republicans and then quit the costly war
describe the TVA and AAA and explain how each program tried to help the farmers
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority -hired people from Tennessee Valley, one of the poorest regions, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, manufacture fertilizer -helped farmers because it helped w fertilizer and erosion AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration -encouraged farmers to reduce production by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under
facts of boston massacre?
a crowd of colonists harassed the guards. the guards fired into the crowd, killing five people. at their trial for murder, soldiers were defended by john adams and were acquitted
explain specifically what progressive presidents accomplished in the areas of conservation and consumer protection
consumer protection -pure food and drug act: forbade manufacture, sale, and transportation of mislabeled food -meat inspection act: inspectors have to visit meatpacking plants to ensure they meet minimum standards of sanitation conservation: -forest reserve act: set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve -newlands reclamation act: provides money for irrigation projects in the west -set aside federal oil lands, added large tracts in appalachians for forest reserves
explain the connection between the grange movement and the populist party in at least 3 ways
grange movement: -social and educational organization of farmers -became active in economics and politics to defend members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads -established cooperatives -lobbied state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators, made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers populist party: -determined to do something about the concentration in the hands of trusts and bankers -called for both political and economic reforms -direct popular election of senators, referendums, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, telegraph/telephone owned by gov, loans and warehouses for farmers, 8 hr workday they were similar because they were both concerned with trusts, railroads, bankers. they both sought political and economic reform. both wanted to help the farmers
connection between king cotton and peculiar institution
slaves worked on the new cotton plantations
what is a protective tariff?
they are aimed at protecting a domestic industry
why was the stamp act passed?
to raise funds to support british military forces in the colonies
what is trust busting and what are two industries it was used against? who was in favor of trust busting?
trust busting is trying to enforce the sherman anti trust act, breaking up trusts and using anti trust action. it was used against the northern securities company (railroads), standard oil company, US steel. progressives/republicans were in favor of it. taft/roosevelt
explain the connection between progressivism and industralization and urbanization
urbanization and industrialization were the causes of the progressive movement because the progressive movement tried to fix the ills of industrialization
how did territorial expansion lead to the crisis of 1850s?
when they acquired more land they didnt know what to do slavery so there was conflicts between north and south on whether or not to allow it
what was the wilmot proviso and why was it a prelude to the civil war
wilmot proviso: forbid slavery in new mexican territories (not passed though!) prelude to civil war because it escalated political conflict on the issue of slavery
two new political parties formed by 1855 and what were their stances on the major issues?
(whig party breaks apart) -know nothing party: nativist hostility to immigrants and catholics who were entering northern cities, responded "i know nothing to political questions" -republican party: opposed spread of slavery (not to end slavery), repeal of kansas nebraska act and fugitive slave law
identify three components of the treaty of versailles and explain its ratification battle in the US
--germany stripped of colonies in asia and africa, war guilt, french occupation of rhineland, reparations -self determination. territories controlled by germany, austria hungary, and russia were taken by allies. independence granted to estonia, latvia, lithuania, finland and poland. new nations of czechoslovakia and yugoslavia -league of nations ratification battle: -wilson needed 2/3 votes in senate to ratify treaty -irreconcilables wouldnt accept it, reservationists would accept it w rewording -people didnt really like the article X bc it could violate monroe doctrine or national sovereignty
explain 2 reforms that happened at the state level
-2/3 of states prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages (due to the temperance movement) -in NY, charles evans hughes battled fraudulent insurance companies -cali, hiram johnson successfully fought against the power of pacific railroad -"wisconsin idea" proposed by robert la follette established direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor RR, utilities and business -social justice movement lobbied state legislatures for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories -state compulsory attendance laws to keep children out of mines and factories
how did the confederate constitution differ from the US constitution that it was modeled off of? how did states' rights and the southern economy ultimately cause insurmountable issues for the confederate government?
-6 yr term for president -item veto for president (could veto only part of bill) -denied power to pass protective tariff and appropriate funds for internal improvements -prohibit slave trade states' rights issues: -jefferson davis tried to increase federal powers but some states held back troops and resources to protect their states -georgia urged to secede in defense of state's rights economy: -chronically short of money -tried loans, income taxes, and impressment of private property -severe inflation -had to nationalize railroads and encourage industrial development
identify 4 advancements that were made for women during the progressive movement
-NAWSA and national woman's party strives for women's suffrage -19th amendment -league of woman's voters -planned parenthood -educational equality -liberalized marriage and divorce laws -reducing discrimination in business and the professions -women's right to own property
what did the US gain in the treaty of paris of 1783 and what did they promise to do?
-US became an independent nation -MS river is the W border -americans have fishing rights off coast of canada they promised to pay debts owed to british merchants and honor loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war
what was the bonus march and how did it signify people's unhappiness with hoover
-WWI veterans marched on washington demanding immediate payment of bonuses promised for them in 1945 -hoover ordered the army to break it up, and the the army used tanks and tear gas to drive veterans from washington. people thought hoover was heartless and uncaring because of this
what is meant by a streetcar city and how did it lead to the development of ethnic neighborhoods
-a streetcar city is when people lived in residencies many miles from their jobs and commuted to work on horse drawn streetcars (later railroads, trolleys, subways) -this segregated urban workers by income (upper and middle classes moved to streetcar cities) and the poor/immigrants were left in the city. the areas reflected and contributed to the class, race, ethnic and cultural divisions in American society
social impacts of the revolution and the changes they created
-abolition of aristocratic titles (legislature could not grant titles of nobilities. estates were subdivided and sold to raise money for the war) -separation of the church and state (churches were not given financial support)
explain 3 conflicting positions on what to do w the status of slavery in the land acquired from the mexican war
-abolitionists: eliminate slavery everywhere -free soil movements: opposed western expansion of slavery but did not oppose slavery in south -southern position: favored extending missouri compromise line of 36 30 to the pacific ocean -popular sovereignty: determined by a vote of the people who settled the territory
what was the main focus of the three republican presidents in the 1920s? explain 2 government actions from the period that are related to this focus
-accepted limited government regulation as an aid to stabilizing business -believed the nation would benefit if business and the pursuit of profits took the lead in developing the economy -presidents: harding, coolidge, hoover -fordney mccumber tariff raised tariff rates, -coolidge said "business of america is business". coolidge believed that government should stand aside while business conducted affairs. so he cut spending, vetoed bills to help farmers
how accurate is the label of era of good feelings?
-accurate until the panic of 1819 bc the panic of 1819 was a huge economic crisis and nationalism was shaken. also feelings of sectionalism w slavery. otherwise, before then, the american system and tariff of 1816 increased feelings of nationalism
components of 1850, what was the most controversial part of the compromise of 1850 and why?
-add california to union as a free state -divide mexican cession into utah and new mexico, settlers decide slavery through popular sovereignty -give land in dispute between texas and new mexico to new territories and assume texas' public debt -ban slave trade in DC, but permit whites to hold slaves -adopt a new fugitive slave law, rigorous enforcement most controversial part -> fugitive slave law because the north did not want to enforce this
explain how the war affected african americans, mexican americans, and women
-african americans: left the south for jobs or to serve in military, still discrimination and segregation. race riots. believed in double victory (against fascism and racism). increased membership in NAACP. roosevelt called for no discrimination in workforce, smith v. allwright says can't deny african americans membership in political parties -mexican americans: bracero program allows them to come to US during harvest season without going through immigration procedures. zoot suit riots between whites and mexicans on street -women: served in army, navy, marines. took over men's jobs. more married women in workforce. rosie the riveter. still paid a lot less though
what happened at the potsdam wartime conference and what does it imply about post war relations
-agreed to demand that japan surrender unconditionally -war crime trials of nazi leaders it implied that the US would be a big power because they would be defeating these fascist powers
reaction of native-born americans to immigration?
-alarmed -feared newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Anglo majority -distrusted the catholic practice of irish and germans -rioted in big cities, secret antiforeign society -
reaction of native born americans to immigration?
-alarmed that immigrants would take their jobs and upset the anglo majority culture -many were protestant and distrusted the immigrant's roman catholic religion -led to rioting, antiforeign societies
what specifically happened at Wounded Knee and how did it mark the end of the Indian wars?
-american indians had the ghost dance religious movement to resist US gov controls -then the US army gunned down more than 200 american indian, men, women and children -it marked the end of the indian wars because it was a tragedy and that was the last effort the native americans tried to resist the government
in the 1930s how did many americans feel about WWI and how did that influence US foreign policy in the 1930s? cite and define one specific example of this reaction to WWI
-americans felt that world war I was a mistake -this reaction was seen in the gerald nye investigative committee because it concluded that participation in WWI only was to serve greed of bankers -america first committee gave speeches to mobilize public opinion against war -influenced foreign policy because they passed the neutrality acts with prohibited arms shipments, loans and credits to belligerent nations
significance of railroad development? effects of development of railroads?
-americas largest industry -required lots of labor and capital --promoted western agriculture -farmers were linked -united northeast and midwest -north strategic adv in civil war
union strategy for winning war?
-anaconda plan: use US navy to blockade southern ports, cutting essential supplies from confederacy -take control of MS river, splitting confederacy in two -raise and train an army of 500,000 strong to conquer richmond
Explain Turner's frontier thesis and why it was important to the settlement of the west
-argued that frontier had shaped american culture by promoting independence and individualism, breaking down class distinctions, fostering social and political democracy, causing americans to be inventive -it was important to the settlement of the west because it promoted the frontier and its importance to america
What are three developments in art and literature during this period (1820-1860)?
-art: genre painting (portray the everyday life of ordinary people), hudson river school, emphasize beauty of american landscape -architecture: greek styles -literature: american themes, american settings, transcendentalism
reaction to townshend acts?
-at first colonists accepted it bc it was indirect -then they protested it -john dickinson wrote "letters from a farmer in pennsylvania" and said parliament could regulate commerce but can't levy taxes w/o consent of colonist's rep assemblies -james otis and samuel adams wrote the massachusetts circular letter and urged colonies to petition for a repeal -boycotts and smuggling
what happened in chicago outside of the democratic convention in 1968? what did the outcome of the election of 1968 reveal about americans' desires at the time and how did the outcome signify that?
-at the democratic convention, there were antiwar demonstrators on the streets. richard daley had the police out in mass and the resulting violence went on TV as a police riot -nixon wins the election. the outcome shows that most americans wanted a time out to heal the wounds inflicted on the national psyche by the upheavals of the 1960s. tide turning in favor of conservatives. people had enough of protest, violence, counterculture, federal intervention in social institutions
describe 4 examples of voting reform from the progressive era
-australian secret ballot (vote in secret booth) -direct primaries (voters can vote to nominate candidates for state and federal offices) -direct election of US senators (voters for vote for senators directly) -initiative (compel legislature to consider a bill) -referendum (citizens vote on proposed laws) -recall (remove corrupt politicians)
what were 2 negative consequences of the embargo act?
-bad for merchant marine and shipbuilders of new england -new england states threaten to secede -british substituted w south america for trade
what happened at the bay of pigs invasion and how did it increase tensions between the US and the soviet union? what was one cause and 3 effects of the cuban missile crisis?
-bay of pigs invasion: CIA trained force of cubans land at bay of pigs in cuba but failed to set off a general uprising. cubans had to surrender -increased tensions between US and soviet union because castro used the failed invasion to get more aid from soviet union -cause of cuban missile crisis: US reconnaissance planes discovered russians were building underground sites in cuba for launching of offensive missiles -effects: kennedy naval blockade, kruschev removes missiles from cuba, kennedy pledges not to invade cuba + removes missiles from turkey, nuclear test ban treaty to end testing of nuclear arms in the atmosphere
explain two reasons why many americans favored the allied powers when war first broke out
-benefitted the economy to supply britain and france -americans read in the newspaper about german armies marching ruthlessly through belgium so they perceive germany as a bully commanded by an autocrat kaiser wilhelm. sinking of lusitania enforced this view -positive relations with france since revolutionary war -democratic governments -british war propaganda
define the concepts of brinkmanship and massive retaliation. how did these concepts slightly alter the policy of containment during the Eisenhower era?
-brinkmanship: push the communist powers to the brink of war so they back down to american nuclear superiority -massive retaliation: greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power and spending less on conventional forces of the army and navy -altered the policy of containment because now it is more aggressive policy
main causes of war of 1812?
-british and french were not respecting US' neutral rights -british impressing US sailors -ambitions for more open land (british canada and spanish FL) -british aiding tecumseh's rebellion -war hawks in congress arguing for war
what happened at bunker hill
-british forces attacked the colonial militia on breed's hill -british take the hill, but they suffered heavy losses so americans had a little victory
why was the berlin wall built? what was the symbolism of it during the 1960s?
-built to stop east germans from fleeing to west germany -it was a symbol of the cold war
what was the impact of the burger court and how did it compare to the previous warren court?
-burger court was more conservative than the warren court. burger court decided on roe v. wade and struck down laws that prohibited abortions. ordered nixon to turn over watergate tapes in US v. Nixon
what could be noted regarding voter turnout or participation during this time period that is remarkable?
-campaigns were characterized by brass bands, flags, campaign buttons, picnics, free beer, crowd pleasing oratory. issue free campaigns brought out high voter 80% of eligible voters, much higher than elections in later periods -the high turnout was a function of strong party identification and loyalty, often connected w regional, religious, and ethnic ties of voters
what was the cause and the outcome of the Montgomery bus boycott? describe another nonviolent protest used in the 1950s
-cause: rosa parks refuses to give up her seat -resulted in supreme court ruling that segregation laws were unconstitutional, sparked other civil rights protests -other nonviolent protests: SCLC organized minisers and churches; sit in movement at Woolworth's lunch counter; SNCC formed to organize movement; sit ins at restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries, pools, and transportation; boycotts
what was the structure of the government under the articles of confederation and what powers did the government have? what powers did it not have?
-central government had just one body, the congress. a unicameral legislature, each state was given 1 vote, needed 9/13 votes to pass laws. -powers: wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives, and borrow money -did not have the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes or have executive power to enforce laws
challenges to american neutrality and outcomes?
-chesapeake leopard affair: british warship leopard fires at US ship chesapeake outcome: 3 americans killed, 4 taken captured and impressed by british navy. anti-british feeling ran high but jefferson returned to diplomacy/economic pressure -embargo act: prohibited american merchant ships from sailing to foreign ports outcome: it backfired and devastated the US economy (especially new england who then threatened to secede). jefferson repealed the acts but US could trade legally w all nations except britain and france
what role did the sons and daughters of liberty play in keeping the anger towards british alive leading to the revolution?
-committees of correspondence: committed that would regularly exchange letters about threatening british activities -house of burgesses organized intercolonial committees
describe the specific event in 1877 that marked the end of reconstruction. why did reconstruction end as a result?
-compromise of 1877: so in the 1876 election, tilden only needed 1 out of 3 electoral votes from the 3 S states still in military control to win. there was a special commission and then Hayes ends up winning all 3 states' electoral votes. so this compromise said that hayes would be president if he ended support for republicans in south and support building of Southern transcontinental railroad -it brought an end to reconstruction bc troops no longer controlled the south, and the supreme court started striking down reconstruction laws that protected blacks from discrimination
Explain THREE specific impacts of the railroad
-created a market for goods that was national in scale -encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization -resources used in railroads promoted other industries (coal and steel) -divided into time zones -modern stockholder corporation -development of complex structures in finance, business management, and regulation of competition
describe 3 short term causes of the spanish american war and the long term cause of jingoism
-cuban revolt: during the cuban revolt, spains autocratic troops crush the revolt and forced cubans into armed camps. US press exposes this -yellow press: exaggerated false accounts of spanish atrocities. this made the americans want to intervene in cuba to relieve suffering and end atrocities -de lome letter: spanish letter critical of president mckinely -sinking of the maine: yellow press accused the sinking of the US maine on the spanish -jingoism: an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. expansionists wanted the US to become a world power
what was the significance of the brown v board of ed decision? describe how successful the decision played out in little rock Arkansas.
-decision: separate facilities are inherently unequal and unconstitutional, school segregation should end with all deliberate speed -little rock, arkansas: the state's national guard tries to prevent 9 african american students from entering little rock high school but then eisenhower ordered federal troops to stand guard and protect the black students
what did the second continental congress agree upon?
-declaration of the causes of necessities for taking up arms: colonies provide troops, GW commander in chief, navy and marine corps -olive branch petition: pledged their loyalty and asked the king to intercede with parliament to secure peace and protection of colonial rights
why was war of 1812 important to the development of american identity?
-defeated britain in some battles, survived a second war against britain. provided a sense of pride -held out at fort mchenry in bombardment, wrote national anthem -US began to believe that the future of the country was out west rather than in europe, nationalism
explain three upheavals in US society in the aftermath of the war
-demobilization: not all returning soldiers could find jobs right away and some took jobs away from women and minorities -red scare: fear of communism, xenophobia, palmer raids (arresting anarchists, socialists) -strikes of 1919: shipyard workers nonviolent strike for higher pay, police strike to protest firing of officers trying to unionize. national guard sent in, US steel corp strike and there was violence -race riots: tensions bc whites did not like competition for jobs w african americans. violence
what is detente? how did it change the US's relationship with china and the USSR?
-detente is a deliberate reduction of cold war tensions -nixon met w mao and initiated diplomatic exchanges that led to US recognition of china's communist government -lead to the SALT talks and consent to a freeze on number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads
surge of immigration causes?
-development of inexpensive and relatively rapid ocean transportation -famines and revolutions in europe drove people from their homeland -growing reputation of the US as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedom
what issues were relevant to the emerging west
-disease, malnutrition -attacks by american indians -women were endlessly working at daily tasks, isolation, short lifespan -environmental damage (deforestation, exhaust soil, extinction of beaver and buffalo)
explain the debate over the philippines after the spanish american war and why emilio aguinaldo was mad at the united states
-divided between annexing philippines (pro imperialists) and anti imperialists who opposed it because it would be taking possession of a heavily populated area with people of a different race and culture and deprive them of their unalienable rights -then the philippines was annexed bc treaty passed in congress -aguinaldo was mad because their hopes for independence from spain were being denied
what was the kansas-nebraska act? how did it lead to bloodshed over slavery?
-divided kansas-nebraska territory into kansas and nebraska -allowed settlers in territory to decide whether or not they could allow slavery led to bloodshed bc people in missouri moved into kansas trying to promote slavery there and also free soilers created the new england emigrant aid company to transport antislavery settlers there was fighting between these two groups over whether or not kansas would allow slavery
how did the acquisition of the louisiana purchase impact the size of the US?
-doubled the size -expanded the western frontier to lands beyond mississippi
describe abraham lincoln and stephen douglas' views on slavery
-douglas: popular sovereignty. also thought that slavery could not exist if the community did not pass laws maintaining it -lincoln: saw slavery as a moral issue. he wasn't an abolitionist he just wanted to stop the spread of slavery. also gave house divided speech (cant be half slave and half free)
what is the dred scott decision? what part of the country was angered by it and why?
-dred scott had no right to sue in a federal court bc african americans were not intended to be US citizens under the constitution -congress did not have the right to deprive any person of property without due process of law (if slaves were property congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory) -MO compromise was unconstitutional bc it excluded slavery from WI and N territories it infuriated northern republicans because the supreme court was basically declaring that all western territories were open to slavery
characteristics of german immigrants?
-economic hardships and democratic revolutions in 1848 caused germans to seek refuge -had modest means and considerable skills as farmers and artisans -moved westward in search of cheap farmland, established homesteads -generally prospered
What was the Homestead Act of 1862? describe its impact on society
-encouraged farming on the great plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of 5 yrs -the promise of free land induced thousands of natives and immigrant families to farm the great plains -some still had to purchase their land bc the best public lands ended up in the hands of RR companies
how did the treaty of ghent and hartford convention affect the prospects of the federalist party?
-ended criticism of the war and weakened the federalists by stamping them as unpatriotic
long term impact of marbury v. madison?
-established the doctrine of judicial review -supreme court could overrule actions of the other two branches of federal gov for being unconstitutional
what is an example of a settlement house and what was its purpose
-example: hull house -the purpose was to relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood -taught English to immigrants, early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools
identify two instances that increased public support for the environmental movement and two actions taken by congress to support it
-exxon valdez oil tanker accident reinforced fears about deadly combo of human error and modern tech -public opinion turned against nuclear power plants after accident at three mile island and explosion at chernobyl in soviet union -clean air act, environmental protection agency, clean water act, endangered species act. these laws regulated toxic substances, public drinking water systems, dumping of waste, and protected natural environments and wildlife
name 2 groups that did not participate in the roaring economy of the 1920s and explain why each group suffered
-farmers: they were in debt after the war, machinery was expensive, overproduction, falling prices -unions: companies insisted on an open shop, welfare capitalism, unions decline, police and militia resist unionizing, strikes failed
results of the election of 1800? why was it a revolution?
-federalists were swept from power in both the legislative and executive branches -a majority of electors voted for the 2 democratic republicans, thomas jefferson and aaron burr -ended in a tie so the at the time federalist controlled house decided to vote for jefferson bc they thought he was less dangerous -it was considered a peaceful revolution bc power was passed from one political party to another without violence
how did communism come to cuba and how did Eisenhower respond
-fidel castro overthrew the dictator batista, nationalized US businesses and set up a communist totalitarian state -eisenhower cut off trade with cuba, authorized the CIA to train anticommunist cuban exiles to retake their island
what was meant by kennedy's flexible response and how did it compare to dulles's idea of massive retaliation?
-flexible response: increased spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces -it moves away from dulles' idea of massive retaliation/reliance on nuclear weapons
who was the french and indian war between?
-french and indian alliance against the british and the colonies
what happened in Vietnam in 1954 (at the Geneva conference)? what did the US do in Vietnam as a result and why?
-geneva conference: vietnam was to be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel until a general election could be held -the US then gave over a billion dollars in economic and military aid to south vietnam in an effort to build a stable, anticommunist state
who were the 3 axis powers? briefly describe the government/philosophy of each during the 1930s
-germany: nazi party. used fascist ideology and bullying tactics against jews to rise to appeal to unemployed german workers. -italy: italy's fascist party. attracted nationalists and war veterans. they believed in fascism, the idea that people should glorify their nation and race through force -japan: nationalists and militarists were growing in power. they persuaded the emperor that they should invade china and asia to ensure access to raw materials. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere
explain how the great society increased/decreased the role of gov. describe three great society programs and how they increased/decreased the government role
-great society increased the role of government -programs: -food stamp act: expanded federal program to help people buy food -national foundation on arts and humanities: provided federal funding for arts -medicare: provided health insurance for people 65 and older, provided by government -medicaid: provided funds to states to pay for medical care -elementary and secondary education act: provided federal funds to poor school districts, special education programs, and expand head start -higher education act: provided federal scholarships -DOT and HUD created
what was the market revolution? what changes as a result of it?
-growing interdependence among people -specialization on the farm, growth of cities, industrialization -end of self sufficient
Describe the THREE biggest reasons, in your opinion, why the U.S. became the number one industrial nation by 1900 AND justify EACH of your choices.
-had raw materials essential to industrialization (coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil) -abundant labor supply (immigrants) -transportation, largest market for goods -capital was plentiful, european investment -technology, patents -friendly gov policies that protected property, subsidized railroads with land grants and loans, supported US manufacturing w protective tariffs, refrained from regulating business and limited taxes -talented entrepreneurs biggest 3: -raw material. labor supply. transportation.
what are three connections between urbanization and industrialization?
-happened simultaneously -cities provided both laborers for factories and a market for factory made goods -many of those moving into the cities were immigrants or people from rural America, and they were seeking economic opportunity (searching for industrial and commercial jobs)
what was the harlem renaissance? describe 2 examples of its impact on society
-harlem was a community with the largest african american population and it was famous for its large concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, writers -lead to jazz age -poems w lots of emotions -marcus garvey was from harlem (advocated for racial pride and black nationalism)
what was president hoover's philosophy on how to deal with the great depression? explain 2 actions hoover took to try to fix the depression and analyze why they did not work
-he believed that the nation could get through the difficult times if the people took his advice about exercising voluntary action and restraint. urged businesses not to cut wages, unions not to strike, charities to increase efforts. hesitated to ask congress for action. thought relief should come from state govs not fed -hawley smoot tariff: increased tariff rates. it did not work because european countries enacted higher tariffs of their own and it reduced trade for all nations -debt moratorium: proposed suspension on dawes plan/debt repayment. germany and GB accept, but Fr doesnt so international econ suffered from massive loan defaults and banks on both sides -federal farm board: tried to help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain. it was far too modest to handle overproduction of goods -reconstruction finance corporation: -propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance. thought the benefits would trickle down to smaller businesses. democrats thought this would only benefit rich
how did lincoln utilize the powers of the executive branch to more than any previous president and how did he justify such action?
-he drew upon his powers as both chief executive and commander in chief without the approval of congress -he called for 75000 volunteers during fort sumter crisis -authorized spending for war -suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus -essentially acted completely on his own authority -he justified it as "indispensable to the public safety"
who is john brown and how did his actions further split North and South
-he led the revolt at harpers ferry -it further split the north and south because the south used this as proof that the north was trying to use slave revolts to destroy the south
what did president roosevelt do to the banks immediately upon taking office? also, identify and describe two other acts that were passed to protect people's money in banks/stock market
-he ordered banks closed for a bank holiday to restore confidence in the banks that were still solvent -emergency banking relief act authorized the gov to examine finances of banks closed and reopen those that are sound -glass steagall act increased regulation of banks -federal deposit insurance corporation guaranteed individual bank deposits -securities and exchange commission was created to regulate the stock market and to place limits on speculative practices, required audits and disclosure to protect from fraud and insider trading -
to what specific economic philosophy did FDR subscribe (after 1937 recession)? explain this economic theory and how it demonstrates an increasing/decreasing role of the fed gov
-he subscribed to keynesian economics -this economic theory is that deficit spending is helpful in difficult times because the gov needed to spend well above its tax revenues to initiate economic growth -increased investment and create jobs -increasing role of federal gov bc theyre spending more on public works an relief
why was immigration important for the industrial rev? give examples
-immigration was important for the industrial rev because they came in search of economic opportunity and they provided a labor force for factories
how did lincoln approach the issue of secession upon his inauguration? how did his actions dealing with fort sumter reflect his inaugural address message to southerners?
-in his inaugural address, he assured southerners that he would not interfere with slavery but warned no state had the right to break up the union. he basically said that the government will not interfere and it's their choice if they want a civil war -in fort sumter, he didn't want to give up the fort or defend it so he just gave food to the fort instead of opening fire on SC
explain the three major causes of business prosperity in the 1920s
-increased productivity: manufacturing was more efficient, mass production, assembly line -energy technologies: increased use of oil, electricity, powered factories and gave gasoline to cars -government policy: favored the growth of big business by offering corporate tax cuts, not enforcing antitrust laws, low interest rates, relaxed regulation of banks
what is international darwinism and how was it used to justify US imperialism? describe the economic, religious and military motives for imperialism and identify one person/group that championed each motive
-international darwinism is that survival of the fittest applied to competition among nations and races for military advantage, colonies and spheres of influence. this justifies imperialism bc they wanted to demonstrate strength in the international arena. economic: sources of raw materials and worldwide markets. this is supported by businesses and also farmers who want to sell their products religious: missionaries. protestant americans thought it was their duty to spread christianity. bring superior civilization to less fortunate people of the world. josiah strong wrote that the anglo saxon were fittest to survive military: thayer mahan argued that a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and become a world power. they desired overseas islands as supply stations so that the new fleet could project its sea power
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act and why was it passed?
-it restricted immigration of chinese laborers to the united states -it was passed because natives feared the competition (chinese were about 1/3 of the western miners)
what was the log cabin and hard cider campaign and what did it show about modern politics?
-it took campaign hoopla to new heights by putting log cabins on wheels and handing out hard cider to voters to symbolize harrison's humble origins. also used name calling as propaganda -it shows that campaigns were entertainment and it was to put the candidate in a fun light and tried to connect with voters. it also put down the opponents.
how did the US decision to join the UN represent a continuity and a change in US foreign policy
-it was a change because the US did not join the league of nations and were isolationist -it was a continuity because it shows how US is intervening in international affairs to maintain peace/promote democracy
what was common sense and why did it have such an impact?
-it was a pamphlet that argued for the colonies to becoming independent states and breaking all ties with the british monarchy -it had such a profound impact because it was persuasive and used clear and forceful language. it was a radical idea at the time
why was keeping the border states in the union so important and how did Lincoln manage to achieve this?
-it was a primary military and political goal -if they lost the border states, it would have increased the confederate population by 50% and weakened the North's strategic position -he achieved this by rejecting the initial calls for the emancipation of slaves so he wouldn't alienate border states
why did jefferson impose the embargo act?
-it was an alternative to war -jefferson hoped that british would stop violating the rights of neutral nations rather than lose US trade
what was it like for people traveling on the overland trails and what impact did the trails have on settlement
-it was long and arduous -only got 15 miles per day, and a wagon trial needed months to reach the rockies or face the hardships of the deserts -final life or death challenge was to get passed the mountain passes -disease and depression -the trip was expensive -it was largely a middle class movement -isolation of frontier life for pioneers difficult but rural communities soon developed provided information about trails and frontier conditions to later settlers
how did president jackson initially deal with indian issues of 1830? what did the supreme court decide on how to deal w issue? how did jackson respond to the ruling?
-jackson passes the indian removal act, forcing resettlement of indians to west of MS river -when cherokees challenge this in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, supreme court rules that cherokees arent a foreign nation w the right to sue -in worcester v. georgia, the supreme court ruled that laws of GA had no force in cherokee territory -jackson responded by siding w the states, and so the court was powerless to enforce the decisions w/o his support
what is meant by the concept of manifest destiny and who coined the phrase?
-john L Sullivan -the popular belief that the united states had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across north america
continuities and changes of three instances of the use of the nullification theory/secession from john adam's presidency to the election of abraham lincoln
-john adams presidency: KY and VA resolutions declare the alien and sedition acts nullifying the law -jackson's presidency: nullification crisis bc south carolina declared the tariff of abominations unconstitutional and declared it null and void. jackson prepared for military action, and declared a proclamation stating that nullification was treason. he then lowered the tariff and SC postponed nullification -election of abraham lincoln: the deep south secedes from the union bc they believed they were acting in the tradition of the revolution of 1776 and thought they had the right to independence and dissolve the constitutional compact that no longer protected them from the tyranny of northern rule continuities: they all believed that the federal law broke the compact of the constitution and werent protecting their rights and it was unconstitutional change: at first they were just nullifying the laws but by the end the south states actually left the US
describe 3 negative outcomes of how reconstruction affected blacks
-ku klux klan/white supremacy (burned freedmen's buildings and murdered them so they couldn't have voting rights) -sharecropping (landlord gave them supplies and then they gave landlord 1/2 share. this meant they were still dependent on landowners) -black codes (prohibited blacks from renting land, semibondage as apprentices w work contracts, couldn't testify against whites in court)
What is laissez-faire capitalism? Who supported it AND why?
-laissez faire was the idea that business should be regulated, not by government but by the invisible hand (impersonal economic forces) of the law of supply and demand -if government kept its hands off, businesses would be motivated by their own self interest to offer improved goods and services at low prices it was supported by American industrialists to justify their methods of doing business (even though they accepted high tariffs and subsidies). conservatives and business leaders invoked laissez faire theory in legislative halls and lobbies to ward off threat of gov regulation
describe the system of sharecropping. how was it a short term positive and long term negative for freedmen?
-landlord provided the seed and needed farm supply in return for a share of the harvest short term positive: gave the poor people of the rural south the opportunity to work the land for themselves long term negative: they usually remained dependent on landowners or in debt to local merchants
Identify the key leader associated with the public school reform movement. How did the public school reform movement specifically change the purpose of education in America (not simply that it taught more students)?
-leader: horace mann -attendance for all children, longer school year, increased teacher prep -moral education (mcguffey readers) -higher education : private colleges, some admit women
describe the meaning of what MLK wrote from his jail cell in birmingham alabama and the impact of it
-letter from birmingham jail: wrote about nonviolent protest and how they would be standing up for what they think is best and bring the nation back to democracy -the letter moved kennedy to support a tougher civil rights bill
what were three economic and social impacts of the highway act of 1956?
-linked nation's major cities -justification for new taxes on fuel, tires, and vehicles to improve national defense -created jobs -promoted trucking industry -accelerated the growth of suburbs -more homogenous national culture -hurt railroads and environment. little attention to public transportation
what did parliament do after colonists react to townshend acts?
-lord frederick north became the new minister and he urged parliament to repeal the townshend acts bc it damaged trade -so it was repealed but they retained a small tax on tea as a symbol of its right to tax the colonies
who was the lost generation and what impact did they have on literature, art, and architecture?
-lost generation were people who expressed disillusionment with ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business oriented culture -literature: scorned religion as hypocritical, condemned sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests art: -painters explore loneliness and isolation of urban life, celebrated rural people architecture: -skyscrapers built in art deco style that captured modernist simplification of forms, while using machine age materials
who was malcolm X? what was his philosophy on how to gain black civil rights and how was this different from MLK?
-malcolm x: he was a black muslim leader -he preached black nationalism, separatism, and self improvement. advocated self-defense: using black violence to counter white violence -different from MLK because MLK was nonviolent
what types of people/groups were the progressives and what was their philosophy?
-many groups of people were progressives. protestant church leaders, african americans, union leaders, feminists. most were middle class men and women who lived in cities -they were committed to democratic values and shared in the belief that honest gov and just laws can improve the human condition
the time period is not held in very high regards by historians or the writer mark twain. what are their reasons for such a harsh characterization of this time period in american history?
-mark twain coined the time as the gilded age which referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the late 19th century -they criticized the era as more show than substance reasons: era of forgettable presidents, none of whom served 2 consecutive terms, politicians who largely ignored problems arising from the growth of industry and cities
why did johnson's great society focus on a war on poverty? explain 3 programs that tried to achieve that goal and explain how effective johnson's war on poverty was
-michael harrington's the other america focused national attention on the 40 million americans still living in poverty. -office of economic opportunity (anti poverty agency w billion dollar budget, sponsored Head Start for preschoolers, Job Corps for vocational education, literacy programs), food stamp act to help poor people buy food, medicaid is medical care for poor, increased public housing/ rent subsidies -critics attack johnson for making unrealistic promises to poor an for it being inefficient/costly and for creating a welfare state but people pointed out that it gave assistance to people who previously were ignored
what was the consumer economy and what impact did the automobile have on this economy
-millions of americans to purchase the new consumer appliances of the decade (refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, cars) -advertising -buying on credit -chain stores the automobile impacted this because it was a promoter of economic growth and other industries now depended on automobile sales. it affected all that americans did (shopping, traveling, commuting, dating)
describe the debate between modernism and fundamentalism and how the scopes trial was a reflection of this debate
-modernism: took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the bible and believed they could accept evolution w/o abandoning faith -fundamentalism: believed that every word in the bible was true, believed in creationism -scopes trial: scopes tried to teach evolution in school and was arrested. during trial, williams jennings bryan testified as an expert on the bible, represented fundamentalists. clarence darrow was a modernist and defended scopes. debated whether or not evolution should be taught
explain 2 ways in which immigration changed in the 1970s
-more immigrants came from latin america and asia (refugees leaving cuba and vietnam after communist takeovers) -immigration act of 1965 ended ethnic quota acts and opened US to immigrants from all parts of world -more illegal immigrants -immigration reform and control act penalized employers for hiring immigrants who had entered the country illegally or had overstayed visas
characteristics of irish immigrants?
-mostly tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures and famine -little interest in farming, little money, few special skills -faced strong discrimination because of catholic religion -worked hard at whatever employment they could find -congregated for mutual support
what region opposed the war of 1812 and why?
-new england merchants because after the embargo act was repealed they were making profits from european war -federalist politicians saw the war as a democratic republican scheme to conquering more land and voting strength -the quids (old democratic republicans) opposed bc violated commitment to limited federal power
what did nixon do to cause opposition to the vietnam war to increase in 1970? describe two instances in 1970 that shocked/upset the american public about the vietnam war
-nixon used US forces to invade cambodia in an effort to destroy vietnamese communist bases (lead to the kent state protest ) -massacre of women and children by US troops in the vietnamese village of my lai -pentagon papers were leaked and it documented mistakes and deceptions of government policy in dealing w vietnam
how did madison attempt to protect the US's right to remain neutral? how did napoleon take advantage of madison's actions?
-nonintercourse act of 1809: americans could now trade w all nations except britain and france -macon's bill no 2: restored trade w britain and france but if either GB or Fr respected US neutral rights the US prohibit trade w foe napoleon took advantage because he revoked the decrees that violated US neutral rights. the US embargoed trade w britain but the french continued to seize american ships
how does slavery and westward expansion lead to sectionalism?
-north wanted no slavery and south wanted slavery -they were trying to maintain a sectional balance
advice in washington's farewell address? which one followed most closely?
-not to get involved in european affairs -not to make permanent alliances -not to form political parties -not to fall into sectionalism no permanent alliances was followed most closely
why was thomas jefferson pleased with the louisiana purchase?
-originally weary of implied power bc he was committed to strict construction of constitution -he set aside his idealism for the country's good -strengthened his hope that country would be based on agrarian economy
what was the taft hartley act and how was it a response to the wagner act? what impact did it have on unions?
-outlawed closed shop (workers join unions before hired), permitting right to work laws which outlaw union shop, outlawing boycotts, cooling off period before strikes. -this checked the power of unions response to the wagner act because the wagner allowed workers the right to join unions
reactions to the stamp act?
-patrick henry stood up in the house of burgesses to demand the right not to be taxed without representation -stamp act congress: resolved only elected representatives could approve taxes -sons and daughters of liberty intimidate tax agents -boycott against british imports
what was a patriot and what is a loyalist? what types of colonists fell into each group?
-patriot: participated in the struggle against britain. were from new england and VA. -loyalists: sided with the british, NY, NJ, GA. tended to be wealthier and more conservative. gov officials and clergy
major aspects of hamilton's financial plan? what major problem this addressed? what parts were passed?
-pay off national debt at face value and have federal government assume the war debts of the states. this addressed the problem that most war debts were unpaid and other countries were mad. -protect industries and collect revenues at the same by imposing high tariffs on imported goods. this addressed the problem that congress could not regulate commerce until the articles -create a national bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes. this addressed the need to print money and it could help stimulate business and a place for federal deposits. what passed: pay national debt. then the capital is moved to DC. there are tariffs but much lower than he wanted. congress was not given the power to create a bank but it was created due to the necessary and proper clause
effects of french and indian war?
-peace of paris: great britain gains FL and french canada, france gives Louisiana and claims W of MS river to Spain -britain extends control of north america and french power on continent ends -british becomes naval power -no longer threat of attacks in colonies -british low opinion of colonist's military abilities while colonists were proud of themselves and not impressed w britain
describe what ultimately led the US to enter WWII on side of the allies
-pearl harbor
identify 3 specific things that happened as a result of prohibition
-people defied prohibition by going to speakeasies -bootleggers smuggled alcohol in from canada -organized crime (al capone, bootlegging trade) -led to other illegal activities such as prostitution, gambling, narcotics -21st amendment appeals prohibition
who were the barbary pirates? what did the US response show about america's foreign policy?
-pirates from the barbary states on north african coast -to protect US ships from being seized by them, washington and adams paid tribute to them -they demand higher tribute from jefferson, but jefferson refused to pay and sporadic fighting lasted for four years this shows that american foreign policy is beginning to move out of neutrality
explain 2 steps taken to reintroduce extreme segregation in the south. who were two prominent leaders who fought against this and how did they try to fight against racial discrimination?
-plessy vs. ferguson upheld LA law for separate but equal accommodations for white and black passengers on railroad -jim crow laws required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches. only streets/stores were not restricted by race -literacy tests/poll taxes/grandfather clauses(only vote if your grandfather did) -blacks couldnt serve on juries, had stiffer penalties for crimes, lynch mobs -many blacks were kept out of skilled jobs people fighting against discrimination: -Ida B Wells: editor of Memphis Free Speech, campaigned against lynching and Jim crow laws -Henry Turner helped blacks emigrate to Africa -Booker T Washington established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans. he taught them hard work and economic self help. also organized the National Negro Business League that supported businesses owned by african americans
explain how machine politics worked and cite the name of the political machine in new York city
-political parties came under control of tightly organized groups of politicians -each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders to the rank and file and doled out government jobs to the loyal supporters -coordinated the needs of businesses, immigrants and underprivileged and asked for votes -often brought modern services to the city, welfare for newcomers -would find jobs and apartments for recently arrived immigrants and give food to the poor -but also greedy and stole money from taxpayers in form of fraud -tammany hall was the big one in NYC
explain 3 examples of popular/mass culture
-popular press: mass circulation newspapers and magazines. ex. pulitzer's new york world which was filled w stories of crimes and disasters and political corruption. -amusements: drinking at saloon, theaters that presented comedies, traveling circuses,wild west shows -spectator sports: professional sports. boxing. baseball. football. basketball. played and attended by men (part of a "bachelor subculture" of single men in their twenties and thirties whose lives cented around saloons, horse races and pool halls. took a while to gain middle class respectability) -amateur sports: value of sports as exercise gained acceptance by upper and middle classes. golf and tenis grew among athletic clubs, very rich pursued polo and yachting. women were considered unfit for competitive sports but they engaged in recreational activities as croquet and bicycling
describe 2 positive effects of urbanization and two negative effects
-positives: provided laborers for factories and a market for goods, immigrations. ethnic neighborhoods allowed immigrants to maintain its language and culture negative: pollution, overcrowding and crime in the cities. segregated by income (street car cities led to the middle class moving to suburbs). ethnic neighborhood. tenements and slums would cram people. diseases spread.
examples that the south wanted to expand slavery beyond the borders of the US
-president polk wanted to purchase Cuba -ostend manifesto -walker expedition: took over nicaragua, wanted to develop a proslavery central american empire (but he was executed by honduran authorities so this didnt work out)
3 parts of henry clay's american system? benefits of each? which got enacted?
-protective tariffs -> promote american manufacturing and raise revenue which could be used to build national transportation system (benefit east) -national bank -> keep the system running smoothly by providing national currency -internal improvements-> promote growth in west and south enacted: protective tariffs and national bank. monroe vetoed acts for internal improvements, so this was left for the states to do on their own
what are four events that shaped post war relations with the soviet union and how did each event lead to mistrust and cold war?
-red scare, US afraid of communist gov in soviet union -soviets did not participate in postwar cooperation. they rejected baruch plan which regulated nuclear energy. they did not participate in world bank because they thought it was capitalistic -free elections held in countries occupied by soviets. results were manipulated so many communist dictators came to power. soviet union wanted satellites to protect against invasion. soviets take over eastern europe, violation of self determination, democracy and open markets -soviets tightened their control of eastern germany, tried for force americans, british and french out of berlin. soviets also wanted reparations for germany (US didn't want this) -iron curtain speech calls for partnership to halt expansion of communism. truman containment policy
what does 54 40 or fight refer to, and how was this territorial dispute resolved?
-referred to the line of latitude 54 40 that marked the northern border of the oregon territory -polk compromised with britain and they agreed to divide the territory at the 49th parallel
What prompted the movement for public asylums? Describe two different successes of the movement.
-reformers called attention to the increasing numbers of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers -lead to the creation of mental hospitals, schools for blind and deaf persons, and prison reform (penitentiaries, moral reform, auburn system)
key issues of dispute at constitutional convention? what were the compromises?
-representation: whether or not larger states should have proportionally more representatives than smaller state. compromise: great compromise where 2 house congress and senate has equal representation and house of rep is determined by population -slavery: should enslaved people be counted when determining taxation/representation? 3/5ths compromise counted slaves as 3/5ths of a person when counting for taxation and representation -trade: should the government regulate commerce and foreign trade? northern states wanted regulation but the south though that export taxes would be raised on its agricultural products. then the commercial compromise was created allowing congress to regulate commerce and placing tariffs on imports but not allowed on exports
US transportation (roads, canals, steamboats, railroads)? how did they contribute to market rev?
-roads: connected major cities, national cumberland road -canals: erie canal, linked western farms and eastern cities, joined major lakes and rivers -steamboats: clermont, made round trip shipping faster and cheaper -railroads: rapid and reliable links between cities, changed western towns into booming commercial centers all these led to the market rev because it connected cities and farms and made transportation quicker.
describe 2 examples of growing US involvement in east asia in the late 19th century
-russo japanese war: roosevelt tried to end the conflict with a diplomatic conference -gentleman's agreement: compromise where roosevelt agrees to persuade cali to repeal discriminatory laws -great white fleet: roosevelt sends US navy to japan to show off US naval power -root takahira agreement: US and japan bledge mutual respect for each other's pacific posessions and support for open door policy
monroe doctrine and long term impact?
-said that american continents are free and independent and aren't subject to colonization by european nations impact: -nationalism, applauded by americans -british mad it applied to them -european monarchs mad -hailed by politicians as the cornerstone of US foreign policy -future presidents would use his words to justify their foreign policies
how was the boston massacre used as propaganda by the sons of liberty?
-samuel adams denounced the shooting incident as a massacre -used it to inflame anti british feeling
what factors were behind the second red scare and what are three examples of the hunt for communism in government? explain each one
-second red scare because of WWII and civil wars in europe and asia. people believed there were communist spies -dennis et al. vs US upheld constitutionality of smith act which made it illegal to advocate overthrow of gov -mccarran internal security act: unlawful to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov -HUAC: investigated gov officials and looked for communist influence in organizations such as the boy scouts -hiss case: hiss was an official in the state department who assisted roosevelt at yalta. denied accusations that he was a communist. he was convicted and sent to prison -rosenberg case: rosenberg was accused of being a leader of a spy ring and was found guilty of treason -mccarthyism: witch hunt for communists. mccarthy accused people in government for being communists
how were civil liberties impacted by the war and what was the position of the supreme court
-sedition act prohibited anyone from making disloyal remarks about the US gov -supreme court upheld the espionage act in schenck v. US saying that free speech could be limited when it poses danger to safety
explain the selective service act and lend-lease act and how these were used by roosevelt to get around neutrality after WWII breaks out in europe
-selective service act: a law for compulsory military service. registered men from 21 to 35 and trained 1.2 million troops. got around neutrality because the US was now prepared to go to war -lend lease act: permitted britain to obtain all US arms it needed on credit. it was getting around neutrality because it was aiding britain
explain the four causes of civil war? which one played the biggest role and why?
-slavery -> moral issue in N, expansion in S -constitutional disputes -> nature of federal Union and states rights -economic differences -> industrializing N and agricultural south over issues as tariffs, banking and internal improvements -political blunders and extremism biggest role is slavery because the other causes revolve around slavery as well. the south saw slavery as apart of their lifestyle and their economy and the north wanted to stop the expansion of it so it caused lots of tensions
each component of the southern social class system and what role did each play in southern society
-slaves: worked the fields -free african americans: lived in cities, not equal w whites, not allowed to vote and couldnt have some jobs. -aristocracy: wealthy planters, owned many slaves, dominated state legislatures -farmers: owned some slaves and some land. produced the cotton crop, worked w slaves -poor whites: lived in hills as subsistence farmers -mountain people: lived in mountains, disliked planters and slaves, loyal to the union
according to AMSCO, what was the most impactful act passed by FDR (that affected generations afterward, including today's generation)? how did it change work?
-social security act -it changed work because it had automatic collection of payments from employees throughout their working careers and then be used to make monthly payments to retired
interpretations of the american revolution?
-some say it is similar to the french and russian revolution as each passed through similar stages and got increasingly radical -some say that american revolution was different from others because it was more of a liberal, democratic movement that had been gaining force for years -some say it was a gradual movement away from britain that culminated in demands for independence -also point out the pattern that in most revolutions, the insurgents controlled the countryside
why were some americans against ratifying the treaty of versailles and what did the debate over its ratification illustrated about america's desired foreign policy?
-some were against it due to the article X because it could infringe on national sovereignty or violate the monroe doctrine the debate over the ratification shows that the US does not really want to be involved in foreign affairs and doesn't want other countries to tell them what to do
describe nixon's southern strategy and new federalism. how did both of these change the relationship between the federal government and the states?
-southern strategy: nixon wanted to appeal to the south to form a republican majority so he asked federal courts to delay integration plans and busing orders, nominated 2 southern conservatives to the supreme court. new federalism: shifted responsibility for social programs from federal to state and local levels. gave local govs 30 billion dollars to address local needs as they saw fit shifting responsibility to the states in both
how did lincoln's election lead to the secession of the south? also describe the last ditch effort to save the union
-southerners threatened that if lincoln was elected they would secede. also he was against slavery and he was a northerner so when he was elected the deep south decided to secede -also they believed they were acting in the tradition of the revolution of 1776 and thought they had the right to independence and dissolve the constitutional compact that no longer protected them from the tyranny of northern rule -they thought lincoln would permit sucession without a fight -last ditch effort = crittenden compromise (guaranteed right to hold slaves in all territories south of 36 30. not passed)
what was the significance of sputnik? list 3 ways the US responded
-sputnik shocked the United States and people questioned the technological leadership of the US. it was an embarassment response: -national defense and education act: authorized federal money to schools for math, science and foreign language education -NASA: to direct efforts to build missiles and explore outer space -billions were appropriated to compete w russians in outer space
what is stagflation and how did affect the US economy? explain nixon's response
-stagflation: unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation -contributed to a recession and unemployment -nixon tried to cut federal spending at first but then he adopted keynesian economics and deficit spending. then he had a 90 day wage and price freeze. took dollar off gold standard. 10 percent tax on all imports
who were the mugwumps, halfbreeds, stalwarts, and why were they significant to politics in this era?
-stalwarts: supporters of republican senator roscoe conkling who appointed lucrative jobs in the NY Customs House -halfbreeds: stalwarts' rival for patronage, led by james blaine -mugwumps: republicans who did not play patronage game were ridiculed for sitting on the fence, their mugs on one side of the fence and wumps on the other they were significant to this era because it shows the party patronage that was occurring and it was a low time in american politics
characteristics of andrew jackson's background?
-strong leader, dominated politics for 8 years -symbol for the common man -born in a frontier cabin -gained fame as an indian fighter -hero in battle of new orleans -lived in mansion in TN, wealthy planter and slaveowner -chewed tobacco, fought several duels, violent temper -no college education -extraordinary ordinary man, self made man
explain how submarines were used in WWI and what is meant by unrestricted submarine warfare (including who used this). list two examples of submarine warfare
-submarines were new naval weapons -unrestricted marine warfare means that ships entering the war zone risked being sunk on sight. this was used by the germans -lusitania (germans sank this passenger ship, w americans on board) -arabic, a passenger ship the germans attacked, and took lives of two americans -sussex, german torpedo struck unarmed merchant ship
how successful was the US in containing communism in the 1950s? explain two successes and two failures
-successes: korean armistice, CIA action in iran and guatemala, massive retaliation/brinkmanship -failures: cuba falls to communism under castro, in the hungarian revolt the US took no action and so the russians tried to suppress the freedom fighters trying to liberate hungary from communism, berlin crisis (soviets ask west to pull troops out of berlin), division of vietnam in geneva conference
explain both the suez crisis and Eisenhower doctrine. how did the suez crisis lead to the Eisenhower doctrine and how did the suez crisis mark a turning point in how the US was perceived by the world?
-suez crisis: egypt seizes and nationalizes the british/french owned suez canal that passed through egyptian territory. loss of canal threatened western europe's supply to middle east oil. then britain and france and israel attack egypt and retake canal. eisenhower condemns invasion bc he was furious he didnt hear about attack -eisenhower doctrine: US pledges economic and military aid to any middle eastern country threatened by communism -countries backed down under pressure from the US and public opinion so the world was starting to support the US actions
what did the first continental congress accomplish?
-suffolk resolves: called for repeal of intolerable acts and for colonies to resist them by making military preparations and boycotting british goods -declaration and resolves: urged the king to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. recognized parliaments authority to regulate commerce -created continental association, a network of committees to enforce economic sanctions of suffolk resolves
war of 1812's legacies and how they would help the US after war?
-survived two wars w britain, gained respect of other nations -canada apart of british empire -federalist party came to end bc denounced for talks of secession -talk of nullification and secession in new england set a precedent that would later be used in the south -american indians were forced to surrender land to white settlement -US factories were built and americans moved toward industrial self sufficiency -war heroes such as andrew jackson and william henry harrison would soon be a new generation of political leaders -feeling of nationalism grew stronger and a belief that the future of the US lay in west and away from europe
what were the townshend acts?
-taxes on colonial imports of tea, glass and paper -raised money to pay for crown officials -all an official needed to search homes for smuggled goods was a writ of assistance -suspended NY assembly
List the TWO most influential inventions mentioned in Chapter 16 (including the inventor) AND explain the significance of each invention.
-telegraph: Samuel F B Morse. electronic communication, radical change in speed of communication -transatlantic cable: Cyrus W Field. made it possible to send messages across seas in minutes. cables linked all continents of the world in an electronic network of nearly instantaneous, global communication. the communication revolution internationalized markets and prices for basic commodities
explain 3 examples of 1950s consumerism. then explain how each of these relates to the 1950s reputation for conformity.
-television: TV became the center of family life. TV was dominated by 3 national networks which presented viewers w a bland menu of situation comedies, westerns, quiz shows and sports. culture portrayed on TV provided a common content for common language -advertising: name brands promoted common material wants and suburban shopping centers/credit card made quick means for satisfying them -paperbacks and records: teenagers fell in love w rock and roll music, lots of books selling -corporate america: large corporations promoted teamwork and conformity including dress codes.
what was the main outcome of the marshall court decisions?
-tended to favor the central government and rights of property against the advocates of states' rights -created a strong federal government w flexible powers -federal > state
long term impact did manifest destiny have on american growth
-territorial acquisitions
why was the battle of saratoga so important and what was the importance of the alliance that resulted?
-the battle of saratoga persuaded france to join the war against britain -the alliance was so important because it widened the war and forced the british to divert military resources away from america
what was roosevelt's big stick policy? explain how the panama canal is an example of his big stick policy
-the big stick policy was an aggressive foreign policy to build the US into a world power -the panama canal is apart of his big stick policy because it would be strategic to get to its far flung islands faster, it was in a different country and had to negotiate w britain for it, they had to start a revolt for panama's independence. it was aggressive
why do some historians refer to the civil war as the second american revolution?
-the changes that occurred after the war were so fundamental and profound -transformed american society by accelerating industrialization and modernization in the north and destroyed the south
what was the "corrupt bargain" and why did it create a new political party?
-the corrupt bargain was when henry clay used his influence to get john quincy adams to presidency -created a new political party because jacksonians were angry at henry clay and his beliefs. john quincy adams went against jackson's beliefs in presidency and then jackson defeats adams in next presidency
what was america's initial reaction to WWI and why?
-the first response was wilson's declaration of US neutrality in tradition of washington and jefferson. US wanted peace
what was the main cause of the french and indian war?
-the french built a chain of forts in the ohio river valley to halt the western growth of the british colonies -the governor of VA put a militia together under GW to stop french from completing fort duquesne and win control of ohio river valley
what was the goal of the assimilationists? what actions were taken to try to achieve this end?
-the goal of the assimilationists was to end american indian culture -they advocated formal education, job training, conversion to christianity -set up boarding schools such as Carlisle School in PA to segregate american indian children from their people and teach them white culture and farming and industrial skills
what was FDR's good neighbor policy and what is his goal in creating it
-the good neighbor policy was that the US would be friendly to countries in western hemisphere by no longer using dollar diplomacy purpose was that the rise of militant regimes made FDR want latin america's cooperation in defending the region from danger
what were the insular cases and how did they affect the debate over imperialism
-the insular cases ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to congress -it resolved the debate over imperialism in favor of the imperialists who believed that the constitutional rights should not be extended to new territories
what was the manhattan project? describe how it ultimately was/was not successful in its goal
-the manhattan project researched a weapon whose power came from splitting the atom. -it was successful because it created and successfully tested the atomic bomb. then it was used on hiroshima and nagasaki when japan didn't unconditionally surrender
what was the marshall plan and what was the benefit to the US both politically and economically?
-the marshall plan sent economic aid to help european nations revive their economies and strengthen their democratic governments -ended threat of communist political successes in region and bolstered US prosperity by increasing exports to europe
what was the open door policy? where was it used and how effective was it
-the open door policy meant that all nations would have equal trading privileges in china -it was not effective because it did not deter other nations from exploiting the situation in china.
what did american indians do to resist white settlers encroaching on their land? how did the US government respond to that?
-they formed the NW confederacy and won some battles over the militia -the americans were convinced that the british were supplying them with arms so they fought them in the battle of fallen timbers and defeated the confederacy tribes
describe how african americans were impacted by the progressive movement
-they were for the most part ignored by progressive presidents bc of plessy v ferguson and there was a lot of lynching and people cared more about other reforms bc it benefitted everyone rather than just the african americans -but this lead to the creation of civil rights organizations such as NAACP and national urban league
who are the dixiecrats and how do they begin to show a shift in electoral politics in the south?
-they were southern democrats that split from the democratic party because they were upset with truman's support for civil rights -shift in electoral politics because they won four states, and they were the only ones who Truman could not reunite for the new deal coalition. shows a shift towards a more conservative government
define the term third world. why was there so much unrest in the third world after WWII? what did the CIA do in iran and Guatemala in the 1950s and why?
-third world is developing nations -unrest: decolonization, gaining independence from colonial powers. they lacked stable political and economic institutions -iran: the CIA helped overthrow the elected government because the government had tried to nationalize foreign oil companies. then the shah comes into power and provided west favorable oil prices -guatemala: CIA overthrew a leftist government that threatened american business interests
how did the united states gain the louisiana territory?
-thomas jefferson sends ministers to france to offer 10 million for new orleans and a strip of land E of Fl -napoleon's ministers offered the entire louisiana territory for 15 million and the americans were surprised, went beyond instructions and accepted
who were the leaders of the second great awakening?
-timothy dwight (motivated young men to become preachers) -charles G finney (revivalism in NY) -peter cartwright (baptist/methodist circuit preacher) -william miller (millenialism) -joseph smith and brigham young (mormons)
what was the tonkin gulf resolution and the tet offensive? describe how they each played roles in US involvement in vietnam
-tonkin gulf: blank check for johnson to take all necessary measures to protect US interests in vietnam. the US escalates the number of troops -tet offensive: vietcong launched an all out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital in south vietnam. US counterattack and inflicted counterattack on the vietcong but people thought the victory was irrelevant and thought the destruction was demoralizing, so the US stops escalating the number of troops
explain 2 ways in which women's lives were not changed in the 1920s and three ways in which they were changed
-traditional separation of labor between men and women (women expected to spend their lives as homemakers) -laborsaving devices eased their daily routines -employed women usually lived in cities, were limited to certain categories of jobs, received lower wages -19th amendment -young women wore short dresses, bobbed their hair, smoked cigarettes, drove cars -permit women to divorce
consequences of the mexican american war and why were they important?
-treaty of guadalupe hidalgo: -mexico recognizes the rio grande in the southern border of texas -US gets mexican cession (some whigs opposed this treaty bc of slavery) wilmot proviso: forbid slavery in new mexican territories (not passed though!) prelude to civil war : increased tensions between north and south bc of sectional debate about slavery
explain 4 specific economic progressive achievements
-trust busting -elkins act: ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates -hepburn act: ICC could fix just and reasonable rates for RR -16th amendment: income tax -underwood tariff: lowered tariffs -federal reserve act: established a national banking system w 12 district banks supervised by federal reserve board -clayton anti trust act: strengthened sherman anti trust act -federal trade commission: investigate unfair trade practice -federal farm loan act: federal farm loan banks provide farm loans at low interest rates -child labor act
name 3 books written in three different viewpoints about abolition. what was the viewpoint of each author of the books?
-uncle tom's cabin by harriet beecher stowe: showed that slaveowners were cruel -impending crisis of the south by hinton r helper: showed that slavery weakened the south's economy -sociology for the south by george fitzhugh: questioned equal rights for "unequal men" and argued the capitalist wage system was worse than slavery
major changes in the politics of the common man?
-universal male suffrage -party nominating conventions -popular election of the president -two party system -rise of third parties -more elected offices -popular campaigning -spoils system and rotation of office
how did truman approach the beginnings of the civil rights movement and what were some of his accomplishments?
-used powers of office to challenge racial discrimination -established committee on civil rights -strengthened the civil rights division of the justice department which aided the efforts of black leaders to end segregation in schools -ordered the end of racial department in government, included armed forces -fair employment practices commission to prevent employers from discriminating against the hiring of african americans
explain 4 causes of the great depression
-wall street crash: people start selling stocks, no one to sell to so prices fell -uneven distribution of income: the top 5% had most of the wealth. people who did not have this wealth had wages that were nothing in comparison to business profits. this meant less demand for goods, layoffs, less demand, more layoffs -stock market speculation: people thought that their price of stock would go up and that they could sell for quick profit. people bought on margin and then when prices dropped, they lost everything they borrowed and could not pay back -excessive use of credit: people were severely in debt because of credit and so this lead to defaults on loans and bank failures -overproduction of consumer goods: there was increased production but stagnant wages meant that no one could purchase these goods -weak farm economy: prosperity never reached farmers bc they suffered from overproduction, high debt, and low prices -government policies: high tariffs that hurt trade, federal reserve had tight money policies, gold standard, no depositor's insurance so people panicked to get their money out of banks. banks fail -global economic problems: europe never recovered from WWI, insistence on loan repayment and high tariffs weakened europe and contributed to worldwide depression
what is the policy of containment and what were its early successes and failures?
-wanted to contain soviet aggression to cause the soviets to back off their communist ideology of world domination and live in peace successes: -truman doctrine gives aid to uprising in greece and turkey against totalitarian regimes -marshall plan gives econ aid to western europe to end threat of communism in that region -berlin airlift gives supplies to people of west berlin -NATO-> military alliance for defending all members from outside attack failures: -korean war (failure because of all the casualties and korea is still divided) -increased defense spending (lead to arms race)
explain three examples how american industry helped the gov mobilize for war
-war industries board: set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices -food administration: encouraged american households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the french and british troops. -fuel administration: directed efforts to save coal -railroad administration: took public control of RR to coordinate traffic and promoted standardized railroad equipment -national war labor board: -helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers -labor won concessions during the war that had earlier been denied such as higher wages, 8 hr workday, and union membership
explain 4 ways the US mobilized for war after officially entering the war
-war production board: established to manage war industries -office of war mobilization set production priorities and controlled raw materials -office of price administration freezed prices, wage, rent, rationing -mass production, assembly lines to make tanks and fighter planes -manhattan project, research into technologies such as radar and sonar, engines, medicine -no strikes, gov could take over war related businesses in danger of strike -increase in spending through help of higher income tax and war bonds -propaganda (office of war information)
how were women, mexicans, and african americans impacted by the war
-women: as men were drafted into the military, the jobs they vacated were often taken by women. women's contributions to war effort finally convinced wilson to support 19th amendment -mexicans: -rev in mexico and job opportunities in war time america caused thousands of mexicans to cross the border to work in agriculture and mining. many employed in SW but some went to MW for factory jobs -african americans: took advantage of job opportunities opened up by war and migrated north
List THREE specific problems industrial workers faced. Explain how the labor unions tried to resolve each of these problems.
-worked long hours (typically 10 hrs, 6 days a wk) and wanted an 8 hr wrkday -low wages -harsh conditions, exposed to chemicals and pollutants, dangerous, child labor -wanted equal rights for women and blacks -wanted worker cooperatives -trusts and monopolies unions: some advocated for political action, others wanted strikes, picketing, boycotts, and slowdowns to achieve union recognition and collective bargaining. arbitration.
name 3 government and/or private reactions to the deforestation of the west
-yellowstone becomes first national park -forest reserve act of 1891 and forest management act of 1897 regulated the use of federal timberland -conservationist movement: believed in regulated use of natural resources -preservationist movement: believed in preserving natural areas from human interference -education efforts such as arbor day, sierra club, audubon society
describe each of the three immediate causes that finally led the US into war
-zimmermann telegram: telegram from germany that proposed that mexico ally itself with germany in return for germany's pledge to help mexico recover lost territories: texas, new mexico, and arizona. aroused nationalist anger in americans -russian revolution: wilson only wanted war for democracy and it bothered him that one of the allies was russia and was governed by an autocratic czar. this barrier was broken w the rev bc they overthrew the czar and declared themselves a republic -renewed submarine attacks: germans sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships
reasons for westward movement?
1. acquisition of american indians lands (american indians riven from their lands, so more land for settlement) 2. economic pressures (economic difficulties from embargo, want to seek new future. south planters needed more land) 3. improved transportation (easier) 4. immigrants (more europeans attracted bc of cheap land)
who were three major critics of the new deal and what were their criticisms
1. father charles coughlin -thought the new deal should end "evil conspiracies" -he instead called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks -had anti semitic and facist criticisms 2. francis E townsend -thought the new deal should guarantee economic security for elderly -proposed a sales tax to create a fund for every retired person to have 200 per month 3. huey long -thought the new deal needed to redistribute wealth -proposed a "share our wealth" program that promised a annual income of 5000 dollars for every family, paid by taxing wealthy -also ran for president to challenge roosevelt liberal critics: -criticized the new deal for doing too much for business and too little for the unemployed and the working poor, minorities, women, elderly conservative critics: -criticized the new deal for giving the federal government too much power -thought it bordered on socialism + communism -alarmed by increased regulations, pro union stance, deficit financing
Create a chart with at least THREE facts under EACH of the following columns: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller.
Carnegie: -business genius, leader of fast growing steel industry -immigrant, worked his way up from poverty, superintendent of PA railroad -manufactured steel in Pittsburgh and outdistanced his competitors through a combo of salesmanship and latest tech -vertical integration -Carnegie steel -retired and devoted himself to philanthropy Morgan: -banker -during the panic of 1893, moved in quickly to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. no competition so they could stabilize rates and reduce debts -dominated boards of competing railroad corporations through interlocking directorates (same directors ran competing companies) -created regional railroad monopoly Rockefeller: -founded a company that would control most of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating competition -latest technologies and efficient practices -obtained rebates from railroad companies which temporarily cut prices for standard oil kerosene to force rival companies to sell out -controlled 90% of oil refinery business
describe two specific new ways that the monroe doctrine was used by presidents cleveland and roosevelt
Cleveland: -there was a border dispute between venezuela and guiana and cleveland insisted that GB agree to arbitrate the dispute. british said that it was not the US' business but cleveland said the monroe doctrine applied to the situation and would use military force if GB didnt arbitrate roosevelt: -roosevelt corollary to the monroe doctrine -latin american countries could not pay their debts and roosevelt declared that europeans intervening would be a violation of the monroe doctrine so the US should intervene
compare and contrast the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 with the indian reorganization act of 1934
Dawes Act: -designed to break up tribal organizations by dividing up tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres -granted US citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 yrs and adopted habits of civilized life Indian Reorganization Act: -prompted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture similar because they both dealt w native american tribes. they just took different approaches
describe the FERA, CCC, and WPA and explain how each program tried to help unemployed
FERA: federal emergency relief administration -offered grants of money to states that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps -employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums WPA: Works Progress Administration -spent billions of dollars to provide people with jobs -employed people who had formerly been on relief rolls (paid them double relief but less than actual workers) -put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, public buildings -paid unemployed artists, writers, actors, photographers were paid to paint murals, write histories and perform in plays
Compare and contrast the methods of resistance by the following three abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Nat Turner.
Garrison: created an abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. advocated for immediate abolition of slavery, founded the american antislavery society. condemned the constitution of a proslavery document. basically he just had radical views and expressed them douglass: he created an antislavery journal and advocated for direction action to end slavery. spoke about slavery from firsthand experience nat turner: led a revolt and killed 55 whites. more violent approach
Compare and contrast the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877: -during an economic depression railroad companies cut wages to reduce costs -strike on baltimore and ohio railroad spreads, shut down 2/3 of rail trackage -workers from other industries joined, international scale strike -rutherford b hayes has to send in troops -100 killed -some employers addressed grievances while others busted workers organizations homestead strike: -henry frick (carnegie's manager of the homestead steel plant) cut wages, which lead to a strike (walkout) -frick locked workers out, had guards, and strikebreakers to defeat steelworkers -the failure of the strike set back the union movement in the steel industry pullman strike: -pullman cut wages, fired anyone who tried to bargain with him -workers, under eugene debs, boycott pullman cars -owners supported pullman, cleveland uses military to keep railroads running, courts forbid interference w mail and orders workers to abandon strike -debs jailed similarities: all started with wage cuts
what are four major events in asia that were related to the cold war? explain the importance of each event
Japan: -japan was under control of the US and douglas macarthur helped set up a new constitution w a parliamentary democracy -japan renounces war as national policy -japan gives up korea -US and japan are allies, US has bases their to protect against communists Philippines: -philippines became independent but US still had bases there. pacific ocean was now strongly allied with the US China: -US gave aid to the nationalist gov in china -nationalists then retreat to taiwan and communist controlled the rest -US did not recognize mao zedong's gov Korea: -korean war -north korea invades south korea, UN force defends south korea. north korea pushes forces to tip of south korea, then UN forces counterattack and advanced north korea close to chinese border -then chinese forces drive UN forces out of north korea -armistice, keeps korea divided at 38th parallel -stopped communist aggression w/o world war
compare and contrast lincoln's proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction to johnson's reconstruction policy
Lincoln: -full pardons to most confederates who took an oath of allegiance to union and US constitution and accepted emancipation of slaves -a state gov could be reestablished when 10% of voters take loyalty oath Johnson: -he had the 10% loyalty oath and emancipation of slaves as well but he also had: -disfranchisement of all former leaders and officeholders of the confederacy and confederates with more than $20,000 of taxable property -but president also had power to grant individual pardons so a lot of confederate leaders were back in office bc of his pardons
compare and contrast WEB DuBois and booker t washington
WEB Du Bois: -northerner -college education -wrote souls of black folk -demanded equal rights for african americans, but political and social rights were a prerequisite for econ independence Booker T Washington: -head of tuskegee institute -argued that blacks' needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance. after econ base they could realize goal of political and social equality similar bc they were advocating for rights for african americans, different bc washington econ, du bois political and social
compare and contrast WWI and WWII in terms of causes and effects in at least 6 different ways
WWI causes: -militarism -alliances -imperialism -nationalism -zimmermann telegram, lusitania WWII causes: -pearl harbor -fascism -hitler's aggression / appeasement -blitzkrieg, invasion of poland WWI effects: -great depression -red scare -labor conflict -race riots -migration of mexicans and african americans -more jobs for women, 19th amendment -league of nations -demilitarization -self determination, new nations created WWII effects: -many lives lost -UN -US becomes world power -germany divided into occupation zones -self determination -trials for nazis -free elections in liberated countries -japanese in internment camps -more women in workforce -mexicans work in america -still segregated but more jobs for african americans
how did the specie circular act lead to the panic of 1837?
all purchases were with gold and silver so the banknotes lost their value. land sales plummeted and it plunged the economy into a depression
correlation between slavery and westward expansion?
as they expanded westward, westerners could not decide whether to permit or exclude it
how was the missouri compromise a compromise?
because the northerners wanted missouri to be a free state because if it was a slave state, it would tip balance in south's favor. north also worried that louisiana territory would become slave states. south wanted them to be a slave state. it was a compromise because while missouri became a slave state, maine became a free state. and they also prohibited slavery north of 36 30 in louisiana
what connections are there between city on a hill and manifest destiny
both wanted to spread their civilization and power
describe the cause and three effects of the oil embargo of 1973
cause: -US supports israel with 2 billion dollars of arms in the middle eastern war effects: -worldwide oil shortage -long lines at gas stations -runaway inflation, loss of manufacturing jobs, lower standard of living -switched from american made cars to smaller more fuel efficient japanese cars, costing US automobile workers their jobs -55 mph speed limit to save gas -construction of oil pipeline to tap american oil reserves in alaska
what were the causes of political conservatism on behalf of both political parties at this time? how did the notion of limited government, laissez faire economics and social darwinism all contribute to this situation?
causes: prevailing political ideology of the time, campaign tactics of 2 parties (the closeness of elections caused republicans to avoid taking strong positions on issues), party patronage -the idea of a "do little" government was in tune with laissez faire and social darwinism and the federal courts narrowly interpreted government's power to regulate business which limited the impact of the regulatory laws that congress did pass
explain 2 specific ways in which african americans' lives changed (think about acts/amendments passed) and two specific ways in which they stayed the same in the 1960s
change: -civil rights act of 1964: segregation illegal in all public facilities -equal employment opportunity commission to end discrimination in employment on basis of race, religion, sex or national origin -24th amendment abolished practice of poll taxes -voting rights act: ended literacy tests -james meredith, a young african american attempted to enroll in the university of mississippi and guaranteed his rights to attend. protected by troops -kennedy sent troops when governor george wallace tried to stop an african american from entering university of alabama same: -they still were discriminated against so there was a lot of demonstrations(march on washington, march to montgomery) -race riots (watts riots when black motorist was arrested by white man, many killed) -defacto segregation
to what extent did former slaves lives change after the civil war and to what extent did they stay the same
change: black communities, more education, 13, 14, 15th amendment, civil rights acts, freedman's bureau same: sharecropping (still kinda tied to their owners), segregation through jim crow laws, black codes, plessy v ferguson, white supremacy/KKK basically they were given some new freedoms but there was still a lot of discrimination
summarize the three main issues of the gilded age - civil service reform, the money question, and tariffs
civil service: -congress tried to remove certain gov jobs from control of party patronage -pendleton act of 1881 set up civil service commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive exam -prohibited civil servants from making political contributions money question: -question of how much to expand the money supply -debtors, farmers, and start up businesses wanted more soft money in circulation to enable them to borrow money at lower interest rates, and pay off their loans more easily w inflated dollars -easy money advocates campaigned for more paper money and then for unlimited minting of silver coins -bankers, creditors, investors, and established businesses stood firm for hard money (currency backed by gold stored in government vaults) -supporters argued that money backed by gold standard would hold their value against inflation tariffs: -western farmers and eastern capitalists disagreed on the question of whether tariff rates on foreign imports should be high or low -republican congress raised tariffs to protect US industry during civil war -after the war, democrats objected to high tariffs because because these taxes raised the prices on consumer goods and other nations retaliated by placing taxes on US farm products so american farmers lost some overseas sales, contributing to surplus in goods and lower farm prices and profits
explain king cotton
cotton was the southern region's greatest asset and provided a lot of profit. 2/3rds of US exports
What is the cult of domesticity and explain its connection to the Seneca Falls Convention. Identify one key leader associated with the women's rights movement of the 1830s/40s.
cult of domesticity: women were the moral leaders of the home connection to the seneca falls convention: women were starting to take charge of the household and in the convention women want greater rights key leaders associated with women's rights movement: elizabeth cady stanton, susan b anthony, grimke sisters, lucretia mott
in what ways did american society become more democratic? how was the jacksonian era not democratic?
democratic: -universal male suffrage -popular election of president -party nominating conventions -two party system -more elected offices undemocratic: -spoils system -rotation of officeholders -indian removal act
compare and contrast the democrats and the whigs: leaders, key issues, support?
democrats -jackson -key issues: they were afraid of too much government control. they didnt want a federal bank or high tariffs -support: they were mainly followed by southerners and westerners and believed in states rights and limited government whigs -henry clay -key issues: not a big fan of immigrants -support: followed by the northerners. they believed in henry clay's american system
how would you summarize the 1920s politically, economically, and socially? give one example that would support each of your summaries
economically: -business prosperity -increased productivity due to assembly line and mass production -tax cuts, doesn't enforce anti trust laws, low interest rates, use of oil and electricity to power factories -consumer economy -fordney mccumber tariff -automobiles -yet though farmers and unions didnt share this wealth social: -people moved to cities -jazz age -radios, movies, celebrities -women still seen as the homemakers and employed in limited jobs -19th amendment -women wore short dresses, bobbed their hair, smoked, drove cars -liberalized divorce laws -nativism -fundamentalism v. modernism -lost generation art -harlem renaissance -prohibition political: -trying to be isolationist? but like still lowkey intervening while also maintaining peace -washington conference: five power treaty maintained navies to a certain ratio, 9 power treaty open door policy -kellogg briand pact: renounced use of aggressive force to achieve national ends -kept troops in nicaragua and haiti but removed them from dominican republic -investments in latin america -oil drilling rights in middle east -dawes plan
how did the growth of suburbs change the demographic patterns in the US?
families of more modest means could move to the suburbs. majority of middle class lived in the suburbs. then the cities became increasingly poor and racially divided
federalists vs. democratic republicans
federalists: they wanted to create a strong federal government, large army and navy, aid business, create a national bank, high tariffs, pro british. supported by northern business owners and large landowners democratic republicans: wanted a weak central government, favored agriculture, opposed national bank and tariffs, pro french, small army and navy. supported by skilled workers, small farmers, and plantation owners
summarize success of each side in the early years (1861-1862). most significant battles?
first battle of bull run: -first major battle of the war -federal troops marched from DC to attack confederates near bull run creek at manassas junction, virginia -confederate reinforcements under stonewall jackson counterattacked and sent the inexperienced union troops back to washington -ended the illusion of a short war CONFEDERATE WIN peninsula campaign: -mcclellan lead the peninsula campaign -gave his troops long periods of training before battle -invaded virginia but was stopped by confederates -he was forced to retreat back to potomac CONFEDERATE WIN antietam: -lee lead his forces into maryland because he wanted to convince britain to support confederates -mcclellan knew lee's battle plan -bloodiest single day of battle -lee retreated to VA -lincoln was disappointed that mcclellan did not pursue lee's retreating army so mcclellan no longer commander -confederate failed to get aid from foreign power -lincoln used this battle to plan to stop slavery DRAW BUT UNION CLAIMS AS WIN grant in the west: -lead the campaign for control of the mississippi river -he used gunboats and army maneuvers to capture forts on the cumberland river an opened mississippi up for attack -forced confederates to retreat UNION WIN
what was the fourteen points and who wrote it? what was the most important aspect of it? which if any of the fourteen points were included in the treaty of versailles?
fourteen points was a detailed list of war aims designed to address the causes of WWI and prevent another World War. written by woodrow wilson. the most important aspect was the league of nations. in treaty of versailles was self determination and league of nations.
major world event that monopolized washington and adams' presidencies? washington's reaction?
french rev. washington issued the proclamation of neutrality because he believed the nation was not strong enough to engage in a european war
four frontiers of the west
fur trader's frontier: -fur traders known as mountain men -traded for animal skins -first settlers -provided info for later settlers mining frontier: -discovery of gold in cali, many migrated west -mining camps wherever there was a discovery -population boom in california, attracted people from all over farming frontier: -preemption acts-> public lands sold for lower prices -rural communities -schools, churches, clubs, etc. modeled after the east urban frontier: -western cities arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, farming -some bc of gold rushes
Compare and contrast the Gospel of Wealth and Social Darwinism.
gospel of wealth: they believed that religion justified the wealth of successful industrialists. they believed in the protestant work ethic, concluded god gave them their riches, and argued it was a god given responsibility to carry out philanthropy projects social Darwinism: -natural selection and survival of the fittest applied to marketplace -concentrating the wealth in the hands of the fit would benefit everyone -helping the poor would interfere with the evolution of species by preserving the unfit -scientific sanction for racial intolerance (theories of superiority) similar because they were both ways people justified the wealth of successful industrialists contrast because social Darwinism was more economic and ways talking about concentrating the wealth in the people who were fit and allow them to evolve whereas gospel of wealth was religious
how did king george respond to the second continental congress?
he dismissed the congress' plea and agreed to parliament's prohibitory act which declared colonies in rebellion. then parliament forbade all trade and shipping between britain and the colonies
what were alexis de tocqueville's observations about the US in the 1830's?
he realized that men and women from all classes ate together. there was only one class for passengers. he could not distinguish between classes. equality was a governing principle in american society. equality of opportunity, allows young man to rise as far as his talent would take him. self made man.
who did chief pontiac rebel against and why?
he rebelled against the colonial settlements on the western frontier because the american indians were angered by the western movement of european settlers and the british refusal to offer gifts as the french had done
why did jackson see the bank as a monster, and besides vetoing the bank, what other step did he take to kill it?
he thought the bank was unconstitutional, and was suspicious that the bank abused its powers and served the interests of only the wealthy. the other step he took was creating pet banks (state banks)
how did marbury v. madison reflect john marshall's view of the role of the central government?
he was a federalist who believed in stronger central government, this gave more power to the judicial branch of government
how did the new deal help and hurt labor? using specific examples and acts, explain both sides
help: -PWA allotted money for public works, created jobs -CCC: projects on federal lands, employed people -TVA: hired people from a poor region to build dams, operate power plants, control flooding -CWA: hired laborers for construction projects -WPA: employed people on relief rolls -wagner act: right to join unions and bargain collectively hurt: -NRA set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production. later declared unconstitutional so this hurt labor
explain the specific goals and tactics of three groups that fought for greater rights in the 1970s. how successful was each group?
hispanic americans: -cesar chavez leads boycotts and the united farm workers organization finally gained collective bargaining rights -won mandate for bilingual education -some hispanic americans were elected to public office american indians: -wanted to achieve self determination and revival of tribal traditions -american indian movement was founded, militant actions including takeover of prison on alcatraz island and occupation of wounded knee -indian self determination act gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education and law enforcement gay liberation movement: -there was a police raid on the stonewall inn (gay bar) which sparked a riot and gay rights movement -urged homosexuals to be open about their identity and to work to end discrimination and violent abuse -homosexuality no longer classified as a mental illness and civil service dropped ban on employment of homosexuals -"dont ask dont tell policy " so they don't have to describe their sexual identity but the military could still expel people for being gay
explain how US foreign policy from 1865 to 1914 was similar and different from the past
in the past, the US was not really involved in foreign affairs (ex. washington). but now with imperialism there was more aggressive foreign policy and was interfering in foreign affairs
british response to boston tea party?
intolerable acts (coercive acts and quebec act) coercive acts: -port act: closed port of boston, prohibiting trade until tea wasn't paid for -massachusetts gov act: reduced power of massachusetts legislature while increasing power of royal governor -administration of justice act: royal officials accused of crimes could be tried in great britain -expanded quartering act to private homes quebec act: -organized canadian lands gained from france -roman catholicism official religion -gov w/o rep assembly -boundary extended to ohio river
characteristics of irish and german immigrants?
irish: -fleeing potato famine -limited interest in farming, few special skills, little money -faced discrimination for roman catholic religion -worked hard -congregated together -democrats germans: -fleeing econ hardship and rev of 1848 -modest means, considerable skills -homesteads in old NW, generally prospered -limited political influence at first but wanted public education and didnt like slavery
how far did the second great awakening spread?
it affected all sections of the country
how did lexington and concord and bunker hill make it harder to resolve the differences between colonies and parliament?
it made it harder because there was tension and fighting was actually starting. because they were waging war, the king saw it as rebellion
how effective was the MO compromise in solving the issue of slavery?
it provided sectional balance for 30 years and provided time for the nation to mature. sectional feelings decreased
what did the emancipation proclamation state? what was its immediate and long term effects?
it stated that slaves in the the states in rebellion with the union would be free immediately, it only freed 1 percent of slaves because it only applied to the confederacy. but now the union armies were fighting against slavery, not merely against secession. it increased the number of slaves who sought freedom by fleeing north. union started using freed slaves in the war.
how did WWI represent a change and continuity in american foreign policy?
it was a change because they were straying away from the noninvolvement policy of washington. it was a continuity because they only intervened for the purpose of having democracy prevail
how would you sum up grant's presidency? why? give 2 examples that support your conclusion
it was a really corrupt administration -rise of spoilsmen (gov favors to supporters) -corrupt schemes by businessmen: gould gets help from grant's brother in law in gold market -credit mobilier affair: insiders gave stock to members of congress -grant was loyal to these dishonest men -wiliam tweed stole a lot of money -also panic of 1873 he vetoed greenbacks and people continued to suffer by tight money policies
what was the second great awakening?
it was a religious revival, reaction against rationalism and it was more liberal and forgiving, speaking about opportunity for salvation to all.
Overall, explain how effective labor unions were in achieving their desired goals at this time.
it was generally ineffective. management held the upper hand in labor disputes, with government taking its side.
who was the freedmen's bureau meant to help after the civil war and how was it supposed to help? describe its long term impact
it was meant to help those made destitute by the civil war (both freed slaves and homeless whites) it helped them by providing food, shelter and medical aid. provided education. at first it also resettled freedmen but when johnson pardoned confederate owners the confederates got their land back long term impact: taught 200,000 african americans how to read and established 3,000 schools for freed blacks
was US foreign policy in the 1920s more isolationist or interventionist? justify your answer w 2 specific examples
it was more interventionist because even though they were trying to make peace, they really were dealing with issues in europe -washington conference, negotiated with other powers, still had open door policy in china, declared the ratio for navies -kellogg briand pact, dealing with an international affair, calling for no force
why was the tariff of 1828 referred to as the tariff of abominations? who was against it?
it was referred to as the abominations because it alienated the southern planters. southerners against it
explain one continuity and one change between progressivism and reform movements of the past
it was similar to the populist movement because it called for more democratic values and honest gov and protection from big business and income taxes . it was different than the populist movement bc the reforms actually got implemented and women could finally vote
what were the alien and sedition acts and why did adams pass them? how did democratic republicans respond to them?
john adams passed them to restrict the democratic republicans. the alien acts authorized the president to deport aliens considered dangerous. and the sedition acts made it illegal to criticize the government and imprisonment for editors who violated the law. democratic republicans responded by creating the kentucky and virginia resolutions, which were nullifying laws in their state legislatures. they thought it violated their 1st amendment rights
explain the extent that enlightenment ideals had on the lead up to the american revolution and the declaration of independence
john locke had proposed the idea that everyone had inalienable rights and if the government did not protect them, people could rebel. people felt that the british were not providing them with life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, as mentioned in the declaration of independence so they rebelled.
Create a Venn diagram comparing the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.
knights of labor: -terence powderly -membership to all workers including african americans and women -wanted worker cooperatives, abolition of child labor, and abolition of trusts and monopolies -arbitration -declined after haymarket riot american federation of labor: -samuel gompers -focused on higher wages and better working conditions -walk out until employer agreed to negotiate through collective bargaining -nation's largest union, but didnt have success until 20th century similarities: didnt use strikes. differences: federation of labor focused more on working conditions while knights of labor was on monopolies
how did the possession of atomic weapons by the US and soviet union change the world political balance?
led to the arms race. and then the US formed alliances with the non communist countries, soviets allied w communist countries
what happened at lexington and concord?
lexington: british sent a force to seize colonial military supplies and then the minutemen assembled to face british. americans were forced to retreat concord: british destroyed military supplies but on the march to boston british soldiers were attacked by militiamen and suffered 250 casualties which was humiliating bc americans we're seen as amateur fighters
Compare and contrast the differences between the expanding middle-class wage earners and working women.
middle class wage earners: -white collar workers (salaried workers whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor) to fill highly organized administrative structures. middle management. -jobs grew after industrialization for accountants, clerical workers, salesperson -professionals, public employees, store keepers -many worked ten hours a day, six days a week -wages were determined by supply and demand, wages barely above level needed for bare subsistence bc of immigrants competing for jobs -most wage earners could not support a family working women: -most were young and single -most believed that a woman's role was in the home raising children though -factory work, textiles, garment, food processing (bc extension of home) -some women moved into secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, telephone operators
make a t chart with 3 columns identifying characteristics of the mining, farming, and cattle frontiers
mining frontier: -gold rush and silver strikes caused people to push west into the mountains -many states became states because of mining booms -people looked for traces of gold in mountain streams (placer mining) w simple tools. this then left to deep shaft mining w expensive equipment and resources from investors -lead to boomtowns (and eventually ghost towns when gold went away) that had saloons, dance halls, vigilante justice cattle frontier: -cattle was at first raised and rounded up in texas on a small scale by mexican cowboy (vaqueros) -cattle borrowed from mexicans and 5 million cattle roamed freely over texas grasslands -cattle business easy to get into because cattle and grass were free -construction of railroads led to cattle drives; stockyards held cattle destined for chicago, cattle sold at high prices. cow towns around railroads to handle cattle drive up out of texas -cowboys received a dollar a day for their dangerous work -this began to end because of overgrazing, a winter blizzard and a drought that destroyed grass and killed cattle -also homesteaders used barbed wire and cut off formerly open range -they had to use new breeds of cattle that could eat hay. -americans changed from pork to beef and created legend of the cowboy farming frontier: -homestead act encouraged farming of the great plains but some bought the better land from railroad companies -built their homes out of sod bricks -extreme hot and cold, grasshoppers, and lonesome life challenged farmers -barbed wire helped them fence their lands -drilled deep wells for water -dry farming techniques and deep plowing to use moisture available -planted russian wheat that withstood extreme weather -dams and irrigation, humans reshare rivers to provide water
what was the same and different between the new left and the counterculture movement of the 1960s?
new left: -called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy so that students would have a voice in decisions affecting their lives -students were protesting university rules (such as drinking) and demanded a greater voice in gov at university counterculture: -rebellious style of dress, music, drug use, and communal living -hippies, long hair, beards, jeans -folk/rock music, the beatles, rolling stones. woodstock music festival -hallucinogenic drugs same: rebellious different: new left was more political and counterculture more social
issues facing each section of nation
northeast: -industrialization, poor conditions in the factories -unions -urbanization, slums, crowded, poor sanitation, diseases northwest: -new cities -agriculture -troops drive natives from land -canals and railroads south: -slavery, cotton plantations, slave resistance -social hierarchy west: -american indians driven out -disease, malnutrition -women overworking themselves -environmental damage
what is the great migration, when did it occur, and why did it occur then
occurred between 1910 and 1930. a million people traveled north to seek jobs in the cities. it occurred then because of deteriorating race relations in the south, destruction of cotton crop, and job opportunities in northern factories that opened up when white workers were drafted in WWI
compare and contrast the old immigrants and new immigrants in the areas of origin, language/literacy, skills and destination
old immigrants: -from northern and western Europe (british isles, Germany, Scandinavia) -mostly English speaking -high level of literacy and occupational skills -blended mostly into rural American society new immigrants: -southern and eastern Europe (Italians, greeks, croats, Slovaks, poles, and Russians) -poor and illiterate -unaccostumed to democratic tradition -crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in NY, Chicago and other major US cities
what were four events that changed the postwar american economy and what was the effect that each one had on the economy?
overall, high standard of living, high income (that were also put in savings), high demand for autos, prosperity and growth (road building projects) -GI Bill: helped veterans transition to post war economy (education, loans to buy homes and to start business). stimulated postwar econ expansion -baby boom: tended to focus women's attention on raising children (but still anyways more women were working outside home) -suburban growth: suburb more affordable for modest means. cities became poorer and racially divided -lots of defense spending leads to debt -employment act of 1946: truman proposes progressive measures such as national health insurance, increase in minimum wage, commitment to maintaining full employment. this was debated a lot so then the congress bill ended up creating council of econ advisers to council president and congress on econ welfare. basically this leads to high employment -office of price administration's controls were relaxed so there was a high inflation rate -many workers wanted higher wages so they go on strike but then truman shuts them down -taft hartley act: outlawed closed shop (workers join unions before hired), permitting right to work laws which outlaw union shop, outlawing boycotts, cooling off period before strikes. this checked power of unions -fair deal: truman increases minimum wage and includes more workers under social security. maintained new deal reforms
long term political, economic and social effects of the war?
political: -created republican majority in congress but sharp difference between radical (immediate abolition of slavery) and moderate (free soilers) -democrats supported the war but not lincolns conduct, but some peace democrats/copperheads opposed -rights were restricted during war so some democrats think he was a tyrant but some said that it was allowed because it was during rebellion and safety needed it -ex parte milligan ruled that military trial wasnt allowed bc regular courts need to be unavailable to use -military draft, draft riots -sectional balance of power between N and S -no more nullification crises -abolition of slavery gave legitimacy to american democracy, all men equal economic: -raised tariffs, income, excise taxes for war -greenback paper currency -inflation -recreated national bank -northern industrial economy accelerated -high prices -morill tariff act: raised tariff rates to protect manufacturing -homestead act -morill land grant act: encourage land grants to be used for agricultural/tech colleges -pacific railway act -destroyed south economy social: -women work during war, military nurses and took factory jobs and worked plantation then vacate jobs when men return -nursing field open to women for first time -started women's suffrage movement -ended slavery but hardship continues. but still enormous possibilities for freedom
explain three econ, one political and 2 social effects of great depression
political: -ended republican domination of government. people accepted dramatic changes in policies and the expansion of the federal government economic: -GNP dropped -banks closed, wiped out savings accounts -money supply contracted -more unemployment social: -poverty and homelessness increased -stress for families searching for work -mortgage foreclosures, evictions -homeless live in hoovervilles -farmers and african americans had increased difficulties
was pontiac successful in rebelling and what was its impact on the proclamation of 1763?
pontiacs rebellion was put down by british troops but then the proclamation said that colonists could not settle west of the appalachian mountains
what impact did the second great awakening have on other reform movements that developed from 1820-1860?
provided the leadership and the well organized voluntary societies that drove the reform movements of the antebellum era
list four push and/or pull factors influencing immigrants to move to America in the late 1800s
pushes: poverty of displaced farmworkers drive from the land by political turmoil and mechanization of farmwork, overcrowding and joblessness in cities as result of a population boom, religious persecution, particularly of Jews in Eastern Europe pulls: US's reputation for political/religious freedom and economic opportunities afforded by the settling of the west and the abundance of industrial jobs in US cities
what/who were the quota laws, sacco and Vanzetti and the ku klux klan? explain how each could be used as an example of nativism
quota laws: -first quota law restricted immigration to 3 percent from a nation based on 1910 census -second quota is 2 percent on census of 1890 (before new immigrants) -restricted undesirable groups -limited asians to 150,000, japanese barred -this was nativism because it was limiting the amount of foreigners who could come in sacco and vanzetti: -2 italian immigrants were convicted for murder -liberals had said that they were innocent but accused because they were poor italians -they were executed -this was nativism because it was prejudice against foreigners ku klux klan: -terrorized anyone who was un american -directed hostility towards blacks, catholics, jews, foreigners, communists -nativism because they terrorized foreigners
what were the goals of congressional reconstruction and radical republicans? for each of the following passed by them, define each and explain how each act achieved congress' goals: civil rights act of 1866 and reconstruction act of 1867
radical republicans/congress wanted to: -have south in military rule -african americans would have civil rights (also would be educated and would receive lands from planter class) civil rights act of 1866: -pronounced all african americans to be US citizens(repudiated dred scott case) -attempt to provide legal shield against the black codes -achieved congress' goals because it is providing them civil rights reconstruction act of 1867 -placed south under military occupation by dividing the confederacy into 5 military districts -increased requirement for gaining readmission to the union (had to ratify 14th amendment and place guarantees for franchise of all males regardless of race -achieved congress' goals bc both civil rights and military occupation
what were the differences between the democrats and the republican parties at this time period and what was the significance of patronage to both groups?
republicans: -kept memories of the civil war alive by waving the bloody shirt and reminding veterans that their wounds were caused by democrats -kept the votes of reformers and african americans (because of the party's antislavery past) -most of the support came from men in business, middle class, anglo-saxon protestants, temperance movement -followed the tradition of hamilton and the whigs, supporting a pro business economic growth of high protective tariff democrats: -could count on winning every election in former confederate states -in north, their strength came from big city political machines and the immigrant vote -catholics, lutherans, jews -disapproved of temperance movement conducted by protestants/republicans -argued for states rights and limiting powers for federal gov (jeffersonian tradition) neither party had an active legislative agenda so politics was chiefly a game of winning elections, holding office, and providing gov jobs to the party faithful
what was salutary neglect? what is the connection between salutary neglect and britain's victory over france in 1763? how did salutary neglect and britain's victory lead to increasing tensions between britain and its american colonies and eventually the outbreak of the american revolution?
salutary neglect was when britain allowed navigation acts to go unenforced. after the seven years war and the victory over france, britain was in a lot of debt and also they felt the need to have a large standing army. they needed to enforce these laws to gain more money. when they started to enforce their laws and their taxes more strictly, the americans were furious bc they were taxed without representation and this lead to the revolution because americans felt their rights were not being respected and that they had the right to rebel
how did territorial growth make slavery an issue
sectional debates over whether or not to allow it in the new territories
what was sectionalism and why was it dangerous to the developing nation?
sectionalism is loyalty to a particular region. this was dangerous because it created divisions and the US was only a fragile union. this led to the civil war.
describe the settlement of texas, the texas revolt and Texan independence. why was texas an independent country for 9 years?
settlement: -mexico tried to get americans to settle there -americans outnumbered Mexicans in texas -mexico outlawed slavery and required settlers to convert to Catholicism. settlers disobeyed, then Mexicans outlawed more American immigrants revolt: -santa anna becomes dictator and abolished government so sam Houston revolts and declares texas independent -mexico kills all the americans at the alamo but then sam houston captures santa anna -santa anna under threat of death, signed treaty recognizing texan independence (mexican gov rejected it tho) texas was independent for 9 years bc the US put off annexation (bc of opposition from northerners)
besides falling prices, explain two other reasons farmers were upset at this time
severe weather, cost of new machinery -farming became more specialized, concentrated on raising single cash crops -had to get their food from stores in town (bc they could no longer produce for themselves) -more dependent on machines and when they were unable to afford new equipment, they were driven out of business -corporations kept prices high on manufactured goods and middlemen took their cut before selling to farmers -railroads had discriminatory rates for shipment -taxes unfair to farmers bc they taxed land heavily but not stocks and bonds, tariffs protecting industry unfair
how did the sexual revolution and women's movement of the 1960s change the role of women in society?
sexual rev: -premarital sex, contraception, abortion and homosexuality practiced more openly. loosened moral codes, illegitimate births, more rape and abuse, AIDS women's movement: -feminine mystique empowers women to seek professional jobs -equal pay act, civil rights act -national organization for women -campaign for equal rights amendment -this all lead to changes in attitudes and hiring practices. women moved into professions previously dominated by males
similarities and differences between northwest and northeast?
similarities: -bound together by transportation routes -rapid econ growth -highly populated -cities differences: -northeast = industrial -northwest = agriculture, commercial farming
what was the peculiar institution and why is it called this
slavery. bc some whites were sensitive to harsh treatment of humans
What was the Southern position on the reform movements of the North?
southerners were committed to tradition and slow to support public education and humanitarian reforms. alarmed to see northern reformers join forces to support antislavery movements. thought reform was a threat to the southern way of life
what was roosevelt's square deal and how did it affect labor? explain the connection between the 1902 coal miners' strike and the square deal
square deal: favor neither business nor labor but both. during the coal strike of 1902, many americans feared that they would freeze during winter without coal. roosevelt used his square deal (trying to favor neither side) by trying to mediate the dispute by calling a union leader and coal mine owners to the white house. this affected labor because the owners eventually agreed to accept a 10 percent wage increase and a 9 hr workday to miners.
where did the second great awakening start?
started in the US. it began among educated people
strengths and weaknesses of articles of confederation
strengths: -winning the war -land ordinance of 1785 (process for surveying and selling western lands) -NW ordinance of 1787 (law setting rules for creating new states, self gov, no slavery) weaknesses: -debts unpaid -worthless paper money -no taxing power -european nations had little respect for them, threatened to take advantage -shay's rebellion
success/failures of republican congress. include the 13, 14, 15 amendments
success: -universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, modern penal codes -internal improvements -hospitals/asylums for the disabled -public schools -13 amendment: abolished slavery -14th amendment: all persons born in the US are citizens and get equal protection of law -15th amendment: prohibited any state from denying a citizen's right to vote on account of race -civil rights act of 1866 (legal shield against black codes) -report of joint committee (former confederate states not entitled to representation in congress) -reconstruction acts of 1867 (military rule of confederate states and had to ratify 14th amendment) -civil rights act 1875 (equal accommodations in public places) failures: -impeachment of Johnson -corruption
describe president carter's biggest successes in terms of foreign policy and describe how it was a success. describe president carter's biggest failure/frustration in terms of foreign policy and describe how it was a failure/frustration
successes: -human rights diplomacy, cut off aid to countries with human rights violations such as argentina and chile -panama canal would be returned to the panamanians by 2000 -camp david accords (probably the greatest achievement) provided a framework for a peace settlement between egypt and israel failures: -iranian hostage crisis: iranian militants seized the US embassy in teheran and held more than 50 members of the american staff as prisoners and hostages. carter approved a rescue mission but helicopters broke down and US had to abort mission -after soviet union invaded afghanistan, carter had to place an embargo on grain exports and sale of high tech to soviet union, boycott olympics in moscow. he had to switch to an arms buildup which was a failure bc he had campaigned for an arms reduction
using at least one specific example how taft's dollar diplomacy differed from roosevelt's big stick policy. using at least one specific policy explain how wilson's moral diplomacy differed from roosevelt's big stick policy
taft's dollar policy was more about supporting US trade and protecting investments bc he secured US investment in china's railroads and sent marines to nicaragua bc he wanted to protect american investments. on the other hand roosevelt was very aggressive and was all about building the US as a world power wilson's moral policy was respectful to other nations' rights whereas roosevelt was aggresive
describe four reform movements that tried to correct the negatives of urbanization
temperance movement -tried to fix the problems of excessive drinking of alcohol by male factory workers (which was a cause of poverty) -advocated abstinence from alcohol -women's Christian temperance movement -antisaloon league persuades to shut down all saloons and bars -carry a nation raided saloons social gospel -preached the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems settlement houses -relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood -taught English to immigrants, early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools books of social criticism -Progress and Poverty jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez faire economics and called attention to alarming inequalities of wealth during industrialization. gave the solution of replacing all taxes with a single tax on land -Looking Backward envisioned a future era in which society eliminated poverty, greed and crime
why did the US government shift from a removal to reservation policy?
the US originally had a removal policy because they thought the west would permanently remain indian country. once americans started to move west, they realized that was not the case, so they assigned native americans reservations
what is the bill of rights? why added to constitution? who pushed for its passage?
the bill of rights is the first 10 amendments of the constitution. anti federalists pushed for its passage. it was added to provide protection against abuses of power by the central government
compare/contrast strengths & weaknesses of constitution and the articles of confed. explain both shays and whiskey rebellions
the constitution was strong because it gave more power to the federal government than the articles of confederation ever had. there was a balance of power but there was finally an executive to enforce the laws and congress could regulate commerce. the articles on the other hand was weak because it did not give power to the federal government, had no executive and no taxing power. also due to the shay's rebellion. the constitution was weak due to the whiskey rebellion. the articles strengths had to due with winning the war and providing ways to create new states. shay's rebellion: farmers uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money whiskey rebellion: farmers refused to pay hamilton's excise tax on whiskey and they attacked collectors
what is meant by the new south? describe how the new south fared after the civil war and justify how accurate this label was after the civil war
the new south was a vision of a self sufficient economy built on modern capitalism, industrial growth, and improved transportation after the civil war there was a growth in cities and textual industries and improved railroads in the south BUT! the south was still mainly agricultural and they were really poor bc the North invested in the south and most profits went to the North. they still grew a lot of cotton but cotton prices were declining so many farmers were losing their farms the label wasn't really accurate because the south was still mainly agricultural and many people were poor
what was the objective of muckrakers? name two famous muckracking novelists, the novels they wrote, and the topics of these novels.
the objective was to inform the public about the scandalous realities of politics, factories and slums (because the public had to be informed before they took action). Novelists: -Lincoln Steffens: wrote The Shame of the Cities about the corrupt deals in big city politics -Theodore Dreiser: wrote The Financier. and The Titan. portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist -Frank Norris: The Octupus. about tyrannical power of RR companies. The Pit. about grain speculation
what was the social gospel and what did it advocate
the social gospel was the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. encouraged many middle class protestants to attack urban problems
why did the panic of 1857 convince southerners to rebel
the south was less affected bc cotton prices remained high. they believed their plantation economy was superior and the continued union with the north was not needed
what was different between the stamp act and past taxes?
the stamp act was the first direct tax (collected from those who used the goods). people in the colonies had to pay it whereas before, the taxes were on imported goods which were paid by merchants
describe the teller and platt amendments and explain how they show a change or continuity in US policy over cuba
the teller amendment said that the US had no intention of taking political control of cuba an that once peace was restored to the island the cuban people would control their own government the platt amendment required cuba to agree to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, to permit the US to intervene in cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, and to allow the US to maintain naval bases in cuba this was a change because the platt amendment is making cuba sort of like a protectorate of the US rather than giving it the independence they were promised in the teller amendment
What is the temperance movement? What prompted it? Cite one specific example of the movement's success and one specific piece of evidence suggesting temperance was not all that successful.
the temperance movement tried to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of abstinence and criticized alcoholism success: 18th amendment, factory owners joined in to increase worker's output on job, states prohibit manufacture, american temperance society, washingtonians argued alcoholism was a disease that needed treatment not successful: slavery overshadowed this, german and irish immigrants strongly against
how does NATO represent a major change in the foreign policy of the US?
they are avoiding their isolationist tradition because they are joining a military defense pact and they are committing to foreign affairs
explain why southerners invested less money in manufacturing enterprises
they had much less capital than the north to undertake industrialization because demands and profits for cotton increased and cotton provided 2/3rds of all US exports
why did south carolina threaten to secede from the union? how did jackson respond?
they threatened to secede due to the high tariffs. jackson responds w the nullification crisis- he prepared his military (but didnt act) and issued a proclamation stating that disunion/nullification was treason. he then lowered the tariffs
what was the goal of communal experiments? 3 examples of communal experiments?
they wanted to create an ideal community and withdraw from conventional society. examples: shakers, brook farm, new harmony, oneida
identify six components of the populist's platform. from where did populism primarily draw its support and how successful were they in passing their desired reforms?
they wanted to do something about power in the hands of monopolies 1. direct popular election of US senators 2. use of initiatives and referendums 3. unlimited coinage of silver 4. graduated income tax 5. public ownership of railroads by US gov 6. telegraph and telephone systems owned by gov 7. loans and federal warehouses for farmers to enable them to stabilize prices for their crops 8. 8 hr wrkday the Alliance movement of farmers provided the foundation. they tried to form an alliance between poor whites and blacks and tried to appeal to poor farmers. the populist party declined and they gave up trying to unite poor whites and blacks. however, during the progressive era, many democrats and republicans adopted some of the populist agenda
in what ways were japanese americans impacted the worst by WWII and how did the government justify its actions
they were impacted the worst because they had to serve in internment camps. the government justified it because it was during wartime and they thought the japanese were potential spies
Why were some railroad customers unhappy with railroads? Why weren't the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act effective during the 19th century?
they were unhappy with railroads because they felt they were the victims of slick financial schemes and ruthless practices. they were ineffective because it wasn't until the 20th century when congress expanded the powers of the interstate commerce commission. at first the new commission lost most of its cases in the federal courts
what was the purpose of the first continental congress?
to respond to what the delegates viewed as britain's alarming threats to their liberty. most did not want independence, they simply wanted to protest parliamentary infringement so and restore relationship w crown
perspectives on why colonies rebelled? how's has this changed over time?
traditional view: revolution based on the ideas of the enlightenment beginning of 20th century: a new nation was formed with a republican government based on federalism and stressing equality and the rights of the individual. revolution was social and political end of 20th century: american society had been democratic before the war w britain, what was revolutionary was the recognition of an american philosophy based on liberty and democracy
list the terms of the treaty that ended the spanish american war and explain how the war altered countries' perceptions of the US
treaty terms: -recognition of cuban independence -US acquisition of puerto rico and guam -US acquisition of the philippines for payment of 20 million to spain other nations recognized that the US was a first class power with a strong navy and a new willingness to take an active role in international affairs
what role did foreign affairs and diplomacy play in the war? (trent affair, confederate raiders, failure of cotton diplomacy)
trent affair: -confederate diplomats james mason and john slidell were traveling to england on a british steamer the trent to gain recognition for their gov -the union stopped the ship and brought them to the US as prisoners of war -britain threatened war unless they were released, so lincoln released them -the diplomats still didnt gain recognition though confederate raiders: -confederates bought ships from the british -alabama one of the confederate ships -raiders on this ship captured more than 60 vessels before being sunk by a union warship -union gets british to stop selling ships to them failure of cotton diplomacy: -europe found cotton from other sources or used other materials in the textile industry basically it screwed the south over because they needed this aid. british then doesnt recognize the south bc the south didnt have the decisive victory and the emancipation proclamation made them favor the North instead. and the south didnt have enough money for the war
what was the turning point of the war? how did the actions of Grant and Sherman's use of total war bring about an eventual end of the war?
turning point: gettysburg grant forced the confederates into a defensive line around richmond and had a strategy of attrition. and then sherman destroyed everything in georgia. it broke the spirit of the confederacy and destroyed its will to fight on
what is vietnamization and why did nixon move towards this policy? describe what act was later passed to try to prevent another vietnam and limit the power of the president
vietnamization: gradually withdraw US troops from vietnam and give the south vietnamese the money, weapons and training that they needed to take over full conduct of the war. he wanted to reduce involvement in the war and avoid the appearance of conceding defeat. war powers act was later passed to require presidents to report to congress within 48 hours after taking military action and provided that congress would have to approve military action that lasted more than 60 days
what was watergate? identify the events of watergate that led to nixon's resignation in at least 5 steps. explain the impact of watergate
watergate is when a group of men hired by nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the democratic HQ in watergate complex. steps: -wiretaps on government employees and reports to stop news leaks -created plumbers to stop leaks (they also burglarized daniel ellsberg to discredit him after he leaked pentagon papers) -created enemies list of prominent americans who opposed nixon or the vietnam war. investigated people on this list -illegal break in at watergate -investigation shows he was covering this all up: information about use of money and promise of pardons to keep burglars quiet -impeachment hearings cause nixon to reveal transcripts of watergate tapes and one tape had a 18 1/2 minute gap. transcripts of one clearly implicated nixon in the cover up -faced certain impeachment impact of watergate: -proved that the US constitutional system of checks and balances worked as intended -scandal underlined the dangerous shift of power to the presidency -growing loss of faith in federal government
how did the roles of women and blacks stay the same as well as change in the 1950s compared to the past?
women -same: the traditional view of woman's caring for the home and children was reaffirmed by the media, lower wages -change: more married women enter workforce blacks: -same: discriminated against, de facto segregation, *in the 1950s* (obviously later this changes) they were still by law segregated and kept from voting by poll taxes etc., resistance in the south to brown decision by closing public schools, come back KKK -change: african americans move north, brown v board orders school segregation should end w all deliberate speed, during little rock crisis eisenhower intervenes to protect the black students, montgomery bus boycott, sit ins, SCLC, SNCC, eisenhower creates a civil rights commission an gives justice department power to protect blacks voting rights
How had the push for equality of women changed since the Revolutionary War?
women are starting to speak out themselves and they had the seneca falls convention that advocated for their rights.
explain the impact of the depression on each of the following groups: women, farmers, african americans, native americans and mexican americans
women: -added pressures when husbands searched for work and declining incomes means challenges to feed children -more women sought work to supplement income -accused of taking jobs -eleanor roosevelt calls for equality but new deal allows them to be paid less farmers: -dust bowl, poor farming practices and winds blows away dry top soil, farms turn to dust -some migrate to california for work that could not be found african americans: -racial discrimination, last hired, first fired -high unemployment rate -excluded from relief programs -racial tensions, lynchings -some new deal programs gave them low paying jobs but still segregated -some appointed to middle level positions in federal positions native americans: -conservation and CCC projects on reservations, gained american indian involved in WPA and new deal programs -indian reorganization act repealed dawes act and returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of indian cultures mexican americans: -discrimination -high unemployment, drought in plains and midwest caused white migrants to come west in search of work -discrimination and competition for jobs forced many mexican americans to return to mexico
how were women and slaves affected by the revolution?
women: -some women fought in the war, but women maintained the colonial economy by running businesses/farms and providing food and clothing for war effort -after the war they still remained in their 2nd class status slaves: -during revolution, slavery contradicted the idea that "all men are created equal", congress prohibits importation of slaves, most northern states ended slavery -after revolution, more slave owners thought enslaved labor was essential to economy
market revolution impact on women, social mobility and slavery?
women: women seeking employment limited to domestic service or teaching. factory jobs not common. if married, left jobs and took up duties at home. but women were gaining more control over their lives but legal restrictions remained (no voting rights) economic/social mobility: gap between wealthy and poor increased but social mobility occurred and economic opportunities were greater in the US than europe slavery: rapid growth of cotton industries and expansion of slavery into new states ended hopes for end of slavery
