APUSH Unit 4 Review

Life Under the Lash

"Black Belt": region of the South where most slaves were concentrated; stretched from South Carolina and Georgia into Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Blacks managed to sustain family life in slavery. Blacks formed their own religions from a mixture of Christian and African elements. Responsorial: style of preaching in which the congregation responds to the preacher with remarks of "amen."

The Two-Party System

2) There was a formation of a two-party system. The two parties consisted of the Democrats and the Whigs (the National Republican Party had died out). Jacksonian Democrats supported individual liberties, states' rights, and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. The Whigs supported the natural harmony of society and the value of community, a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery.

"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1833

A third party entered the election in the election of 1832: The Anti-Masonic party. The party hated the Masonic Order, a secret society, because it thought the Order was comprised of privileged, elite people. Although Jackson was supported egalitarianism and "the common man", he was a Mason himself; therefore the Anti-Masons were an anti-Jackson party. It gained support from evangelical Protestant groups. The Jacksonians (Democrats) were opposed to government involvement in social and economic life. Andrew Jackson was reelected in 1832.

The Abolitionist Impact in the North

Abolitionists were, for a long time, unpopular in many parts of the North. The southern planters owed much money to the northern bankers. If the Union collapsed, these debts would not be repaid. Additionally, New England textile mills were supplied with cotton raised by the slaves. If slavery was abolished, then the cotton supply would be cut off, resulting in unemployment. "Free soilers" opposed extending slavery to the western territories.

Early Abolitionism

American Colonization Society: founded in 1817; focused on transporting blacks back to Africa. Republic of Liberia: founded in 1822 as a place for former slaves. By 1860, all southern slaves were born in America, and many did not have a desire to return to Africa. The Second Great Awakening inspired many abolitionists to speak out against the sins of slavery. Theodore Dwight Weld: abolitionist who spoke against slavery; wrote the pamphlet American Slavery As It Is (1839) which made arguments against slavery; went to Lane Theological Seminary.

The Dawn of Scientific Achievement

Americans were more interested in practical gadgets than in pure science. Americans invented practical gadgets, but they borrowed and adapted scientific findings from the Europeans. Medicine in America was still primitive by modern standards. In the early 1840s, several American doctors and dentists successfully used laughing gas and ether as anesthetics.

The Accession of "Tyler Too"

At the beginning of Henry Harrison's presidency, Daniel Webster (secretary of state) and Henry Clay (leader of Whigs in the Senate) expected to control the Presidency because Harrison was not a very commanding figure. Only 4 weeks into Harrison's presidency, though, Harrison died. This disrupted the plans of Webster and Clay. John Tyler: Vice President to Henry Harrison; successor as President following Harrison's death; "Tyler too"; a Democrat at heart and contradicted many of the Whig Party's ideas.

Plantation Slavery

Because the price of "black ivory" (slaves) was so high, slaves were smuggled into the South even though legal importation of African slaves into American ended in 1808. Most slaves were the offspring of slaves already in America. Planters regarded slaves as major investments.

Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828

Before the election of 1824, two parties had formed: National Republicans and Democratic- Republicans (also referred to as just "Democrat"). Adams and Clay were the figures of the National Republicans and Jackson was with the Democratic-Republicans. Andrew Jackson beat Adams to win the election of 1828. The majority of his support came from the South, while Adams's support came from the North.

The Blossoming of a National Literature

Before the mid-1800s, most literature in America was imported from Britain. Following the War of 1812, American literature received a boost from the wave of nationalism and the arrival of romanticism to America. Washington Irving: the first American to win international recognition as a literary figure. James Fenimore Cooper: the first American novelist to gain world fame.

Growing Pains of the West

Between 1791 and 1819, 9 states from the West had joined the United States. People moved west because of cheap land, the construction of highways, and many Indian territories had been eliminated.

The German Forty-Eighters

Between 1830 and 1860, many Germans came to America because of crop failures and other hardships (collapse of German democratic revolutions). Unlike the Irish, the Germans possessed a modest amount of material goods when they came to America. The Germans moved west into the Middle West (Wisconsin). The Germans were more educated than the Americans, and they were opposed to slavery.

The March of Millions

By the mid-1800s, the population was doubling every 25 years. By 1860, there were 33 states and the U.S. was the 4th most populous country in the western world. The increased population and larger cities brought about disease and decreased living standards. In the 1840s and 1850s, more European immigrants came to the Americas because Europe seemed to be running out of room. Immigrants also came to America to escape the aristocratic caste and state church, and there was more opportunity to improve one's life. Transoceanic steamboats also reduced ocean travel times.

"The American System"

Congress instituted the 1st protective tariff, the Tariff of 1816, primarily for protection for American companies. British companies were trying to put American factories out of business by selling their British goods for much less than the American factories. The tariff placed a 20-25% taxon the value of dutiable imports. This tax increased over time, creating problems of no competition between companies. Henry Clay created a plan for developing a profitable U.S. economy. It was called the American System. It had 3 main parts: 1) A strong banking system that would provide easy and abundant credit. 2) A protective tariff that would allow eastern manufacturing to flourish. 3) A network of roads and canals that would transport raw materials across the country. 3 President Madison vetoed a bill to give states aid for infrastructure, deeming it unconstitutional. The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were opposed to using federal money to support interstate improvements.

"Cotton is King!"

Cotton accounted for half the value of all American exports after 1840. In the 1850s, Britain's most important manufactured item was cotton cloth. Britain imported 75% of its raw cotton from the South. Because of this, the South had a significant influence in Britain.

Artistic Achievements

Early American architects used a Federal Style that emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint (columns, domes, pediments). Between 1820 and 1850, a Greek revival in architecture came to America. Most of the ideas of art and painting were taken from Europe. "Dixie" was the battle hymn of the Confederates and was written in 1859.

Literary Individuals and Dissenters

Edgar Allan Poe: wrote with a pessimistic tone, unlike the literature at the time. Herman Melville: wrote the novel Moby Dick.

Women and the Economy

Farm women and girls had an important place in the pre-industrial economy: spinning yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles, soap, butter, cheese. Women were forbidden to form unions, had few opportunities to share dissatisfactions over harsh working conditions. Vast majority of working women were single. Cult of Domesticity: a widespread cultural creed glorifying the customary functions of the homemaker. During the Industrial Revolution, families were small, affectionate, and child-centered.

A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny

For the election of 1844, the Whigs chose Henry Clay, and the Democrats chose James K. Polk. Polk was the Speaker of the House of Representatives for four years and governor of Tennessee for two terms. He beat Henry Clay to win the election of 1844. He was known as "Young Hickory", he said he would protect Texas, and he avoided the issue of slavery. In the 1840s and 1850s, the idea of Manifest Destiny spread across America. Many Americans felt that God had destined them to spread their democratic institutions over the entire continent and over South America as well. Democrats strongly supported the idea of Manifest Destiny.

Oregon Fever Populates Oregon

Four nations claimed parts of the Oregon Country at one time: Spain, Russia, Britain, and the United States. Spain gave up its American territory with the Florida Treaty of 1819, and Russia gave up its land with the treaties of 1824 and 1825.Britain controlled the Oregon territory north of the Columbia River, while American controlled the southern territory. Britain had a smaller population in the Oregon territory, but it did not want to give up its claims. The disputed territory in the Oregon Country became an issue in the election of 1844.

The South Lashes Back

From 1831-1832, Virginia defeated numerous emancipation bills. Other states followed suit, prohibiting all forms of emancipation. This series of emancipation setbacks was known as the nullification crisis of 1832. It silenced the voice of white southern abolitionism. The Southerners argued that slavery was supported by the Bible, and that slavery was good for the Africans because it introduced them to Christianity. The Gag Resolution required all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled without debate in the House of Representatives. In 1835, the government ordered the southern postmasters to destroy abolitionist material due to anti- abolitionist mobbing and rioting at a postal office in Charleston, South Carolina.

"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York

Governor DeWitt Clinton: governor of N.Y. who lead the building of the Erie Canal that connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River in 1825; the canal lowered shipping prices and decreased passenger transit time.

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay introduced a compromise that decided whether or not Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Congress decided to admit Missouri as a slave state in 1820. But, Maine, which was apart of Massachusetts, was to be admitted as a separate, free state. Therefore, there were 12 slave states and 12 free states. The Missouri Compromise by Congress forbade slavery in the remaining territories in the Louisiana Territory north of the line of 36° 30', except for Missouri.

Workers and "Wage Slaves"

Impersonal relationships replaced the personal relationships that were once held between workers. Factory workers were forbidden by law to form labor unions to raise wages. In the 1820s, many children were used as laborers in factories. Jacksonian democracy brought about the voting rights of the laboring man. President Van Buren established the ten-hour work day in 1840 (for federal employees on public projects).

Creeping Mechanization

In 1750, steam was used with machines to take the place of human labor. This enabled the Industrial Revolution in England. It took a while for the Industrial Revolution to spread to America because soil in America was cheap and peasants preferred to grow crops as opposed to working in factories. So labor was scarce until the immigrants came to America in the 1840s. The large British factories also had a monopoly on the textile industry, with which American companies could not compete.

The Hated Embargo

In 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act. It banned the exportation of any goods to any countries. With the act, Jefferson planned to force France and England, who both depended on American trade, to respect America and its citizens, who had been killed and captured by both countries. The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently hated by Americans. The act was repealed in 1809 and a substitute act was enacted: The Non-Intercourse Act. It opened up trade to every country except France and Britain. The embargo failed because Jefferson overestimated the dependence of Britain and France on America's trade. Britain was able to trade with the Latin American republics and France had enough land in Europe to support itself.

The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations"

In 1824, Congress significantly increased the tariff on imports. The Tariff of 1828: called the "Black Tariff" or the "Tariff of Abominations"; also called the "Yankee Tariff". It was hated by Southerners because it was an extremely high tariff and they felt it discriminated against them. The South was having economic struggles and they used the tariff as a scapegoat for their problems. In 1822, Denmark Vesey led a slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina. The South Carolina Exposition, made by John C. Calhoun, was published in 1828. It was a pamphlet that denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional.

Cables (Telegraphs), Clippers, and Pony Riders

In 1840s-50s, American navel yards began to produce new ships called clipper ships. Sacrificed cargo room for speed and able to transport small amounts of goods in short amounts of time. Were eventually superseded by steamboats after steamboats were improved. Pony Express was established in 1860 to carry mail from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. The mail service collapsed after 18 months due to lack of profit.

Manipulating the Maine Maps

In 1842, the British wanted to build a road linking the seaport of Halifax to Quebec. The proposed road ran through disputed territory in northern Maine, though. Skirmishes between locals broke out and these skirmishes were referred to as the Aroostook War. To prevent a wider-reaching war, the London Foreign Office sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to settle the dispute. He and Daniel Webster negotiated and agreed to a new boundary for Maine that put the disputed road in Canadian territory.

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

In August of 1814, a second British force attacked Washington D.C. They burned most of the capital, including the White House and Capitol. Francis Scott Key: American prisoner aboard a British ship who watched the British fleet bombard Fort McHenry; wrote the "Star Spangled Banner." Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans at the Battle of New Orleans.

"Nullies" in the South

In an attempt to meet the South's demands, Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, a slightly lower tariff compared to the Tariff of 1828. It fell short of the South's demands. The state legislature of South Carolina called for the Columbia Convention. The delegates of the convention called for the tariff to be void in South Carolina. The convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if the Federal government attempted to collect the customs duties by force. Henry Clay introduced the Tariff of 1833. It gradually reduced the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over 8 years. By 1842, the rates would be back at the level of 1816. The compromise Tariff of 1833 ended the dispute over the Tariff of 1832 between the South and the White House. The compromise was supported by South Carolina but not much by the other southern states. Prior to the compromise, Congress had passed the Force Bill, which authorized the Federal government to use force to collect the tariffs.

The Emerald Isle Moves West

In the 1840s, many Irish came to America because of a potato rot that caused famine through Ireland. Most were Roman-Catholic. Politically powerful because they bonded together as one large voting body. They increased competition for jobs, so they were hated by native workers. Irish hated the blacks and the British.

The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone

In the 8 years following 1836, Mexico considered Texas one of their provinces that was in revolt. Mexico refused to recognize Texas's independence. Mexico threatened war if America protected Texas. Texas made treaties with France, Holland, and Belgium. Britain was interested in seeing an independent Texas because they hoped it could be used to fragment and weaken America. The British were also interested in having Texas as a trading partner who was more friendly than the Americans.

Demon Rum - The "Old Deluder"

In the early 1800s, many people developed drinking problems due to social norms and hard/monotonous life. This included women, clergymen, and members of Congress. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826. Its members persuaded people to stop drinking. Drinking decreased worker efficiency and threatened the family structure. Neal S. Dow: thought that alcohol should be outlawed; "Father of Prohibition"; supported the Maine Law of 1851 which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor in Maine. (The country banned the sale of alcohol with the 18th amendment in 1918.)

Women in Revolt

In the early 19th century, the role of women was to stay at home and be subordinate to her husband. Women could not vote and when married, she could not retain her property. Because of these things, women actually started to avoid marriage. Gender differences were emphasized in the 19th century because the market economy was separating women and men into distinct economic roles (women were viewed as artistic and the keepers of society's conscience, while men were viewed as strong but crude). Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York in a Woman's Rights Convention in 1848 to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include women.

The South and the Slavery Controversy

In the late 1700s, slavery was starting to die out, but the invention of the cotton gin prompted plantation owners to keep their slaves to support the larger cotton harvests.

Portrayers of the Past

In the mid-1800s, American historians began to emerge.

The Trail of Tears

Jackson's Democrats were committed to western expansion, but such expansion meant confrontation with the Indians who inhabited the land east of the Mississippi. 5 The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded in 1787 to Christianize Indians. The "Five Civilized Tribes" were the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. These tribes made efforts to assimilate into white culture. President Jackson wanted to move the Indians so Americans could expand. Despite Supreme Court rulings that consistently favored the Indians' land rights, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It moved more than 100,000 Indians living east of the Mississippi to reservations west of the Mississippi. Many Indians died on forced marches along the Trail of Tears. Black Hawk led Indians to fight against the relocation in the Black Hawk War of 1832. The Indians were defeated. The Seminoles in Florida retreated to the Everglades, fighting for several years until they retreated deeper into the Everglades or were moved to the Oklahoma area.

Madison's Gamble

James Madison became president on March 4, 1809. Congress issued Macon's Bill No. 2. It reopened American trade with the entire world, but it had a clause stating that if Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, then the U.S. would reinstate its trading embargo against the non-repealing country. Napoleon convinced James Madison to give Britain three months to lift its Orders in Council. Madison did, but Britain chose not to lift its Orders in Council, and Madison had to re-enact the United States's trade embargo, but this time just against Britain. Macon's Bill No. 2 led to the War of 1812.

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

Jefferson preferred to make the military smaller. Jefferson was forced to change his thoughts of not using military force when the leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States. Jefferson sent the new navy to Tripoli and after 4 years of fighting, a deal was reached. The U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans.

Jeffersonian Restraint

Jefferson quickly pardoned the prisoners of the Sedition Acts. The Naturalization Law of 1802 reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years. Jefferson also did away with the excise tax. Albert Gallatin: Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson; believed that a national debt wasn't a blessing; he reduced the national debt.

A Precarious Neutrality

Jefferson was reelected in 1804, capturing 162 electoral votes, while his Federalist opponent (Charles Pinckney) only received 14 votes. England was the power of the seas, and France had the power of land. England issued a series of Orders in Council in 1806. They closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping. The French ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports. Chesapeake Affair: a royal ship attacked the U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake, after the Americans refused to returned four alleged British deserters.

A Yankee Misfit in the White House

John Quincy Adams was a strong nationalist and he supported the building of national roads and canals. He also supported education.

A desert Zion in Utah

Joseph Smith: formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in 1830 when he deciphered the Book of Mormon from some golden plates given to him by an angel; led the Mormons to Illinois. After Joseph Smith was killed 1844, Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah to avoid persecution.

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary

Judiciary Act of 1801: passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. The new Republican-Democratic Congress quickly repealed the act and kicked out the 16 newly seated judges. One Federalist judge, Chief Justice John Marshall, was not removed. He served under presidents including Jefferson for 34 years. He shaped the American legal tradition more than any other person. James Madison was the new Secretary of State. Marbury vs. Madison (1803) - James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued James Madison for his pay. The court ruled that Marbury had the right to his pay, but the court did not have the authority to force Madison to give Marbury his pay. Most importantly, this decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution.

Highways and Steamboats

Lancaster Turnpike: hard-surfaced highway that ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster; toll to use it. In 1811, the federal government began to construct the National Road/Cumberland Road. Went from Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Illinois. Completed in 1852. Robert Fulton: installed a steam engine on a boat, creating the first steamboat. Played a vital role in the economic expansion of West/South, via extensive waterways.

Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters

Many free blacks settled in New Orleans. Free blacks were generally not liked in the North and South. In the South, free blacks were prohibited from having certain jobs and forbidden from testifying against whites in court. They were known as the "3rd Race." White southerners liked the black as an individual, but they hated the race. The white northerner professed to like the race, but disliked the individual.

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded: - Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargoes. - Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. - The abolition of slavery. - A President could only serve 1 term. - The abolition of the 3/5 clause. - The prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state. Few took serious interest in the demands in the wake of the Ghent treaty. The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.

Flare-ups of Antiforeignism

Massive immigration of the Europeans to America inflamed prejudices of American nativists. The Roman Catholics created a separate Catholic educational system to avoid the American Protestant educational system. The American party (Know-Nothing party) was created by native Americans who opposed the immigrants. Many people died in riots and attacks between the American natives and the immigrants.

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) involved an attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes. John Marshall declared the U.S. Bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. He strengthened federal authority when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824): New York tried to give a private company a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. (Meaning that no other company could use the waterway.) N.Y. lost.

The Iron Horse

Most significant contribution to the expansion of American economy was the railroad. The first one appeared in 1828. Railroads were initially opposed because of safety flaws and took away money from canal investors.

The Louisiana Godsend

Napoleon Bonaparte convinced the king of Spain to give Louisiana land area to France in 1800. Not wanting to fight Napoleon/France in America, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in Paris in 1803 to buy as much land as he could for $10 million. Napoleon decided to sell all Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World Empire for 2 reasons: 1) He failed to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs. 2) Because Britain controlled the seas, Napoleon didn't want Britain to take over Louisiana. Selling the land to America removed this possibility and it gave Napoleon much-needed cash. He also hoped giving the land to America would help make America a world-power that would disrupt the ambitions of the British king. Robert Livingston: along with James Monroe, he negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803, cedingLouisiana to the United States for $15 million. The Americans had signed 3 treaties and gotten much land to the west of the Mississippi. 820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre. (Louisiana Purchase) Louisiana in the Long View Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis and a military officer, William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Fighting Mexico for Peace

Nicholas P. Trist: chief clerk of State Department; signed Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded Texas and the area that included California to America for $15 million. This area was about half of Mexico. The antislavery Whigs in Congress ("Conscience Whigs") opposed the treaty because they had originally opposed the war. Expansionists also opposed the treaty because they wanted all of Mexico, not just part of it.

American Blood on American (?) Soil

On January 13, 1846, Polk ordered 4,000 men under General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande. On May 9, 1846, Polk asked Congress to declare war on Mexico of the basis of unpaid claims and Slidell's rejection of the purchasing of California. Prior to this request, Mexican troops had already attacked American troops. War was subsequently declared. Many people in Congress accused Polk of provoking war. Mexico was not willing to sell California and war seemed to be the only way that America could California.

Mr. Madison's War

On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on the British and it agreed. The Democratic-Republicans who supported the war ("war hawks") felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world. They wanted to invade Canada, the Indians' stronghold, because the Indians were being armed by the British to attack the settlers. The Federalists were opposed because they supported Britain.

Polk the Purposeful

Polk had four main goals for his presidency: 1) A lower tariff; 2) Restore the independent treasury, which the Whigs dropped in 1841 because the Whigs won the presidency; 3-4) The acquisition of California and the settlement of the Oregon Country dispute without violence. Robert J. Walker: Secretary of Treasury to James Polk; devised the Walker Tariff of 1846, a tariff-for-revenue bill that reduced the tariff from 32% to 25%. The independent treasury was restored in 1846. Britain presented Polk with the Oregon Country up to the 49th parallel. Offer approved without a shot fired.

The Mastering of Mexico

Polk wanted California, not war. He hoped that America could pull out of the war with California. American generals in Mexican-American War: - General Stephen W. Kearny: led 1,700 troops to Santa Fe. - General Zachary Taylor: won many victories including over a large Mexican force at Buena Vista; future President - General Winfield Scott: succeeded in battling his way to Mexico City by September 1847; became President Abraham Lincoln's first choice to lead the Union army in the Civil War.

The Bank War

President Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of the United States because he felt it was very monopolistic. The Bank of the United States was a private institution that was not accountable to the people; it was only accountable to its investors. The bank minted gold and silver coins. Nicholas Biddle, the president of the Bank of the United States, held an immense and possibly unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. The Bank War erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank's charter. Clay wanted to make it an issue for the election of 1832. He felt that if Jackson signed off on the bill, then Jackson would alienate the people of the West who hated the Bank. If Jackson vetoed the bill, then he would alienate the wealthy class of the East who supported the Bank. Clay did not account for the fact that the wealthy class was now a minority. Jackson vetoed the bill, calling the Bank unconstitutional. The veto showed that Jackson felt that the Executive Branch had more power than the Judicial Branch in determining the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. This was despite the fact that the Supreme Court had already ruled that the Bank was constitutional in McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819).

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine

Samuel Slater: "Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with memorized plans for textile machinery; put into operation the first machine to spin cotton thread in 1791. Eli Whitney: built the first cotton gin in 1793. The cotton gin was much more effective than slaves at separating the cotton seed from the cotton fiber. Its development affected the entire world. Because of the cotton gin, the South's production of cotton increased and demand for cotton revived the demand for slavery. New England became the industrial center of the Industrial Revolution in America because it had poor soil for farming; it had a dense population for labor; shipping brought in capital; seaports enabled the import of raw materials and the export of the finished products.

Monroe and his Doctrine

Secretary Adams thought the British feared that the Americans would take Spanish territory in the Americas, ultimately threatening Britain's possessions in the Caribbean. Monroe Doctrine (1823): President Monroe's warning to the European powers; its two components were noncolonization and nonintervention; it had little immediate impact. - Monroe stated that the era of colonization in the Americas was over. - Monroe also warned against foreign intervention. He warned Britain to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, and stated that the United States would not intervene in foreign wars.

Wilderness Utopians

Several utopian communities were created in the early 1800s, but all of them ultimately failed. Robert Owen: founded a communal society in New Harmony, Indiana in 1825 to seek human betterment.

The Burdens of Bondage

Slaves were not permitted to read because reading brought ideas and ideas brought discontent. 12 Slavery in the South was known as the "peculiar institution." Nat Turner's Rebellion: southern rebellion against slavery led by Nat Turner; the rebellion was defeated. Enslaved Africans aboard the slave ship Amistad rebelled and took control of the ship in 1839. The ship landed in Long Island, but the Africans were eventually returned to Sierra Leone.

An Age of Reform

States gradually abolished debtors' prisons due to public demand. Criminal codes in the states were being softened. The number of capital offenses was being reduced. Society began to think that prisons should reform as well as punish. Dorothy Dix: traveled the country, visiting different asylums; released a report on insanity and asylums; her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill. In 1828, the American Peace Society was formed. It was led by William Ladd.

Free Schools for a Free People

Tax-supported public education came about between 1825-1850. Americans eventually saw they had to educate their children because the children were the future. The teachers of the schools were mostly men and did not know how to teach. Not very many schools in the U.S. because of high costs to communities. Horace Mann: campaigned effectively for a better school system.

The Lone Star Rebellion

Texas declared its independence in 1836. Sam Houston: commander in chief for Texas army. General Houston forced Santa Anna to sign a treaty in 1836 after Houston had captured Santa Anna in the Battle of San Jacinto. The treaty defined the Rio Grande as the southwestern boundary of an independent Texas. The Texans wanted to become a state in the United States, but the northerners did not want this because of the issue of slavery: admitting Texas would mean one more slave state.

The Belated Texas Nuptials

Texas was a leading issue in the presidential campaign of 1844. The Democrats were pro-expansion and supported the annexation of Texas, while the Whigs were against it. The Democrats (James Polk) won the election of 1844, and lame duck (outgoing) President Tyler took that as a sign to acquire Texas before he left the presidency. He signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state in America.

A War of Words with Britain

The 19th Century was marked by periods of public disdain for Britain. This sparked the "Third War with England." This war was only fought with editorials in papers. In 1837, there was a small rebellion in Canada. Although it was supported by many Americans, the rebellion failed because it was backed by few Canadians. In 1837, the American ship, the Caroline, was carrying military supplies to the rebelling Canadians when it was sunk by a British ship. Washington officials made ineffective protests against the attack. In 1841, British officials in the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured the American ship Creole.

On to Canada over Lakes and Lakes

The Americans tried to invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. All were fought off by the Canadians. The Americans then attacked by sea and were more successful. Oliver Hazard Perry: captured a British fleet in Lake Erie. General Harrison's army overtook the British at Detroit and Fort Malden in the Battle of the Thames in October 1813. Thomas Macdonough: naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; he saved upper New York from British conquest.

Burying Biddle's Bank

The Bank of the United States's charter expired in 1836. Jackson wanted to make sure that the Bank was destroyed. In 1833, 3 years before the Bank's charter expired, Jackson decided to remove federal deposits from its vaults. Jackson proposed depositing no more funds in the bank and he gradually shrunk existing deposits by using the funds to pay for day-to-day expenditures of the government. The death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy. Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state banks that were politically supportive of Jackson ("pet banks"). Smaller, wildcat banks in the west had begun to issue their own currency. But this "wildcat" currency was extremely unreliable because its value was based upon the value of the bank from which it was issued. In 1836, "wildcat" currency had become so unreliable that Jackson told the Treasury to issue a Specie Circular, a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with metallic money. This drastic step contributed greatly to the financial panic of 1837.

Monroe's Doctrine Appraised

The Europeans powers were offended by the Monroe Doctrine. This was in part because of America's soft military strength. President Monroe was more concerned with the security of America when he issued the Monroe Doctrine. He basically warned the Old World powers to stay away. The Doctrine thrived off nationalism.

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings

The Federalists ran a presidential candidate for the last time in 1816. James Monroe won the election. The time during the administrations of President Monroe was known as the "Era of Good Feelings" because the 2 political parties were getting along.

Slavery and the Sectional Balance

The House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment, making it more difficult for Missouri to become a state. It did not allow for anymore slaves to be brought into Missouri and for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri. The amendment was defeated by the slave states in Congress. Peculiar Institution: an expression used to describe slavery and its economic impacts in South

Profit and Loss in Mexico

The Mexican War provided field experience for the officers who became generals in the Civil War, including Captain Robert E. Lee and Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant. David Wilmot: proposed an amendment that stated that the territory from Mexico should remain slave-free. This Wilmot Proviso never passed the Senate because the Southern members did not want to remove the possibility of future slave states from this territory.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

The Panic of 1819 was the first financial panic since President Washington took office. The main cause was over-speculation in frontier lands. The Bank of the United States was hated by western farmers because it foreclosed on many farms.

Denominational Diversity

The Second Great Awakening widened the gap between the societal classes and regions. The more prosperous and conservative denominations in the East were little touched by revivalism. Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians derived its members from the wealthier parts of society, while Methodists and Baptists came from less prosperous communities in the South and West. The issue of slavery split the churches apart.

The Planter "Artistocracy"

The South was more of an oligarchy, a government ran by a few. The government was heavily affected by the planter aristocracy. Southern aristocracy widened the gap between the rich and poor because the aristocrats made governmental decisions in their favor. The Southern plantation wife commanded the female slaves.

Marvels in Manufacturing

The War of 1812 created a boom of American factories and the use of American products as opposed to British imports. The surplus in American manufacturing dropped following the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. The British manufacturers sold their products to Americans at very low prices. Congress passed Tariff 8 of 1816 to protect the American manufacturers. In 1798, Eli Whitney came up with the idea of using machines (instead of people) to make each part of the musket. This meant that the musket's components would be consistently manufactured, and could be interchanged. The principle of interchangeable parts caught on by 1850 and it became the basis for mass-production. Limited Liability: an individual investor only risks his personal investment in a company in the event of a bankruptcy Samuel F. B. Morse: invented the telegraph.

Nascent Nationalism

The War of 1812 showed other nations around the world that America would defend its beliefs. The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was heightened nationalism. The army/navy were expanded and Bank of the United States was revived by Congress: 1816.

John Tyler: A President without a Party

The Whigs introduced many policy changes when the party won the presidency with Harrison (and then Tyler). The first change was financial reform. The independent treasury system was ended. A bill for a "Fiscal Bank," which would establish a new Bank of the United States went through Congress, but President Tyler vetoed it. The Whigs presented a "Fiscal Corporation," but Tyler again vetoed it. President Tyler rejected by former Whig Party. Tyler reluctantly signed the Tariff of 1842 because he recognized government's need for revenue.

The Birth of the Whigs

The Whigs were conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools. They called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. 6 The Whigs claimed to be defenders of the common man and declared the Democrats the party of corruption. They absorbed the Anti-Masonic Party. The Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's choice as his successor in the election of 1836. He won the election. General William Henry Harrisonwas one of the Whig's many presidential nominees. The Whigs did not win because they did not unite behind just one candidate.

Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury

The basic cause of the panic of 1837 was rampant speculation by banks. (Banks gave a lot of loans to people/businesses who, in the end, could not afford to repay the loans.) Jacksonian's financial policies also contributed to the panic. In 1836, the failure of two British banks caused British investors to call in foreign loans. These loans were the beginning of the panic. The panic of 1837 caused hundreds of banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop, sales of public to fall, and the loss of jobs. The Whigs proposed government policies to fix the economic downturn: expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, subsidies for internal improvement. Van Buren rejected these proposals because he wanted to keep government involvement out of the economy. Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill. Not passed by Congress, it called for separating the government and banking. The Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840. An independent treasury would be established and government funds would be locked in vaults.

Slaves of the Slave System

The economic structure in the South became increasingly monopolistic. The Southern economy was very dependent on cotton, which made the economy unstable. Many plantation owners over-speculated in land and slaves, causing them fall into debt.

Higher Goals for Higher Learning

The first state-supported universities showed up in the South in 1795. The University of Virginia was founded by Thomas Jefferson. Women's schools at the secondary level came in the 1820s because of Emma Willard. At the time, it was still widely believed that a women's place is in the home.

Shaping the Western Landscape

The life as a western pioneer was very grim. Pioneers were poor and stricken with disease and loneliness. Fur trapping was a large industry in the Rocky Mountain area. Each summer, fur trappers would meet with traders from the East to exchange beaver pelts for manufactured goods ("rendezvous" system).

Misunderstandings with Mexico

The population of California in 1845 consisted of Spanish-Mexicans and Indians. Polk wanted to buy California (The Bear Flag Republic) from Mexico but relations with Mexico were poor due to the annexation of Texas. John Slidell: sent by Polk to Mexico City in 1845 to buy California for $25 million; the offer was rejected.

Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields

The trans-Allegheny region, especially Indiana and Illinois, became the nation's breadbasket. Liquor and hogs became the early western farmer's staple market items because both of these items were supported by corn. John Deere: produced a steel plow in 1837 which broke through the thick soil of the West. McCormick Reaper: a horse-drawn mechanical reaper that could cut and gather crops much faster than with previous methods (i.e. hand-picking). This enabled larger-scale farming.

Trumpeters of Transcendentalism

The transcendentalist movement came about in the 1830s. The transcendentalists believed that knowledge transcends the senses and can't be found just by observation; knowledge comes from within the person. Associated traits included self-reliance, self-culture, and self-discipline. Ralph Waldo Emerson: transcendentalist poet and philosopher; urged American writers to forget European traditions and write about American interests; wrote "The American Scholar," which was an intellectual declaration of independence. Henry David Thoreau: transcendentalist who believed that people should ignore bodily desires and pursue truth through study and meditation. Glowing Literary Lights Not all poets and writers of the time were transcendentalists. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: one of the most famous poets to come from America; wrote for the wealthy class; was adopted by the less-cultured class.

The Transport Web Binds the Union

The transportation revolution was created because people in the east wanted to move west. The South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain. The West grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in the East and in Europe. The East made machines and textiles for the South and the West. All of these products were transported using the railroad; the railroad linked America. The market revolution transformed the American economy from one in which people subsisted on things they grew/created to one in which people purchased goods that were produced all over the country.

The White Majority

The white population of the South was as follows (from smallest to largest): a) Wealthy slave owners. b) Less wealthy slave owners. These people didn't own a majority of the slaves, but they made up a majority of the masters. c) Non-slave-holding whites (3/4 of South white population). These whites supported slavery because they wanted to eventually own slaves and achieve the "American dream" of moving up in society. The less prosperous non-slave-holding whites were known as "poor white trash" and "hillbillies." Civilization hadn't reached mountain whites who lived in the valley of the Appalachian range. They supported Abraham Lincoln's Union party.

Politics for the People

There were 2 major changes in politics after the Era of Good Feelings that were highlighted by the election of 1840: 1) Politicians who were too clean, too well dressed, too grammatical, and too intellectual were not liked. Aristocracy was not liked by the American people. The common man was moving to the center of the national political stage.

The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"

Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to win the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 to 65 electoral votes. Revolution of 1800: the term given to the election of 1800; no Federalist became president after this election

Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

Thomas Jefferson became the victim of one of America's first "whispering campaigns." The Federalists accused him of having an affair with one of his slaves.

Reviving Religion

Thomas Paine promoted the doctrines of Deism. Deists relied on science rather than the Bible and they denied the divinity of Christ. They did believe in a Supreme Being who had created a universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. Unitarianism was derived from Deism. Unitarians believed that God existed in only one person, and not the Trinity. It appealed to mostly intellectuals. The Second Great Awakening began in 1800. A wave of religious fervor swept over the country. Women became more involved in religion during the Second Great Awakening. Peter Cartwright: a revivalist, traveling preacher who converted thousands to Christianity. Charles Grandison Finney: one of the greatest revivalist preachers.

The Treaty of Ghent

Tsar Alexander I of Russia called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent for the signing. Both sides stopped fighting and conquered territory was restored.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Twelfth Congress: met in 1811; the "war hawks" wanted to go to war with the British and wanted to eliminate the Indian threats to pioneers. Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa: Shawnee brothers who unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British. William Henry Harrison: governor of Indiana territory; defeated Shawnee: Battle of Tippecanoe.

The "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

Well-organized parties had not yet emerged, and there were 4 main "Republican" candidates in the election of 1824: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. No candidate won the majority of the electoral votes, so, according to the Constitution, the House of Representatives had to choose the winner out of the top 3 candidates. Henry Clay was eliminated because he received the 4th most votes. Being the Speaker of the House, though, he did have much say in who became president. Clay convinced the House to elect John Quincy Adams as president. Adams agreed to make Clay the Secretary of State for getting him into office. The public felt that a "corrupt bargain" had taken place because Andrew Jackson had received the popular vote.

The Spoils System

When the Democrats took control of the White House, they replaced most public officials with their own people (the common man). These people were illiterate and incompetent. This system of rewarding political supporters with jobs in the government was known as the "spoils system."

Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840

William Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren to win the election of 1840 for the Whigs.

Radical Abolitionism

William Lloyd Garrison: wrote a militantly anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator; publicly burned a copy of the Constitution. American Anti-Slavery Society: founded in 1833 to oppose slavery. Sojourner Truth: freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women's rights. Frederick Douglass: black abolitionist who lectured for abolitionism; looked to politics to end slavery; published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.