APUSH Unit 4: Chapter 24

Scabs

"Scabs" were strike breakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike.

Compare and contrast the organization, leadership, membership [especially the role of women] and programs of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

All the people who "toiled" we're allowed to join the Knights of Labor, except lawyers, bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers. The group's name changed, five years later, to the American Federation of Labor, whom also accepted the membership of women. The Knights and AFL both sought to raise women's pay, and make them equal to men.

Hay Market Riot (1886)

Also known as the Chicago Labor Disturbance, the Haymarket incident resulted in many deaths due to a bomb thrown during a meeting.

"Gospel of Wealth"

Carnegie wrote the book Gospel of Wealth to describe the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Explain the new approach to management and business organization that accompanied the rise of large corporations. What industries let in these developments?

Corporations began to sell stock to finance business ventures in order to grow, particularly in the railroad and steel industries. Corporations changed systems of management as well as create managers and other individuals responsible for individual responsibilities.

What technological development profoundly changed the oil industry?

Development of the internal combustion engine and its use in vehicles changed the oil industry. With a large market, the oil industry grew to meet the demand.

Explain the concepts of "scientific management" and "mass production". Who were the leading pioneers of these new approaches to the industry?

Frederick Winslow Taylor created scientific management, also known as Taylorism. It emphasized the division of labor, piece-rate wages, assembly line work, and rationalization and standardization of work. This aided mass production, which produced more items for less money.

Although the age of the automobile would not fully arrive until the 1920s, what development of the 1890s and early 1900s laid the basis for the later boom?

In France, Germany, and Australia, designers developed motors to drive independently controlled vehicles. The internal combustion engine used the expanding power of burning gas to drive Pistons, which led to the creation of automobiles.

What technological innovations of the late 19c transformed communications and business operations?

Many innovations transformed communications and business operations such as the typewriter, Kodak camera, the fountain pen, motion picture camera, phonograph, incandescent lightbulb, and the safety razor.

What methods were used by businesses to thwart labor reforms?

Methods such as threats by armed me , closing factories, passing laws to prevent strikes, and hiring scabs to cross the picket line were used to thwart labor reforms.

What was the relationship between the steel industry and the railroads?

Railroads used iron to build railroad tracks, but it was weak and dangerous. Soon people realized steel was a better material for tracks, since it could hold more weight and promoted heavier cargo. Railroads also transported the minerals needed to forge steel.

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism was the application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies. It served as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Why did AFL succeed, while the Knights of Labor disappeared by the end of the 19c?

The Knights disappeared by the end of the 19c because they were loosely organized and not very centralized. They sought vague goals and were unable to stay in competition.

How did financiers and industrialists use pools, trusts, and holding companies to expand their control? What was the result of this trend toward corporate combination?

The Rockefeller and Stanford Oil trust used horizontal integration to eliminate their competition. Since they held control, their profits increased and led them to lower their price for consumers. The system increased national wealth and production.

What was the main legal principle that made buying stock in the modern corporation attractive to investors?

The legal principle which made investment in corporations attractive and increased their growth was limited liability.

How did the railroad transform America economically?

The railroad provided cheap transportation across large expanses of land. During construction, job openings increased in maintenance and service. The invention also displaced citizens, whose land was stolen by the government.

"Yellow-dog" contract

This contract was written between employers and employees in which the employees signed an agreement saying they would not join a union while working for the company.

Compare and contrast the vertical and horizontal integration strategies of business combinations. Which approaches did Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller use initially? Why did they evolve toward using both strategies?

Vertical integration in Carnegie steel controlled all sections of manufacturing, instead of separating into smaller companies which increased profits. Horizontal integration in Rockefeller Oil created the umbrella company. It eliminated the competition by giving rebates to reduce prices, then leave the option to monopolize.