APUSH Unit 3

absence of a bill of rights

Antifederalists charged that the sovereignty of the states was being submerged and that the freedoms of the individual were jeopardized by the absence of a bill of rights.

Madison's veto of internal improvements (Bonus Bill)

Attempts to secure federal funding for the American system stumbled on Republican constitutional scruples. Congress voted in 1817 to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements, but President Madison sternly vetoed the handout measure, saying it was unconstitutional. The states were thus forced to venture ahead with construction programs of their own, including the Erie Canal, triumphantly completed by New York in 1825.

Non-intercourse Act

Because of threats of secession and violence, Congress repealed the embargo act in 1809 and passed this which formally reopened trade with all nations except France and Britain.

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

He was Monroe's Secretary of State who was the son of the ex-president John Adams. He rose above the ingrown Federalist sectionalism of his native New England and proved to be one of the great secretaries of state.

French Revolution

In 1789, the French Revolution began, and it would take 26 years for Europe to return to peace. The French Revolution was peaceful in its early stages, successfully putting constitutional shackles on Louis XVI. Americans cheered on the French Revolution as a second chapter to their own revolution. By 1792, the France declared war on Austria, pushed back the invaders, and declared themselves a republic in 1793. The French Revolution caused Americans to rename thoroughfares: King Street became Liberty Street and Royal Exchange Alley became Equality Lane. However, in 1793, the King was beheaded, the church was attacked, and the Reign of Terror had begun. This caused aristocratic Federalists to fear the Jeffersonian masses who believed that a few thousand aristocratic heads were a cheap price to pay for human Freedom.

impressment

It is the forcible enlistment of sailors which was a crude form of conscription that the British, among others, had employed for over four centuries. Six thousand legal American citizens were ______ by the "piratical man-stealers." A number of these luckless souls died or were killed in His Majesty's service, leaving their relatives and friends bereaved and embittered.

Convention of 1800 (with France)

It was a treaty signed in Paris in which France agreed to annul the twenty-two-year-old marriage of (in)convenience, but as a kind of alimony the United States agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers. So ended the nation's only peacetime military alliance for a century and a half.

Election 1804

Jefferson was reelected in 1804 with 162 electoral votes to only 14 votes for his Federalist opponent.

Treaty of 1818

Monroe's administration negotiated the ____ with Britain. This pact permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with their Canadian cousins. This multisided agreement also fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana along the 49* parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. The treaty further provided for a 10 year joint occupation of the untamed Oregon Country, without a surrender of the rights or claims of either America or Britain.

"The Federalists" essays by Hamilton, Jay, Madison

New York experienced an uphill struggle, burdened as it was with its own heavily antifederalist state convention. Alexander Hamilton at heart favored a much stronger central government than that under debate, but he contributed his sparkling personality and persuasive eloquence to whipping up support for federalism as framed. He also joined John Jay and James Madison in penning a masterly series of articles for the NY newspapers. Though designed for propaganda, these essays remain the most penetrating commentary ever written on the Constitution and are sill widely sold in book form.

Secretary of War Henry Knox

Part of Washington's administration. Head of the War Department; responsible for all military and naval affairs.

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson

Part of the Washington administration. Represented the US internationally (like an ambassador); deals with foreign affairs.

population changes

Population was doubling about every twenty-five years, and the first official census of 1790 recorded almost 4 million people. The population was still 90 percent rural, despite the flourishing cities.

republicanism (2 parts)

That only legitimate government was one based on the consent of the governed, and that the powers of the government should be limited - in this case specifically limited by a written constitution.

Three-Fifths Compromise

The South, not wishing to be deprived of influence, thought that the voteless slaves in their states should count as a person in apportioning direct taxes and in according to representation in the House of Representatives. The North, however, argued no, since slaves were not citizens. As a compromise, it was decided that a slave may count as three-fifths of a person.

Federalists

They favored a strong federal government (like the one given by the Constitution). They had power and influence on their side. They enjoyed support of such commanding figures as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. They were wealthier, better organized, and more educated than the antifederalists. They also controlled the press (only a dozen out of a hundred plus newspapers supported antifederalists).

Barbary States pirates

This caused Jefferson's policy to reduce the military and not build ships to change. The _____ had blackmailed and plundered merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean. By 1798, America was sending 26 barrels of blackmail dollars to piratical Algiers. In 1801, the pasha of Tripoli declared war on the US because he was dissatisfied with his share of protection money. Jefferson sent the American infant navy to the shores of Tripoli. After fours years of off and on fighting, Jefferson extorted a peace treaty from Tripoli in 1805 by paying $60,000 to get back captured Americans.

Macon's Bill No. 2, and Britain

This was passed after the embargo was completely dismantled and trade with all the world was reopened. It was to lure England and France. If either nation repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the nonrepealing nation. It practically admitted that the US could not survive without one of the belligerents as a commercial ally. In August 1810, Napoleon's foreign ministers declared that French decrees might be repealed if Britain also lifted its Orders in Council. The offer was accepted, and Britain was given three months to live up to its implied promise by revoking the Orders in Council and reopening the Atlantic to neutral trade. However, London did not since they had firm control of the seas. Madison had to reestablish the embargo against Britain alone, which would be the end of American neutrality and a step towards war.

Washington, D.C. burned

A British force of about 4,000 landed in the Chesapeake Bay areas in August 1814. Advancing on Washington, it easily dispersed some 6,000 panicky militia at Bladensburg. The invaders entered the capital and set fire to most of the public buildings, including the Capitol and the White House. But while Washington burned, the Americans at Baltimore held firm.

North Carolina and Rhode Island resistance

A hostile convention met in NC, then adjourned without taking a vote. Rhode Island didn't even summon a ratifying convention, rejecting the Constitution by popular referendum. They were to change their course, albeit unwillingly, only after the new government had been in operation for some months.

conservative triumph

A militant minority of conservatives - now embracing many of the earlier radicals - had engineered the peaceful revolution that overthrew the inadequate constitution know as the Articles of Confederation. Conservatism was victorious. Safeguards had been erected against mob-rule excesses, while republican gains of the Revolution were conserved.

Anglican Church -- Episcopal Church

A protracted fight for separation of church and state resulted in notable gains. Although the well-entrenched Congregational Church continued to be legally established in some New England states, the ______ Church, maintained by association with the British crown, was humbled. De-anglicized, it re-formed as the Protestant _____ Church and was everywhere disestablished.

changes in voting, indentured servitude, primogeniture

After the American Revolution, most states reduced (but usually didn't eliminate altogether) property-holding requirements for ____. In 1784 New Yorkers released a shipload of freshly arrived ______, on the grounds that their status violated democratic ideals; by 1800 servitude was virtually unknown. Citizens in several states, flushed with republican fervor, also sawed off the remaining shackles of medieval inheritance laws, such as ______, which awarded all of a father's property to the eldest son.

Battle of the Thames

After the Battle of Lake Erie, the redcoats were forced to retreat from Detroit and Fort Malden. They were overtaken by General Harrison's army and beaten at the Battle of the _____ in October 1813.

balanced budget

Albert Gallatin, secretary of the Treasury, agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing, and by strict economy, successfully reduced it substantially while _____. Occurs when the total sum of money a government collects in a year is equal to the amount it spends on goods, services, and debt interest.

Bill of Rights -- Amendments 1 through 10

Amendments to the Constitution could be brought up two ways: 2/3 of the states requesting a new constitutional convention, or 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress. James Madison determined to draft the amendments himself, in fear that a new convention might unravel the narrow federalist victory in the ratification struggle. Adopted by the necessary number of states in 1791, the first ten amendments to the Constitution (the Bill of Rights) safeguard some of the most precious American principles. Protections for freedom of religion, speech, and the press; the right to bear arms and to be tried by a jury, and the right to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. The Bill of Rights also prohibits cruel and unusual punishments and arbitrary government seizure of private property. The Ninth Amendment declares that specifying certain rights "shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." The Tenth Amendment reserved all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the federal Constitution "to the States respectively, or to the people."

Bank of the United States

As the capstone for his financial system, Hamilton proposed a __________. He took as his model the Bank of England. Specifically, he proposed a powerful private institution, of which the government would be the major stockholder and in which the federal Treasury would deposit its surplus monies. The bank would also print urgently needed paper money and thus provide a sound and stable national currency, badly needed since the days when the Continental dollar was "not worth a Continental."

England and France, harm to U.S. shipping

At the Battle of Trafalgar, Britain secured its supremacy over the sea (beat French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain), while at the Battle of Austerlitz (in Austria) France secured its supremacy over the land (beating the Austrians and Russians). Since the two powers could not directly hurt each other, they had to strike indirect blows that fell upon America. In 1806, Parliament issued a series of Orders in Council that closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port. Napoleon struck back by ordering all merchant ships to be seized, including American, that entered British ports. There was no way to trade with either nation without facing the other's guns. American vessels were, quite literally, caught between the Devil and the deep blue sea.

antifederalists (list leaders and ideas)

Because of the new Constitution, the ____, who opposed the stronger federal government, were arrayed against the federalists, who obviously favored it. A motley crew of gathered in the ___ camp. Its leaders included prominent revolutionaries like Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. They cried with much truth that it had been drawn up by the aristocratic elements and hence was antidemocratic. They charged that the sovereignty of the states was being submerged and that the freedoms of the individual were jeopardized by the absence of a bill of rights. They decried the dropping of annual elections for congressional representatives, the erecting of a federal stronghold ten miles square (DC), the creation of a standing army, the omission of any reference to God, and the highly questionably procedure of ratifying with only two-thirds of the states.

Virginia Dynasty

By electing James Monroe, the people undertook to continue the "___" of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. Diehard Federalists were eager to use the the Tallmadge Amendment issue to break the ____.

Mr. Madison's War -- 1812 and War Hawks

By spring 1812, Madison believed that war with Britain to be inevitable. He turned to war to restore confidence in the republican experiment. British arming of Indians and the whoops of the war hawks of his own party pushed him to this decision. The war hawks wanted to wipe out the Indians Canadian base. In 1812, with a vote of 79 to 49 in the House and 19 to 13 in the Senate, Congress voted to go to war.

Canada

Canada became an important battleground in the war because Britain was weakest there, so the Americans conducted a three pronged invasion. Invading forces marched from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain but were beaten back shortly after crossing the border. The Canadians took American fort of Michilimackinac, which commanded the upper Great Lakes and the Indian-inhabitated area to the south and west.

"civic virtue" and the idea of "republican motherhood"

Central to the republican ideology was the concept of "_____" - the notion that democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to the public good. The selfless devotion of a mother to her family was often cited as the very model of proper republican behavior. The idea of "_______" thus took root, elevating women to a newly prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded, in the expectation that educated wives and mothers could better cultivate the virtues demanded by the Republic in their husbands, daughters, and sons. Republican women now bore crucial responsibility for the survival of the nation.

Oliver Hazard Perry and Battle of Lake Erie

Control of the Great Lakes was vital, and an energetic American naval officer, _____, managed to build a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Erie, manned by even greater seamen. When he captures a British fleet in a furious engagement on the lake, he reported to his superior, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." His victory and his slogan infused new life into the drooping American cause.

Andrew Jackson and Seminole attacks

Epidemic revolutions in Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile caused the Spanish to withdraw forces form Florida to put down the revolts. General _____, under the pretext that hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves were using Florida as a refuge, secured a commission to enter Spanish territory, punish the Indians, and recapture the runaways. But he was to respect all posts under the Spanish flag. In 1818, he swept across the Florida border, hanging two Indian chiefs and executing two British subjects without trials for assisting the Indians. He also seized the two most important Spanish posts in the area including St. marks and Pensacola where he deposed the Spanish governor.

Washington's farewell address

Exhausted after the diplomatic and partisan battle of his second term, Washington decided to retire, which contributed to establishing a two-term tradition for presidents. In his ____ in 1796, which was never given orally but printed in the newspapers, Washington advised the avoidance of permanent alliances like the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. He only favored temporary alliances for emergencies which was good advice for the weak, divided country. Washington left office in 1797.

changes in citizenship rules

Federalists used the anti-French frenzy to get laws approved by Congress in 1798 that would minimize the Jeffersonian party. These laws were focused on pro-Jeffersonian "aliens," who were scorned by the Federalist aristocracy because they were European immigrants lacking wealth. They were welcomed as voters by Jeffersonians. Federalists in Congress raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from a tolerable five years into an intolerable fourteen. This violated the American policy of open-door hospitality and speedy assimilation.

Shay's Rebellion

Flared up in western Massachusetts in 1786. Impoverished backcountry farmers, many of them Revolutionary War veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. Led by Captain Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Revolution, these desperate debtors demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers. Mass. authorities responded with drastic actions (raising a small army). Several skirmishes occurred and the movement collapsed. However, the Massachusetts legislature soon passed debtor-relief laws of the kind Shays had championed.

George Washington election (of 1789; also 1792)

General Washington, the esteemed war hero, was unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789 - the only presidential nominee ever to be honored by unanimity. Perhaps the only president who didn't in some way angle for this exalted office. He commanded his followers by strength of character rather than by the arts of the politician. Took the oath of office on April 30, 1789, on a crowded balcony overlooking Wall Street, which some have regarded as a bad omen.

tariffs and excise taxes

Hamilton wanted to use customs duties, derived from a tariff, to pay for the interest on the huge debt and run the government. Tariff revenues, in turn, depended on a vigorous foreign trade, another crucial link in Hamilton's overall economic strategy for the new Republic. Hamilton sough additional internal revenue and in 1791 secured from Congress an excise tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey.

"assumption" of state debts

Hamilton was willing, even eager, to have the new government shoulder additional obligations. While pushing the funding scheme, he urged Congress to assume the debts of the states, totaling some $21.5 million, because they could be regarded as a proper national obligation, for they had been incurred in the war for independence. Hamilton believed that assumption would chain the state's more tightly to the "federal chariot." States burdened with heavy debt (like Mass.) were delighted by Hamilton's proposal. States with small debts (like Virginia) were less charmed. As a compromise, Hamilton convinced Jefferson to line up enough votes in Congress for assumption, and in return, Virginia would have the federal district on the Potomac River.

"division of responsibilities" (separation of powers)

Having three branches that check and balance each other. The executive, legislative, and judicial.

"Mad" Anthony Wayne

He lead a new army in 1794 and routed the Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Indians offered him the peace pipe after the British abandoned them.

Adams and the midnight judges

He remained at his desk until nine o'clock in the evening of his last day in office, supposedly signing the commissions of the Federalist "_______." When the newly elected Republican Congress worked to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801, the Jeffersonians swept sixteen benches from the recently elected _____.

Hamilton's financial Plan

He set out to correct the economic vexations that had crippled the Articles. His plan was to shape the fiscal policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. They, in turn, would gratefully lend the government monetary and political support. The first objective was to bolster the national credit. Without public confidence, he could not secure the funds for his risky scheme. He therefore boldly urged Congress to "fund" the entire national debt "at par" and to assume completely the debts incurred by the states during the recent. He was willing, even eager, to have the new government shoulder additional obligations. While pushing the funding scheme, he urged Congress to assume the debts of the states, totaling some $21.5 million.

Aaron Burr conspiracies and trial

He was Jefferson's first-term vice president who aroused fears of the expansion of the federal governments power and the fears of secession and foreign intrigue. When he was dropped from the cabinet in Jefferson's second term, he joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot secession of New England and New York. Hamilton exposed and foiled the conspiracy. Hamilton dueled with ____, but refused to fire. ___ killed Hamilton with one shot. This man blew the brightest brain out of the Federalist party and destroyed its one remain hope of effective leadership. He then plotted with James Wilkinson to cause the separation of the West from the East. He was arrested and tried for treason, but was acquitted. He fled to Europe and urged Napoleon to make peace with Britain and launch a joint attack on America (Napoleon refused).

Tecumseh and the Prophet

He was a Shawnee Indian born in the Ohio Country who was a gifted organizer and leader as well as a noted warrior. He fought the tribal custom of torturing prisoners and opposed the practice of permitting any one tribe to sell land that, he believer, belong to all Indians. ___ was what non-Indians called Tenskwatawa, ____ brother. They believed that it was time to stem the westward flow of whites. They brought together tribes east of the Mississippi, inspiring vibrant movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal. Their followers gave up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments, and their warriors forswore alcohol. Rejecting whites' concept of "ownership," ___ urged his supporters never to cede land to whites unless all Indians agreed.

Aaron Burr and election tie

He was a master wire-puller who helped Jefferson win over the Empire State (New York). He, Jefferson's vice-presidential running mate, and Jefferson had the same number of electoral votes. Jefferson was the winning candidates because some representatives abstained from voting.

Citizen Edmond Genet affair

He was a representative of the French Republic who landed in Charleston, South Carolina and undertook to fit out privateers and take advantage of the existing Franco-American alliance. He believed that the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 did not reflect the true wishes of Americans because the Democratic-Republicans were glad to see him. Therefore, he recruited armies to invade Spanish Florida and Louisiana and British Canada (which was not part of the French alliance). He threatened to appeal over the head of Washington to sovereign voters, so the president demanded Genet's withdrawal, and the Frenchman was replaced with a less impulsive emissary.

James Monroe (elected 1816, 1820)

He was nominated for the presidency in 1816 by the Republicans. He won 183 electoral votes to 34. He straddled two generations: the bygone age of the Founding Fathers and the emergent age of nationalism. He was in intellect and personal force the least distinguished of the first eight presidents. But the times called for sober administration, not dashing heroics. And Monroe was an experienced, levelheaded executive, with an ear-to-the-ground talent for interpreting popular rumblings. In 1817, he undertook a goodwill tour to inspect military defenses pushing northward into New England and then westward to Detroit.

John Adams

He was one of the ablest statesmen of his day, he impressed his observers as a man of stern principles who did his duty with stubborn devotion. He was a prickly intellectual aristocrat who did not appeal to the masses, and didn't wish to cultivate any appeal. He stepped into Washington's shoes, which no successor could hope to fill. He was hated by Hamilton who resigned from treasury in 1795 and who now headed the war faction of the Federalist part, known as the "High Federalist." Also, Adam's inherited a quarrel with France - a quarrel whose gunpowder lacked only a spark.

William Marbury

He was one of the midnight judges, appointed by President Adams to be justice of peace for the District of Columbia. He offered Marshall a historic opportunity. When he had learned that his commission was being shelved by the new secretary of state, James Madison, he sued for its delivery. Marshall knew that his Jeffersonian rivals, entrenched in the executive branch, would hardly spring forward to enforce a writ to deliver the commission to his Federalist. He therefore dismissed ____'s suit, avoiding a direct political showdown.

Louisiana

In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte induced the king of Spain to cede to France in exchange for the immense trans-Mississippi region of ______, which included the New Orleans area. In 1802, Spaniards in New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed America by the treaty of 1795. These deposit privileges were vital to frontier farmers who floated their produce down the Mississippi to its mouth to await oceangoing vessels. Farmers threatened to attack New Orleans. Jefferson thought ____ in the senile grip of Spain posed no real threat; America could seize the territory when the time was right. But ____ in the iron fist of Napoleon foreshadowed a dark and blood-drenched future. In early 1803, he sent James Monroe to Paris to join forces with the regular minister there, Robert R, Livingston. They were to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east as they could get for a maximum payment of $10 million. Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and give up hid dream of a New World Empire.

new Naturalization Act

In 1802, Jeffersonians enacted this act which reduced the unreasonable requirement of fourteen years of residence to the previous and more reasonable requirement of five years.

Chesapeake affair

In 1807, a royal frigate overhauled a U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake, about ten miles off the coast of Virginia. The British captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters. London had never claimed the right to seize sailor from a foreign warship, and the American commander refused the request. The British warship fired three broadsides at close range that killed three Americans and wounded eighteen. The deserters were dragged away, and the bloody hulk called the Chesapeake limped back to port. d

Plattsburgh and Thomas Macdonough

In 1814, 10,000 British troops prepared for a crushing blow into New York along the Lake Champlain water way. A weaker American fleet, commanded by ____, challenged the British. The ensuing battle was desperately fought near Plattsburgh on September 11, 1814, on floating slaughterhouses. The American flagship at one point was in grave trouble. But ____, unexpectedly turning his ship about with cables, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat. The results of this battle caused the British army to retreat, and thus saved at least upper New York from conquest, New England from further disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution. Also profoundly affected was the concurrent negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe.

Panic of 1819

In 1819, a paralyzing economic panic descended. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pest houses known as debtor's prisons. It was the first national financial panic since George Washington took office. It was mainly caused by the over speculation of frontier lands. It lasted in some degree for a couple of years, giving a rude setback to the nationalistic arbor. In the West, The Bank of the US forced wildcat western banks to wall and foreclose mortgages on countless farms. The poorer classes were severely strapped, and in their troubles was sown the seed of Jacksonian democracy.

Clay's Missouri Compromise (of 1820 and 36*30' Line)

In 1820, the deadlock over the slave-states and free-states was broken by a bundle of three settlements. Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state. But free-soil Maine, which until then had been part of Massachusetts, was admitted as a separate state. The balance between North and South was kept at twelve states each and remained there for 15 years. Although Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the Southern boundary of Missouri.

state capitals moved westward

In all the new state governments, the legislatures, as presumably the most democratic branch of government, were given sweeping powers. The democratic charter of the new state legislatures was vividly reflected by the presence of many members from the recently enfranchised poorer western districts. Their influence was powerfully felt in their several successful movements to relocate state capitals from the haughty eastern seaports into the less pretentious interior. In the Revolutionary era capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. The geographical shifts foreshadowed political shifts that deeply disturbed many more conservative Americans.

anti-Jefferson propaganda

In defense from recent anti-Federalist attacks, the Federalists focused their fire at ______ who became the victim of one of America's earliest "whispering campaigns." He was accused to having robbed a widow and her children of a trust fund and of having fathered numerous mulatto children by his own slave woman. The orthodox clergy attacked him as a atheist.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

In defiance of the peace treaty of 1783, Britain kept a northern chain of frontier posts on U.S. soil. The London government did not want to give up the lucrative fur trade in the Great Lakes area, and they openly gave firearms and firewater to the Indians of the Miami Confederacy, who terrorized Americans invading their lands and, in 1790 and 1791, defeated the Americans. In 1794, Anthony Wayne routed the Miamis at this battle. British refused to shelter Indians from this battle. Abandoned by the British when it counted, the Indians soon offered Wayne the peace pipe.

Treaty of Greenville

In the _____, signed in in 1795, the confederacy gave up vast tracts of Old Northwest, including Indiana and Ohio, and in exchange the Indians won $20,000 as well as the right to hunt the lands they had ceded. The Indians believed that the treaty, although an unequal relationship, put some limits on the ability of the U.S. to decide the fate of the Indian peoples.

William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe

In the fall of 1811, the governor of Indiana Territory gathered an army and advanced on the Tecumseh's headquarters at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers in Indiana. Tecumseh was absent, recruiting supporters in the South, but the Prophet attacked Harrison's army with a small force of Shawnees. The Shawnees were routed and their settlement was burned. It made Harrison a national hero, discredited the Prophet, and drove Tecumseh into an alliance with the British.

Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, Sacajawea

In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent his personal secretary to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase along with a young army officer. These two men and their party were aided by a Shoshoni woman to cross the Missouri River, cross the Rockies, and descend the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It was a 2 1/2 year expedition which harvested scientific observations, maps, knowledge of the Indians in the region, and wilderness adventure stories.

Election of 1796 (describe, and explain footnote p. 202)

In this campaign, political passions ran high between Democratic-Republican Jefferson and Federalist John Adams. John Adams found his support in New England with the narrow margin of 71 votes to 68 in the Electoral College. Jefferson became vice president as runner up. This was such an inharmonious two-party combination that (in the future) the Twelfth Amendment prevented the runner up to an election to become the vice president.

Era of Good Feelings

It came with the era of nationalism and James Monroe. Boston newspapers called Monroe's coming "_______________." This happy phrase has been commonly used since then to describe the administrations of Monroe. However, it was something of a misnomer because the issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested. Sectionalism was crystallizing, and the conflict over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous head.

Whiskey Rebellion

It flared up in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 challenged the new national government. Hamilton's high excise tax bore harshly on these homespun pioneer folk who regarded it not as a tax on a frivolous luxury but as a burden on an economic necessity and medium of exchange. Defiant distillers finally erected whiskey poles, similar to the liberty poles of anti-stamp tax days, and raised the cry "Liberty and No Excise," and tarred and feathered revenue officers, bringing collecting to a halt. Washington summoned the militia from several states to put down these "self-created societies." There was much doubt as to whether men from other states would muster to crush the rebellion in a fellow state. The militia made up of 13 thousand quickly dispersed the "Whiskey Boys" and ended the rebellion. Washington's government now commanded a new respect; however, opposers of the administration condemned the use of brutal force.

economic changes

It is highly significant that in the United States, economic democracy, broadly speaking, preceded political democracy. A sharp stimulus was given to manufacturing by the prewar nonimportation agreements and later by the war itself. Goods that were previously imported from Britain were mostly cut off, and the ingenious Yankees were forced to make their own. Economically speaking, independence had drawbacks. American shippers were now barred from British and British West Indies harbors. However, Americans could now trade freely with foreign nations, subject to local restrictions. War had spawned demoralizing extravagance, speculation, and profiteering, with profits for some as indecently high as 300 percent. States governments had borrowed more from the war than they could ever hope to repay. Runaway inflation had been ruinous to many citizens, and Congress had failed in its feeble attempts to curb economic laws.

Land Ordinance (of 1785)

It provided that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. The vast area was to be surveyed before sale and settlement, thus forestalling endless confusion and lawsuits. It was to be divided into six townships six miles square, each of which in turn was to be split into 36 sections of one square mile each. The sixteenth section of each township was set aside to be sold for the benefit of the public schools.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

It related to the governing of the Old Northwest. This law came to grips with the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies - the same problem that had bedeviled the king and Parliament in London. The solution provided by the ___ was judicious compromise: temporary tutelage, then permanent equality. First, there would be two evolutionary territorial stages, during which the area would be subordinate to the federal government. Then, when a territory could boast sixty thousand inhabitants, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the thirteen charter members. The ordinance also forbade slavery in the Old Northwest.

War of 1812

It was a divisive and ill-fought war. There was no burning national anger to motivate. The supreme lesson of the conflict was the folly of leading a divided and apathetic people into war. And yet, despite the unimpressive military outcome and even less decisive negotiated peace, Americans came out of the war with the renewed sense of nationhood.

Judiciary Act of 1801

It was also called the deathbed, and it was one of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. It was a long overdue reform, but it aroused bitter resentment. "Packing" these lifetime posts with anti-Jeffersonian partisans was, in Republican eyes a brazen attempt by the ousted party to entrench itself in one of the three powerful branches of government. The newly elected Republican Congress bestirred itself to repeal the Act in the years after its passage. Thus the Jeffersonians swept sixteen benches from the recently elected midnight judges.

Gibbons v. Ogden and interstate trade

It was another case tried by Marshall. The suit was also known as the "steam boast case." It grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall sternly reminded the upstart state that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshall thus struck with one hand another blow at states' rights, while upholding with other sovereign powers of the federal government. Interstate streams were cleared of this judicial snag; the departed spirit of Hamilton may well have applauded.

Monroe Doctrine written by J.Q. Adams

It was born in the late 1823, when nationalistic Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking. The president incorporated a stern warning to the European powers in his regular annual message to Congress in December 1823. It featured noncolonization and nonintervention. Monroe proclaimed to a Russian in the Northwest that the era of colonization in the Americas had ended and that henceforth the hunting season was permanently closed. Monroe warned against foreign intervention since he was concerned with regions to the south for Spanish American republics. He directed the crowned heads of Europe to keep their monarchical system out of this hemisphere. In return, the Americans would not assist the Greeks in war for independence against the Turks. European monarchs were angered by this.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

It was the best remembered of Marshall's decisions. ____ College had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769, but the democratic New Hampshire state legislature had seen fit to change it. The college appealed the case. Marshall put the states firmly in their place when he ruled that the original charter must stand since it was a contract and contracts were protected under the Constitution from state encroachment. Its decision had the fortunate effect of safe guarding business enterprise from domination by the state governments, but it had the unfortunate effect of creating a precedent that enabled chartered corporations to escape the handcuffs of needed public control.

judicial review

It was the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality. This was a principle instituted by John Marshal in opposition to Jefferson's Kentucky resolution (tried to allot the right of who had final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution to the states).

peculiar institution

It was the system of black slavery in the southern states of the US. If Congress could abolish "___" in Missouri, might it not attempt to do like wise in the older states of the South?

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

It was well phrased with classic statements of democratic principles: "The will of the majority is in all cases to prevail" and "that will to be rightful must be reasonable; the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression." To allay the Federalists' he intoned,"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." As for foreign affairs, he pledeged "honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliance with none."

Jefferson's arguments against a national bank

Jefferson argued vehemently against the bank. There was, he insisted, no specific authorization in the Constitution for such a financial octopus. He was convinced that all powers not specifically granted to the central government were reserved to the states, as provided in the about-to-be-ratified Bill of Rights. He therefore concluded that the states, not Congress, had the power to charter banks. Believing that the Constitution should be interpreted "literary" or "strictly," Jefferson and his states' rights disciples zealously embraced the theory of "strict construction."

Election 1800 -- Jefferson's political ideas

Jefferson focused on the middle class and the underprivileged, having sympathy for the common people, especially the downtrodden, the oppressed, and the persecuted. He did not approve of central power, wanting the bulk of the power to be with the states. There, the people could keep and eye on their public servants. Otherwise a dictatorship might develop. Central authority should be kept at a minimum through strict interpretation of the Constitution. He wanted to pay off the national debt which he saw as a curse to later generations. He thought that agriculture was the favored branch of economy and formed the foundation of his political thought, "those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God." He favored government for the people, but not by all the people - only by those white men who were literate enough to inform themselves and wear the mantle of American citizenship worthily. Universal education would have to precede universal suffrage. He also reconciled slaveholding because if their were not slaves poor white farmers would have to provide cheap labor and they would never acquire land. Jefferson wanted to protect and strengthen democracy at home, especially in the frontier regions beyond the Appalachian, rather than flex America's muscle abroad.

repeal of the excise tax

Jefferson only kicked away one substantial prop of the Hamiltonian system. He hated the ____ because it bred bureaucrats and bore heavily on his farmer following, and he early persuaded Congress to repeal it. This cost the federal government about a million dollars a year in urgently needed revenue.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson passed this act to avoid war since Europe depended on the US for raw materials and foodstuffs in times of war. He reasoned that if America voluntarily cut off its exports, the offending powers would be forced to bow, hat in hand, and agree to respect its rights. The act was passed in 1807 and forbade the export of all goods from the US, whether in American or in foreign ships. The embargo would vindicate the rights of neutral nations and point to new way of conduction foreign affairs if it worked, but it would cause the Republic to perish, subjugated to European powers or sucked into their ferocious war if it failed. This hurt the American commerce long before France and Great Britain began to comply.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Jefferson secretly wrote a series of resolutions because he feared that the Federalists would take away more constitutional rights or even stamp out the Jeffersonian Party. The Kentucky legislature approved these resolutions in 1798 and 1799. Jefferson's friend James Madison drafted similar but less extreme statements for Virginia which were passed in the legislature in 1798. They both stressed the compact theory which meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a "compact," or contract, regarding jurisdiction. The national government was a creation of the states; therefore, the individual states were the final judges of whether their agent had broken the "compact" by overstepping authority originally granted. The resolutions were a brilliant formulation of the extreme states' rights view regarding the Union - indeed more sweeping in their implications than their authors had intended. They were later used by southerners to support nullification - and ultimately secession.

why Jefferson hesitated to purchase Louisiana

Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris to join forces with the regular minister there, Robert R, Livingston. They were to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east as they could get for a maximum payment of $10 million. If that failed and the situation became critical, negotiations were to be open with Britain for an alliance (make an alliance with an old for against an old friend). On April 30, 1803, the entire Louisiana territory was sold to America for $15 million. Jefferson was startled because he had authorized his envoys to pay no more than $10 million for New Orleans and what ever land east they could get. Instead they had signed three treaties that pledged $15 million for New Orleans, plus an immeasurable tract entirely to the west - an area that would more than double the size of the US. They had bought a wilderness to get a city.

Madison elected 1808 (1812)

Jefferson stepped down after two terms, and his friend and fellow Virginian, ____, was elected. He took oath on March 4, 1809. He was crippled as president by factions within his party and his cabinet. Unable to dominate Congress as Jefferson had done, he often found himself holding the bag for risky foreign policies not of his own making.

Alien and Sedition Acts expirations and pardons

Jefferson wanted to undo the Federalist abuses caused by the anti-French hysteria. These acts had already expired, so Jefferson speedily pardoned the "martyrs" who were serving sentences sentences under the Sedition Act, and the government remitted many fines.

Revolution of 1800 and the Three-Fifths clause

Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and the unpopular Adams polled more electoral strength than he had gained four years earlier. _____ was the cause for Jefferson's success in the 1800 elections because it gave southern voters a bonus that helped Jefferson win the White House. Jefferson compared the the election to the revolution of 1776, meaning that he believed the election brought America back to the original spirit of the Revolution.

Chief of Justice John Marshall (Federalists)

Jeffersonians were ready to make him step down. He was appointed tot the Supreme Court by Adams in the dying days of his term. He was a cousin of Thomas Jefferson. His formal legal schooling had only lasted 6 weeks. He shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure. While serving in Valley Forge, he was painfully impressed by the drawbacks of feeble central authority. The experience made him a life long Federalist, committed above all else to strengthen the power of the federal government.

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

John Quincy Adams would not agree to deny and discipline Jackson but called for huge concessions from Spain leading to the ___, a misnamed treaty. It caused Spain to cede Florida as well as claims to Oregon. In exchange, America would abandon claims to Texas. Also, the vague boundary of Louisiana was made to run zigzag along the Rockies to the forty-second parallel and then turn due west to the Pacific, dividing Oregon from Spanish holdings.

U.S.S. Constitution ("Old Ironsides")

Man for man and ship for ship, the American navy did much better than the army. In comparison to British ships, American craft on the whole were more skillfully handled, had better gunners, and were manned by non-press-gang crews who were burning to avenge numerous indignities. Similarly, American frigates, like the ______, had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews, of which one sailor in six was a free black.

Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817

Many Canadians felt betrayed by the treaty of Ghent, and they fully expected the frustrated Yankees to return. For a time the Americans and British engaged in a floating arms race on the Great Lakes. But in 1817 the _____ agreement between Britain and the US and Canada severely limited naval armament on the lakes. Better relations brought the last border fortifications down in the 1870s, with the happy result that the US and Canada came to share the world's longest unfortified boundary - 5,527 miles long.

impeachment attempt of Samuel Chase

Marshall's decision regarding Marbury spurred the Jeffersonians to seek revenge by urging Jefferson to impeach this unpopular Supreme Court justice. In 1804, the impeachment charges were voted by the House of Representatives, which then passed the question of guilt or innocence on to the Senate. The indictment by the House was based on "high crimes and misdemeanors," as specified in the Constitution. Evidence was plain that the judge had not been guilty of "high crimes," but only of unrestrained partisanship and a big mouth. The Senate could not muster enough votes to convict and remove Chase.

compromise of slave trade (also no tax on exports) are Commercial Compromises

Most of the states wanted to shut off the African slave trade. But South Carolina and Georgia, requiring slave labor in their rice paddies and malarial swamps, raised fervent protests. By way of compromise, the convention stipulated that the slave trade might continue until the end of 1807, at which time Congress could turn off the spigot. It did so as soon as the prescribed interval had elapsed. The compromise of the slave trade and no tax on exports are _____.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Napoleon failed in his efforts to reconquer the sugar-rich island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to served as a source of foodstuffs. Infuriated ex-slaves were lead by ______, who had put up a stubborn resistance that was ultimately broken. However, mosquitoes carrying yellow fever had crippled the French presence on the island. Since Santo Domingo could not be had, Louisiana was not needed.

reduction of the military

One of Jefferson's first actions as president was to ______ to a mere police force of 2,500 officers and men. This reduction was more about republican ideals then reluctance to invest in soldiers and ships. Jefferson hoped that American could transcend bloody wars and entangling alliances of Europe. The U.S. would set an example for the world, forswearing military force and winning friends through "peaceful coercion." Also, the Republicans distrusted large standing armies as standing invitations to dictatorship.

Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton

Part of Washington's administration. Concerned with financial and monetary matters. He regarded himself as a kind of prime minister in Washington's cabinet and on occasion thrust his hands into the affairs of other departments, including that of his archrival, Thomas Jefferson, who served as secretary of state. He set out immediately to correct the economic vexations that had crippled the Articles of Confederation.

Quakers and antislavery

Philadelphia ____ in 1775 founded the world's first ______ society. Hostilities hampered the deadly trade in "black ivory," and Continental Congress in 1774 called for the complete abolition of the slave trade, a summons to which most states responded positively. Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery outright or provided for the gradual emancipation of blacks. But this revolution of sentiments was sadly incomplete. No states southern of Pennsylvania abolished slavery, and in both North and South, the law discriminated harshly against freed blacks and slaves alike. Emancipated African Americans could be barred from purchasing property, holding certain jobs, and educating their children. Laws against interracial marriage also sprang up.

three branches, "Checks and Balances"

Politically, the members of the Constitutional Convention were in basic agreement; they favored a stronger government, with three branches and with checks and balances among them. ADD

McCulloch v. Maryland and loose construction

START HERE This was a case of Chief of Justice John Marshall which was one of his most famous decisions that bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. The suit involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by imposing a tax on its notes. Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. He also strengthened the federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. Marshall's ruling gave the doctrine of "______" its most famous formulation. The Constitution derived from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit. He further argued that the Constitution was "intended to endure for ages to come and, consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs."

Tallmadge Amendment

Sectional tensions, involving rivalry between the slave South and free North over control of the beckoning West, were stunningly revealed in 1819. Missouri wanted to become a slave state. The House of Representatives hampered the plans of the Missourians by passing the ____. It stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. This caused anger in slave-holding southerners and depression-cursed pioneers who favored unhampered expansion of the West by many northerners. Southerners managed to defeat the Amendment in the Senate, but they viewed it as ominous threat to the sectional balance.

Articles of Confederation (1777); list weaknesses

Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation, the _____. Adopted by Congress in 1777, it wasn't ratified by all thirteen states until 1781, less than eight months before the victory at Yorktown. It provided for a loose confederation or "firm league of friendship." There was a unicameral legislature, no authority for Congress to impose taxes, one vote in Congress for each state, no national court system, no provision for a uniform national currency, no chief executive, a requirement that nine of the thirteen states approve passage of certain legislation, unanimity for amendment of the AOC, and no authority for Congress to regulate either interstate or foreign commerce.

Pinckney's Treaty

Spain feared Jay's Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American alliance, so they moved hastily to strike a deal with the US. In 1795, this treaty granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded: free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida.

Loyalists lands

States seized control of former crown lands, and although rich speculators had their day, many of the large Loyalist holdings were confiscated and eventually cut up into small farms. The frightful excesses of the French Revolution were avoided, partly because cheap land was easily available (would much rather chop down trees than chop off heads).

new state constitutions -- list common features

The Continental Congress in 1776 called upon the colonies to draft new constitutions. The newly penned constitutions had many features in common. Their similarities made easier the drafting of a workable federal charter when the time was ripe. The documents the Americans drafted were contracts that defined the powers of government, as did the old colonial charters, but they drew their authority from the people, not from the royal seal of a distant king. As written documents the state constitutions were intended to represent fundamental law, superior to the transient whims of ordinary legislation. Most of these documents included a bill of rights, specifically guaranteeing long-prized liberties against later legislation encroachment. Most of them required the annual election of legislators, who were thus forced to stay in touch with the mood of the people, and all of the deliberately created weak executive and judicial branches, at least by present-day standards.

ratification (2/3 of states = 9 of 13)

The Framing Fathers early foresaw that nationwide acceptance of the Constitution would not be easy to obtain. A formidable barrier was unanimous ratification by all thirteen states, as required for amendment by the Articles of Confederation. But since absent Rhode Island was certain to veto the Constitution, the delegates boldly adopted a different scheme. They stipulated that when nine states had registered their approval through specially elected conventions, the Constitution would become the supreme law of the land in those states ratifying. This was extraordinary, even revolutionary. It was in effect an appeal over the heads of the Congress that had called the convention, and over the legislatures that had chosen its members, to the people - or those of the people who could vote.

the Proclamation of Neutrality

The Franco-American alliance of 1778, which bound the U.S. to help the French defend their West Indies (which were sure to be attacked by the British), was supposed to last forever. Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans favored honoring the alliance, eager to enter the conflict against Britain. America owed France its freedom, they argued, and now was the time to pay the debt of gratitude. However, Washington, backed by Hamilton, believed that war had to be avoided at all costs. The nation in 1793 was militarily feeble, economically wobbly, and politically disunited. Washington wisely reasoned that if America could avoid the broils of Europe for a generation or so, it would then be populous enough and powerful enough to assert its maritime rights with strength and success. Hamilton and Jefferson (who usually disagreed) agreed with Washington on delaying. In 1793, Washington issued ______, shortly after the outbreak of war between Britain and France. It proclaimed Americans neutrality in the arising conflict and warned American citizens to be impartial towards both armed camps. The Democratic-Republicans hated it, while the Federalists loved it. The ____ showed that the true cement of alliances was self-interest.

the XYZ affair

The French were angered by Jay's Treaty, so they seized defenseless American merchant vessels and the Paris regime refused to receive America's newly appointed envoy even threatening him with arrest. Trying to avoid war, Adams appointed three men as part of a diplomatic commission. Reaching Paris in 1797, they hoped to meet Talleyrand, a French foreign minister, but instead they were met by three go-betweens later known as X, Y, and Z, who demand a loan of 32 million florins and a bribe of $250,000 just to talk to Talleyrand. Negotiations quickly broke down, and John Marshall, on reaching New York in 1798, was hailed as a conquering hero for his steadfastness.

nullification, states' rights

The Kentucky resolution concluded that the Alien and Sedition Acts (the federal regime) had exceded its constitutional powers so that the states had the right to ____. The states had the right to refuse to accept these acts. Other state legislatures refused to endorse the resolutions, and some (the Federalist states) added ringing condemnations.

Land Act 1820

The West was still weak in population and influence. Not potent enough politically to make its voice heard, it was forced to ally itself with other sections. In 1820, the West called for cheaper acreage, which was partially achieved in the ____, which authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash. It also demanded cheaper transportation, and cheap money issued by the West's own wildcat banks.

Philadelphia Constitutional Convention (1787)

The convention was not to deal with commerce alone, but to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. It was called by Congress "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation. A quorum of the fifty-five emissaries from twelve states finally convened at Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. Sessions were held in complete secrecy, with armed sentinels posted at the doors. George Washington, towering austere and aloof among the "demigods," was unanimously elected chairman. Delegates were determined to preserve the union, forestall anarchy, and ensure security of life and property against dangerous uprisings by the "mobocracy." Above all, they sought to curb the unrestrained democracy rampant in various states. The delegates decided upon a daring step. They would completely scrap the old Articles, despite explicit instructions from Congress to revise.

safeguards against the "mob"

The delegates deliberately erected ____ against the excesses of the "___," and they made these barriers as strong as they dared. The awesome federal judges were to be appointed for life. The powerful president was to be elected indirectly by the Electoral College; the lordly senators were to be chosen indirectly by state legislatures. Only in the case of one-half of one of these three branches (the House of Representatives) were qualified (propertied) citizens permitted to choose their officials by direct vote.

limited equality of women

The extension of the doctrine of equality to women was incomplete. Some women did (disguised as men) serve in the military, and New Jersey's new constitution in 1776 even, for a time, enabled women to vote. But though Abigail Adams teased her husband John in 1776 that "the Ladies" were determined "to foment a rebellion" of their own if they were not given political rights, most women in the Revolutionary era were still doing traditional women's work.

funding the national debt "at par"

The federal government would pay off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interest - a then-enormous total of more than $54 million. So many people believed the infant Treasury incapable of meeting those obligations that government bonds had depreciated to ten or fifteen cents on the dollar. NOT pennies on the dollar.

Electoral college

The method of indirectly electing the president through the _____. While the larger states would have the advantage in the first round of popular voting, as a state's share of electors was based on the total of its senators and representatives in Congress, the small states would gain a larger choice if no candidate got a majority of electoral votes and the election was thrown to the House of Representatives, where each state had only one vote.

Hamilton "Father of the National Debt"

The national debt swelled to $75 million owing to Hamilton's insistence on honoring the outstanding federal and state obligations alike. But Hamilton, "____," wasn't greatly worried. His objectives were as much political as economic. He believed that within limits, a national debt was a "national blessing" - a kind union adhesive. The more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a personal stake in the success of his ambitious enterprise. His unique contribution was to make a debt - ordinarily a liability - an asset for vitalizing the financial systems as well as the government itself.

president (executive branch)

The new Constitution provided a robust - though still legally restrained - executive in the presidency. The president was to have broad authority to make appointments to domestic offices - including judgeships - as well as veto power over legislation. Yet presidential power was far from absolute. The president, as commander in chief, was granted the power to wage war, but Congress retained the crucial right to declare war - a division of responsibilities that has been an invitation to conflict between president and Congress ever since.

(summarize key ideas) "Settlers of the Old Northwest"

The original 13 colonies were joined by 9 frontiers states. Westward movement had been going on since colonial days, the cheap land appealed to the European immigrants. Land was exhausted in older tobacco states, and speculators accepted small down payments, making it easier to buy new holdings. ADD pg 244

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

The struggle for divorce between religion and government proved fiercest in Virginia. It was prolonged to 1786, when freethinking Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers, including the Baptists, won a complete victory with the passage of the _________.

Alien laws

These empowered the president to be able to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport or imprison them in time of hostilities. This was an arbitrary grant of executive power contrary to American tradition and to the spirit of the Constitution, even though they were never enforced.

New England opposition

They greeted the declaration of war with muffled bells, flags at half-mast, and public fasting. Pro-British Federalist in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans' sympathy with Napoleon, whom they regarded as the "Corsican butcher" and the "anti-Christ of the age." New England's bitterness led them to treason or near-treason. New England gold holders probably lent more dollars to the British Exchequer than to the federal Treasury. Federalists farmers sent crops to Canada, enabling the British to invade New York. New England governors refused to permit their militia serve outside their own states.

Sedition Laws

They were a direct slap to two of the freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution by the Bill of Rights - freedom of speech and freedom of the press. It provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. Federalists believed this was justified because verbal violence was unrestrained, and the foul-penned editors (some of them exiled aliens) vilified Adam's anti-French policy in vicious terms. Many outspoken Jeffersonian editors were indicted under this act. The Act seemed to be in direct conflict with the constitution. However, the Supreme court, dominated by Federalists, was not likely to declare this law unconstitutional. The law was intentionally written by the Federalists to expire in 1801, so that it could not be used against them if they lost the next election.

necessary and proper clause

This clause stipulate that Congress may pass any law "______" to carry out the powers vested in various government agencies.Congress was explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade. In carrying out these basic functions, a national bank would not only be proper but necessary.

Battle of New Orleans and Andrew Jackson

This was the third British blow of 1814 aimed at New Orleans and menaced the entire Mississippi Valley. _____, who had just finished crushing southwest Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was placed in command. He lead a force consisting 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, Frenchmen, as well as militiamen from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Among the defenders were two Louisiana regiments of free black volunteers, numbering about four hundred men. The over confident British, numbering 80,000 men, blundered badly. They made the mistake of launching a frontal assault on January 8, 1815, on the entrenched American riflemen and cannoneers. The attackers suffered the most devastating defeat of the entire war, losing over two thousand, killed and wounded, in a half an hour, as compared with some seventy for the Americans. _____ became a national hero. The war had ended two weeks before this battle, but word of the peace treaty had not yet reached them.

strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution

Thomas Jefferson argued against the National Bank because there was no specific authorization in the Constitution for such a financial octopus. He believed in a literal interpretation of the Constitution, and therefore was convinced that all powers not specifically granted to the central government were reserved to the states. He concluded that the states, not Congress, had the power to charter banks. Hamilton believed that what the Constitution did not forbid, it permitted; while Jefferson believed that what it did not permit, it forbade. Hamilton invoked the clause of the Constitution that stipulates that Congress may pass any laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers vested in various government agencies. Through virtue of "implied powers," Congress would be fully justified in establishing the Bank of the United States. Hamilton contended for the loose interpretation of the Constitution. He and his federalist followers thus evolved the theory of the "loose construction" by invoking the "elastic clause" of the Constitution - a precedent for enormous federal powers.

Jay's Treaty

To avert war with Great Britain, who was seizing American ships in the West Indies and impressing American sea men into service on British vessels as well as throwing hundreds into their dungeons, George Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London in 1794. Jay entered the negotiations with weak cards which were further sabotaged by Hamilton who supplied the British with details regarding America's bargaining strategy because he feared war. Jay won few concessions, but the British did promise to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and consented to pay damages for seizures of American ships. They did not pledge to do anything about future maritime seizures or supplying arms to Indians. They forced America to pay debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts. His treaty vitalized the Democratic-Republican party who thought that it was to close to a surrender to Britain.

Treaty of Ghent

Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation between the clashing Anglo-Saxon cousins (France and Britain) in 1812. His feeler eventually set in motion the machinery that brought five American peacemakers (headed John Quincy Adams) to Ghent Confident after in 1814. The British made sweeping demands for a neutralized Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes region, control of the Great Lakes, and a substantial part of conquered Maine. The Americas flatly rejected these terms, and talks appeared stalemated. News of the British reverses in upper N.Y. and at Baltimore as well as the increasing war weariness in Britain, made London more willing to compromise. The ______ was signed on Christmas Eve 1814 with both sides agreeing to stop fighting and restore conquered territory. No mention was made of the grievances for which America had ostensibly fought: the Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressment, and confiscation.

branches of government -- executive, judicial, legislative

Unlike the antifederalists, who believed that the sovereignty of the people resided in a single branch of government - the legislature - the federalists contended that every branch - the executive, judiciary, and legislature - effectively represented the people. By ingeniously embedding the doctrine of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these branches, the Constitution reconciled the potentially conflicting principles of liberty and order.

Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, the Great Compromise

Virginia proposed a scheme (known as "the large-state plan") was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. Its essence was that representation in both houses of a bicameral (two branches) Congress should be based on population - an arrangement that would naturally give the larger states an advantage. New Jersey countered with "the small-state plan." This provided for equal representation representation in a unicameral (one branch) Congress by states, regardless of size and population, as under the existing Articles. After a long and bitter debate between the big and small states, the "_______" of the convention was hammered out and agreed upon. In this compromise, the larger states were conceded representation by population in the House of Representatives, and the smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the Senate. Each state, no matter how poor or small, would have two senators. The delegates also agreed that every tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the House, where population counted more heavily.

cabinet

Washington soon put his stamp on the new government, especially by establishing the ____. The Constitution does not mention this; it merely provides that the president "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive-branch departments. This system probed so cumbersome, and involved so much homework, that ___ meetings gradually evolved in the Washington administration. At first there were only three full-fledged department heads: Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, and Secretary of War.

political parties (Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans)

What had once been a personal feud between Hamilton and Jefferson developed into a full-blown and frequently bitter political rivalry. National political parties were not known when Washington took office (Tories and Whigs, federalists and antifederalists were only factions that faded away once they had won their cause or been defeated). In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized opposition to Hamilton's program publishing their opinions in widely read papers and causing primitive political parties to emerge. The competition between parties for political power was among the indispensable ingredients of a sound democracy. The party out of power - "the loyal opposition" - traditionally plays the invaluable role of the balance wheel on the machinery of government, ensuring that politics never drifts too far out of kilter with the wishes of the people. Jefferson: Democratic-Republican. Hamilton: Federalist.

Marbury vs. Madison

When he learned that his commission was being shelved by the new secretary of state, he sued for its delivery. Chief Justice Marshall knew that his Jeffersonian rivals would not enforce a writ to deliver the commission to his fellow Federalist. Marshall dismissed his suit to prevent a political showdown. However, Marshall said that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. This case clouded the question of who had the final authority to determine the meaning of the Constitution. Marshall promoted the principle of "judiciary review" - the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality. In this landmark case, Marshall inserted the keystone into the arch that supports the tremendous power of the Supreme Court in American life.

Baltimore -- Ft. McHenry

While Washington burned, the Americans in ____ held firm. The British fleet hammered Fort McHenry with their cannon but could not capture the city.

Henry Clay's "American system"

____ threw himself behind the _____ in 1824. It was a plan to develop a profitable home network. It had three man parts: first, it began with a strong banking system that would provide easy and abundant credit; second, it had a protective tariff which the eastern manufacturing would flourish; third, the revenues from the tariff would provide funds for a network of roads and canals, especially in the thriving Ohio Valley. Through these new arteries of transportation would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East. In exchange, a stream of manufactured goods would flow in the return direction, knitting the country together economically and politically.

Hartford Convention

____ was caused by Federalist discontent late in 1814 when the capture of New Orleans seemed eminent. Massachusetts called for a convention in ____, Connecticut. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatched full delegations; New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation. Twenty-six men in all met in complete secrecy for about three weeks to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. The convention demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. They sought to abolish the 3/5 clause, to limit presidents to single term, and to prohibit the election of two successive presidents form the same state. The Convention changed nothing except the Federalist party, which the Convention caused it to die. The Federalists were never again to mount a successful presidential campaign.

examples of nationalism

____, or national oneness, was the most impressive by-product of the War of 1812. It was shown in distinctively national literature such as the writings of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. School textbooks were now being written by Americans for Americans. Magazines such as the North American Review began to be published. Even American painters increasingly celebrated their native landscapes. ____ was also seen in finance with the revival of the Bank of the United States when it was voted back by Congress in 1816, and national capital was starting to be printed. The army was expanded to 10,000 men. The navy was further covered itself with glory in 1815 when it administered a thorough beating to the piratical North African pirates. Stephen Decatur embodied the country's nationalist mood in the toast "Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!"

Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner"

_____, a detained American, anxiously watching the bombardment from a British ship, was inspired by the doughty defenders to write the words of "The ______." Set to the tune of a saucy English tavern refrain, the song quickly attained popularity.