APUSH Unit 3 Vocab
James Monroe
Def : fifth president of the United States HS: bought Florida from Spain and allowed extension of US from Atlantic to Pacific; wrote the Monroe Doctrine
Trail of Tears
Def: 1200 journey west for Cherokees, led by federal troops, to "Indian Territory" (now Oklahoma). HS: Almost 1/4 of all natives that made the journey died en route from disease or exposure.
Embargo Act
Def: Act passed by US in 1807, in response to Leopard's attack on the Chesapeake, that closed off all American ports to British ships in attempt to forestall war and make Britain suffer. HS: This was extremely unsuccessful as it hurt the American economy deeply. It also raised questions of Jefferson's executive power.
War of 1812
Def: Conflict between US and Great Britain and their Indian allies, taking place primarily in the Great Lakes region, over honor and injustice on the Americans' and Indians' behalf and ended with the Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent. HS: Although no clear winner was determined, the American people considered it a victory, which supported a great rise of nationalism.
XYZ Affair
Def: Conflict in which France sent a commission of 3 agents (X, Y and Z) to deliver news to America that they'd have to be bribed with $250,000 for diplomacy and $12M for a peace treaty upon the detainment of American ships carrying British goods by France. HS: This act on France's behalf angered and shocked many Americans, turned many pro-French supporters against the French, and led to the Quasi-War in the Caribbean.
John Marshall
Def: Fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court HS: Helped to develop and define the idea of judicial review
Haitian Revolution
Def: Ideals from the French Revolution reached their colony of Haiti, inspiring an uprising of slaves who believed the revolutionary ideals applied as well. HS: This revolution provoked fear in white Americans because they were afraid that the revolutionary ideals driving the Haitian people would reach America and cause their slaves to revolt.
Indian Removal Act
Def: Jackson's policy in 1830 offering $500,000 for all eastern native tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi River HS:This was the first official policy in attempt to move the natives westward and address the "Indian problem." This was also Jackson's attempt to deal with natives as American subjects rather than as a foreign nation.
Louisiana Purchase
Def: Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in attempt to remove them from the land and allow settlers more room to expand west. HS: This purchase doubled the size of the US and allowed further expansion and exploration westward.
Midnight Judges
Def: John Adams's appointment of people he favored to over 200 judiciary positions the night before the elections. HS: Jefferson nullified these appointments upon assuming the presidency. This later led to the Marbury vs. Madison case, which led to the development of judicial review.
Convention of 1800
Def: Meeting that ended the US alliance with France and ended the Quasi War in the Caribbean. HS: America's push for this treaty was highly influenced by George Washington's farewell address and John Adams's stance on independent foreign policy.
Revolution of 1800
Def: Name given by Jefferson to his election to the presidency in 1800 because of his "repudiation of monarchial practices, undoing of Federalist judicial appointments, and cutbacks in military spending and taxes." HS: Brought Democratic-Republican rule to the presidency instead of the Federalist (which eventually died out) ways of the past presidents.
War Hawks
Def: New Congress; young republicans eager to avenge foreign insults, encouraged action towards War of 1812. HS: Considered biggest winners of War of 1812 because they "carried the banner of the Republican party" in new directions with trade, western expansion, internal improvements and the development of economic markets.
Whiskey Rebellion
Def: Protests of American farmers in response to the Whiskey Tax, a part of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. HS: Washington responded to the protests by sending in 1300 troops, which was the first show of force from government against demonstration.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Def: Resolutions written by Jefferson and Madison that nullified the Alien and Sedition Acts. HS: These writing also brought about the compact theory, which offered states more power than the federal government.
Louis and Clark Expedition
Def: Scientific mission commissioned by Jefferson sending two men to explore, chart and examine the newly purchased Louisiana Territory and its species. HS: While this was the first successful scientific exploration in America, it was also controversial as Congress saw it as an opportunity to scope out areas for military forts in the west and people questioned whether it was in the president's power to initiate a mission like this.
James Madison
Def: Secretary of State during Jefferson's presidency; fourth president of the US. HS: Led the US into the War of 1812.
Nullification Crisis
Def: South Carolina nullified the protective tariffs placed on them because the worldwide price of cotton was already dropping and there would be a fall off in shipping because the tariffs would hurt the south even more. Jackson ignored this statement of nullification (angering South Carolina). Henry Clay pleased both Jackson and SC by rallying support for a bill that would reduce tariffs to their 18126 level and allowed the government to use force on SC. HS: This was a controversy over states' rights and powers, which built up during later Civil War conflict.
Henry Clay
Def: Speaker of the House; Secretary of State; candidate for presidency (never won); crucial contributor to Missouri Compromise and Jackson's War on the National Bank. HS: Clay, along with Daniel Webster, provoked Jackson's outrage towards the National Bank in attempt to lose him the respect of the American people (which was unsuccessful).
Marbury vs. Madison
Def: Supreme Court case in which a "midnight judge" appointed by Adams, whose position was nullified by Jefferson, sued secretary of state James Madison. HS: This was the first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a law "unconstitutional."
Alien and Sedition Acts
Def: The Sedition Act outlawed conspiracy and revolt and penalized people for speaking in ways to defame Congress or the President. The Alien Acts a.) extended the waiting time for an alien to gain citizenship from 5 to 14 years and required them to register with the federal government and b.) allowed the president to deport/imprison aliens suspected as a threat to the country in a time of war. HS: These acts were controversial because Republicans felt they were in conflict with the Bill of Rights. They were also the nation's first form of immigration policy.
Thomas Jefferson
Def: Third president of the United States; author of the Declaration of Independence; Democratic-Republican HS: Although Jefferson's presidency differed in his small-scale, all-male social events, simplicity and limited executive power, he is most credited with the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the country.
Quasi War
Def: Undeclared war fought by America, Great Britain and Batavia against France and Spain in the Caribbean; caused by American conflict with France (XYZ Affair) and the signing of the Jay Treaty with Britain, which France believed went against their Treaty of Alliance with America from 1778. HS: This war legitimized US naval powers (as it was fought entirely at sea) and was a major engagement by President John Adams.
Proclamation of Neutrality
Def: Washington's response to uproar and dispute in the colonies as a result of differing stances on the French Revolution (pro-British vs. pro-French). HS: This policy defined the US's stance on foreign policy and expanded the president's executive powers (dealing with foreign policy).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Def: abolotionst, temperance-supporter, and leader of women's rights movement; author of Declaration of Sentiments HS: Stanton's Declaration of Sentiements, which was presented at the Senca Falls Convention, is considered one of the first steps in the women's rights movement.
Dorothea Dix
Def: advocate for the treatment of the mentally insane/disabled in response to observations of poor/inhumane care and treament for such people HS: Dix's work led to the betterment of many existing asylums and the establishment of mental hopstials where there were none already, such as here in Illinois.
National Bank Veto
Def: after Clay and Webster prompted the National Bank to attempt to renew their license early (in order to anger Jackson and expose/lose him respect from the public), Jackson vetoed the renewal, calling the bank a "monster" that only benefitted the wealthy elite. HS: Jackson's condemnation of the bank, although intended to make him look bad, actually gained him support and respect because it sounded like his was defending the common folk.
Lowell System
Def: based on Lowell Mills; workers live in company boarding and are regulated by company authorities HS: The Lowell System attracted many young unmarried women to factory towns, where they intended to live on the factory property and work for (minimal) pay.
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Def: case in which Maryland tried taxing banknotes of out-of-state banks, but the Second National Bank being the only out-of-state bank there at the time, it was defined as an attack on the National Bank. HS: This led to the implementation of the Necessary and Proper clause, which allowed the government to pass laws outside of the Constitution so long as they were necessary and constitutional.
George Washington
Def: commander of the First Continental Army; first president of the United States HS: Washington attempted to define the presidency informally to stray from the idea of a monarchy but also maintained formality through large parties and levees (Federalist).
French Revolution
Def: conflict in France concerning government following the American Revolution HS: The French Revolution caused many divides overseas as American citizens sided pro-French and pro-British, and raised questions of foreign policy.
Monroe Doctrine
Def: document stating that North American lands were no longer open for colonization, that attempts at colonizing would be considered "manifestation of unfriendly disposition," and that in return, the US would stay out of European conflict. HS: This was made in attempt to discourage France and Spain from reconquering newly-independent countries. It also acknowledged "New World" countries as strong, self-sufficient nations.
American System
Def: economic plan proposed by Henry Clay, based primarily off of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan HS: The American System included protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal subsidies for internal improvements.
Seneca Falls Convention
Def: first women's rights convention; birthplace of the Declaration of Sentiments HS: This was the first congregation of people in support of women's rights and inspired other similar conventions to take place shortly after.
Republican Motherhood
Def: idea that women's role in society was to educate their sons to become better citizens HS: This idea gave women a new purpose on society other than being accessories to men.
Charles Grandison Finney
Def: lawyer-turned minister of the 2nd Great Awakening HS: Finney saw canal towns, which were ridden with gambling, drinking and prostitution, as ideal for and evangelical awakening. This led him to hold a 6-week revival in Rochester, which resulted in many new converts.
Missouri Compromise
Def: legislation stating that Missouri could be admitted as a slave state so long as Maine was admitted as a free state, so as to maintain equality throughout the Union HS: This legislation set the southern border of Missouri as the boundary for slave states, which later led to definition of the Union and the Confederacy.
Hartford Convention
Def: meeting of Federalists in New England to discuss grievances about War of 1812 HS: After General Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the convention made Federalists look unpatriotic, which led to their demise as a political party.
2nd Great Awakening
Def: moral/spiritual movement that promoted moral perfection and disapproved of prostitution, drinking and slavery (evils). HS: This movement was largely followed by women, who found more opportunities in reform movements and brough their sons and husbands to revival meetings to be exposed to the ideals. The pursuit for moral perfection also inspired/encouraged many of the reformative movements of the era.
Whigs
Def: moralistic party focused on economic growth and development HS: The Whig party had a major impact on American politics and different ways of approaching morally controversial topics, such as slavery.
Abolition
Def: movement aimed to eliminate slavery from the Union HS: Abolition became more prominent during the 2nd Great Awakening when it was condemned by its followers. Anti-slavery newspapers gained awareness and support for the cause of abolition. Women, like Maria Stewart and the Grimke sisters, also brought attention to the cause as not only were they black, but also women speaking out publically.
Temperance
Def: movement inspired by the 2nd Great Awakening, aimed to abolish consumption of alcohol because reformers believed drinking led to idleness, crime, poverty and violence HS: Organizations such as the American Temperance Union, a group advocating and enforcing temperance, were able to cut alcohol consumption to one quarter of the 1830 consumption by demanding abstinence from its adherents. Before this, the average person over the age of 13 consumed 9 gallons of hard liquor and 30 gallons of hard cider, beer and wine annually.
Corrupt Bargain
Def: occurred during the 1824 election when Adams won the majority of presidential electoral votes, presumably based on the encouragement of Henry Clay so that he may be Secretary of State, despite Jackson's earning of the majority of the popular and electoral votes HS: This led to wide criticism from Jackson supporters throughout Adams's presidency, though the theory of a corrupt bargain has since been proven false.
John C. Calhoun
Def: part of the "Great Triumvirate" with Clay and Webster; Vice President; Secretary of State; respected politician HS: Calhoun's justification of slavery was used later on during the civil war to support the South's cession from the Union.
Era of Good Feelings
Def: period after the War of 1812 and the downfall of the Federalist party; closely associated with Monroe's presidency HS: This time period was defined by a sense of need for unity and national pride, though although eliminating political parties was part of Monroe's agenda, there were still tensions with him and his Republican party.
Market Revolution
Def: period of economic and industrial development and expansion with the development of new modes of transportation, communication and manufacturing HS: The market revolution allowed for an integrated economy of industrial and agricultural realms and broadened the opportunities for jobs for not only men but also young women.
Democratic-Republicans
Def: political party against excessive executive power and favoring state government, followed a strict interpretation of the Constitution, favored the common folk. HS: The Democratic-Republicans controlled the government under the rule of Jefferson.
Federalists
Def: political party favoring a strong central government with more executive power, following a loose interpretation of the Constitution and favored the wealthy. HS: The Federalist Part controlled the government for a while with people like Adams and Jefferson, but eventually quieted and died out.
Election of 1828
Def: presidential election between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, with Jackson prevailing as winner HS: This was the first election in which scandal and character were taken into account and have played a major role in elections ever since.
Internal Improvements
Def: public works, specifically transportation infrastructure (during this time period) such as canals, turnpikes, roads, and railroads. HS: These aspects of life were important because they helped facilitate the growing Market Revolution with more efficient movement of goods and people.
Jay's Treaty
Def: result of diplomatic mission to England; did not address captured American cargoes or slaves; granted British 18 months to withdraw from frontier forts and continued their fur trade; allowed repayments of debts with interest from American farmers to British firms HS: This treaty was extremely controversial as it did not benefit the Americans at all, but benefitted the British.
Treaty of 1818
Def: settled boundary disputes between US and Great Britain in North America; allowed for dual occupation of Oregon County, gave Great Britain land north of 49th parallel HS: This was the last permanent US cession of North American land to a foreign power and the last major British loss of land in the Continental US.
John Quincy Adams
Def: sixth president of the United States, sought to promote education and modernize American economy HS: Although he managed to pay off most of the national debt, Adams's lack of give-and-take congressional skills resulted in him not being able to address much of his agenda.
Washington's Farewell Address
Def: speech in which Washington addressed the need to maintain a "unity of government reflecting unified body politic" upon his leaving office HS: This need was ignored later on with the development and feuding of strong political parties.
Democrats
Def: supporters of Jackson's party "ready to embrace liberty-loving individualism" HS: This political party survived throughout the ages until the present day, though the ideals may have shifted.
Lynne Beecher
Def: teacher and advocate for more education opportunitie for females HS: Established the Hartford Female Seminary, in addition to other programs and organizations centered on the betterment and development of women's education.
Impressment
Def: the drafting of men for the military/navy HS: Britain impressed 9000 American citizens into the British Navy, claiming that they were still British citizens (since it was not addressed by Jay's Treaty).
Treaty of Ghent
Def: treaty between US and Britain that ended the War of 1812. HS: Stated that neither side could claim victory (though US did), no land could change hands, Americans gave up any claims to Canada and the British abandon aid to Indians.
Rush-Bagot Treaty
Def: treaty limiting America and Great Britain to four naval ships with one cannon each to patrol water border HS: Established a generally demilitarized boundary between British and US North America
Treaty of New Echota
Def: treaty signed between US officials and (unqualified) Cherokee Indians that ceded disputed Cherokee territory to Georgia and made Cherokees move westward into Indian Territory. HS: This legal action was the basis for the Trail of Tears.
Pickney's Treaty
Def: treaty with Spain allowing American ships to sail on the Mississippi River HS: This treaty was the first American move westward, "across" the Mississippi
Adams-Onis Treaty
Def: treaty with Spain that gave US Florida in exchange for US territories in Cuba and Texas HS: This was an attempt to remove the Spanish from the land, but later led to conflict over the Texas territory.
Cult of Domesticity
Def: value system that outlined the new ideas of femininity and women's roles in the home and in society; four cardinal virtues: purity, piety, domecisity and submissiveness; portrayed women as the "light of the household." HS: This new idea of the role of women contradicted the actions of outspoken rights activists. These values also reappeared again in the 1950s.
Andrew Jackson
Def: war hero from War of 1812 with victory at the Battle of New Orleans; TN militia general; seventh president of the United States ruling with strict military principal, seen as a "common man." HS: Jackson is most notable for his war against the National Bank, his Indian Removal Act, his "Jeffersonian limited government (democracy)" and his excessive use of the veto power.
Panic of 1819
Def: when the National Bank suddenly demanded all loans to state banks to be paid back in hard money, the state banks were unable to, therefore began foreclosing on farms and business properties that they had financed. This led to many bankruptcies and widespread unemployment. HS: This financial crisis led to many Americans questioning the economic system and becoming more politically engaged in the interest of the economy. The American System also received criticism.
