APUSH Unit 1 Test
Editorial cartoon criticizing the usage of literacy tests for African Americans as a qualification to vote. The cartoon shows a man writing on wall, "Eddikashun qualifukashun. The Black man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites [Education qualification. The Black man ought to be educated before he can vote with us whites], signed Mr. Solid South." Source: "The color line still exists - in this case," Harper's Weekly, 1879. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1879, which of the following was most true of the United States?
African Americans many of the political rights they gained during Reconstruction.
"Where does the money go? Andrew Carnegie makes a specialty of public libraries in his gifts, with a good sprinkling of checks among educational institutions of established reputation. . . . John D. Rockefeller takes splendid care of the University of Chicago, and has several millions annually to pass around among Baptist institutions and other interests that appeal to his consideration. . . . "It is quite safe to assert that the majority of gifts and bequests goes to colleges and universities, with homes and hospitals for men, women, and children next, and memorial buildings and church edifices following. . . . Giving has become a business." -Source: George J. Hagar, "Magnitude of American Benefactions," The Review of Reviews, 1904 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly reflects which of the following changes in the late nineteenth century?
Business leaders began giving to charity to help the less fortunate.
Political cartoon showing Uncle Sam crumpling a paper labeled "Trade Treaty with China" over figures representing European nations. The caption reads: "Gentlemen, you may cut up this map as much as you like, but remember, I'm here to stay, and you can't divide Me up into spheres of influence." -J.S. Pughe, "Putting His Foot Down," 1899. Source: Wikimedia Commons Which of the following changes to the United States during the 1890s most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?
Foreign policymakers looked for trading opportunities with Asian countries.
"Iron replaced wood; steel replaced iron; and electricity . . . replaced horsepower. In 1870 agricultural production surpassed industrial production by about $500 million. Both were increasing year by year. But by 1900 manufacturing had increased by more than four times. . . . "Industrial growth and westward expansion were assured by the revolution in transportation and the revolution in communications. . . . A transcontinental railroad network brought farm and factory, country and town closer together. Telegraph and telephone, electricity and press increased public knowledge, business efficiency, and political debates." -Source: Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age, 1993 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that innovations like the telegraph had on the American economy?
It improved the organization of the production process.
"The rise of modern mass production required fundamental changes in the technology and organization of the processes of production. The basic organizational innovations were responses to the need to coordinate and control the high-volume throughput." -Source: Alfred D. Chandler, historian, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, 1977 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mass production had on business practices?
It shifted management techniques to handle the increase in the volume of goods produced in factories.
"We have got to go to manufacturing to save ourselves. We have got to go to it to obtain an increase of population. Workmen go to furnaces, mines, and factories— they go where labor is brought. Every new furnace or factory is sure to come from the neighborhood or from abroad. . . . Capital, to the extent that the South shall have occasion to borrow, will, by law of economy that never fails, flow here to erect, equip and start every manufacturing establishment as fast as it can profitably be run." -J.D.B. DeBow, De Bow's Review, 1867 The ideas discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?
New factories emerged in the South and introduced manufacturing into the southern economy.
Image titled "Woman's Holy War," showing women dressed as knights wielding axes, chopping up barrels labeled gin, whisky, and rum. They carry banners labeled "In the Name of God and Humanity" and "Temperance League." Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1874. Which of the following statements best describes the perspective expressed in the image about women in the late nineteenth century?
They sought to fix social issues and advocated for moral reform.
"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs. ". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions." -Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895 The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1895 which of the following was correct?
White women and black women had separate voluntary organizations.
"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. -Source: Oliver Edwin Murray, an excerpt from the song "The Little Old Sod Shanty On My Claim," 1870s The song lyrics suggest that people migrating west during the 1870s most typically sought to:
achieve self-sufficiency and independence.
"For the means of finding new productive employments for capital, therefore, it is necessary that the great industrial countries should turn to countries which have not felt the pulse of modern progress. Such countries have yet to be equipped with the mechanism of production and of luxury, which has been created in the progressive countries by the savings of recent generations. . . . Existing commodities now imported from the interior of these countries at great cost will be swept on paths of steel to the seacoast with the result of reducing their cost, increasing their consumption, and benefitting at once both producer and purchaser." -Source: Charles A. Conant, North American Review, 1898 The federal government implemented the ideas expressed in the excerpt by:
expanding its territorial holdings beyond the continental United States.
"Soap production for the commercial market had started as a by-product of the meat-packing industry, with small companies processing animal fats for regional markets. In the late 1870s mechanical improvements in the mixing and crushing process used in making bar soap greatly expanded output. . . . By using the new machinery, Procter & Gamble was soon making 200,000 cakes of Ivory soap a day." -Source: William Lazonick, American Corporate Economy: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Volume 4, 2002 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the nineteenth century?
improvements in production methods to increase efficiency
"There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts 'native' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States." -Source: Theodore Roosevelt, in an address delivered before the Knights of Columbus, 1915 The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following?
increase in immigration from European and Asian countries to the United States
"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." -Source: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution, 1889 In the late 1860s, the Grange focused its energies on which of the following strategies?
increasing railroad regulations to cut transport costs for farmers
"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." -Source: Louis S. Warren, God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America, 2017 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
indigenous people's efforts to preserve their culture
"Persons who possess the necessary qualifications obtain great rewards. They ought to do so. It is foolish to rail at them. Then, again, the ability to organize and conduct industrial, commercial, or financial enterprises is rare; the great captains of industry are as rare as great generals. . . . "The aggregation of large fortunes is not at all a thing to be regretted. On the contrary, it is a necessary condition of many forms of social advance." -Source: William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe Each Other, 1884 The ideas about "the great captains of industry" expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?
laissez-faire policies
"'What can labor do for itself?' The answer is not difficult. Labor can organize, it can unify, it can consolidate its forces. This done, it can demand and command. Such are the possible and the practical things labor can do, is doing, and will continue to do until constitutions and courts and laws based upon principles of eternal justice, make no distinction in dealing with the people." -Eugene V. Debs, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, 1893 People who shared the author's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following?
organizing strikes and bargaining through representatives
Political cartoon showing an overseer whipping an enslaved man in one panel and a factory owner with a stopwatch glaring at a young woman as she enters a factory in the other panel. The caption reads: "Uncle Sam stopped this horror more than forty years ago. Now he is grappling with this shocking evil of child mines, factories and sweat shops." The political cartoon was intended to:
persuade the American public to regulate labor practices.
"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place." -Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885 Which of the following developments from the late nineteenth century emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?
the application of Darwin's theory of evolution to explain the economic success of business leaders
"It seemed to me that Hull-House ought to be able to devise some educational enterprise, which should build a bridge between European and American experiences in such wise as to give them both more meaning and a sense of relation. I meditated that perhaps the power to see life as a whole is more needed in the immigrant quarter of a large city than anywhere else, and that the lack of power is the most fruitful source of misunderstanding between European immigrants and their children, as it is between them and their American neighbors: and why should that chasm between fathers and sons, yawning at the feet of each generation, be made so unnecessarily cruel and impassable to these bewildered immigrants?" -Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes, 1912 Which of the following issues of the period was Addams most likely concerned with in the excerpt?
the assimilation of immigrants into American culture
"In whatever direction we look in any section of our vast republic, we find prodigious combinations of railway capital actually perfected, or progressing rapidly toward complete absorption of all smaller lines. This tendency to consolidation is irresistible. The economic advantages are so great, the temptations to vast profits are so incalculable, and the allurements to ambitious and able men afforded by the control of these mighty social machines are so enticing, that the movement must go forward." -Source: George Henry Lewis, National Consolidation of the Railways of the United States, 1893 The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following economic changes?
the concentration of wealth to a small group of business owners
"Even if investors had seized quickly upon industrial opportunities, if risk were not a factor, if all hesitant planters had ignored their neighbor's scorn, and if the socially conscious had considered only their private gains, the South might still have seemed under-industrialized to outside observers. The region's factor endowment would still have led to an industrial sector that was small relative to that in the East." -Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, economists, A Deplorable Scarcity, 2002 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?
the continued dominance of northern manufacturing
"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . . "Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania. -Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?
the discovery of new mineral resources and fuel across the United States
"We protest, and with all reverence, that it is not God's fault. We protest that it is not the farmer's fault. We believe, and so charge, solemnly and deliberately, that it is the fault of the financial system of the Government—a system that placed on agriculture an undue, unjust and intolerable proportion of the burdens of taxation." -Source: Leonidas L. Polk, to the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, 1890 Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned within the excerpt?
the economic instability throughout the 1880s
"The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect, they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. . . . They may fairly be regarded as the naturally selected agents of society for certain work." -Source: William Graham Sumner, The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, 1914 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were employed earlier to oppose which of the following?
the establishment of government programs to aid the poor
SOURCE 1: "We must make a departure. Instead of laying on the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encourage our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary burden." -Source: Democratic Congressman Roger Q. Mills, Congressional Record, 1888 SOURCE 2: "We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection; we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America." -Source: Republican Party Platform, 1888 The excerpts most directly reflect which of the following trends in the late nineteenth century?
the growing divisions between political parties over economic policy
"'What can labor do for itself?' The answer is not difficult. Labor can organize, it can unify, it can consolidate its forces. This done, it can demand and command. Such are the possible and the practical things labor can do, is doing, and will continue to do until constitutions and courts and laws based upon principles of eternal justice, make no distinction in dealing with the people." -Eugene V. Debs, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, 1893
the growing tension between employees and employers over wages and working conditions
The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the late nineteenth century?
the growth of a distinctive middle class
"New machines transformed both woodworking and metal working, to say nothing of whole new generations of machine tools. The ancient art of spinning and weaving gave way to giant factories in which a handful of employees tended machines that could produce more in a day than could have been made in months by hand. Shoes and boots also benefited from new machines that boosted production and lowered prices. Power machinery also made possible affordable carpets, furniture, and other fixtures for homes. . . New or improved machines dramatically increased production in many areas." -Source: Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870-1920, 2007 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?
the increase in innovations that improved the efficiency of production methods in the early 1800s
"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." -Source: excerpt from the Indian Appropriation Act, 1871 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the law excerpted?
the removal of indigenous peoples from desirable lands and relocation to reservations
"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained." -Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?
the rise in immigration from southern and eastern Europe
"You have won no victories worthy the name. You are slaves, every last one of you. . . . Arouse from your slavery, join the Social Democratic Party and vote with us to take possession of the mines of the country and operate them in the interest of the people . . . and then, and only then, will 'glorious victories' have been achieved and you and your comrades be free and your families happy." -Source: Eugene V. Debs, 1899 Debs most likely wrote his account for which of the following reasons?
to promote an alternative vision for US economy
