APUSH Unit 4 Review Set

Success of Congressional Reconstruction

- Gave Freedmen right to vote (15th amendment) - Gave freedmen citizen rights (14th amendment) - Civil Rights (not great but an improvement) - Freedmen's Bureau- promoted economic independence for freedmen - Freedmen ability and right to hold public office

Focus of Polk's platform in 1844

- Oregon territory (54 40 or fight) - Texas territory (Rio Grande vs. Nueces River) - one term only

Results of the mexican american War

- U.S. won - Mexico cedes more than half of its land to the U.S. -promotes further Expansionism in the U.S. - Manifest destiny proven to work - brings slavery debate to the forefront of politics

Reconstruction Legislation

-Civil Rights Act - 15th amendment -14th amendment - Lincoln's 10% plan -Freedmen's Bureau bill Purpose was to rebuild the south in the north's Image

Groups opposed to Manifest Destiny

-The Whig party -People who rejected the idea that it was God's will or even a good thing for the country to expand when it resulted in warfare - People who also opposed the war to justify expansion

Divided Democratic Party in late 1850's

-slavery -Kansas Nebraska Act -Popular Sovereignty

Supreme Court civil rights decisions post-bellum era

?_____________________________________________?

Albany Congress

A meeting in Albany, New York, in June 1754, where delegates from many of Britain's mainland colonies denied any designs on Iroquois lands; they also asked the Indians for help against New France. Benjamin Franklin proposed a Plan of Union to the delegates, and the plan included a continental assembly that would manage trade, Indian policy, and defense in the West, and so increase British influence there. Franklin's plan was rejected.

Fifty-four Forty or Fight

A slogan used during the Oregon boundary dispute between the border between Oregon and Canada. Also used by Polk as his slogan. The border was eventually set at the 49 latitude in 1846

Successes of Confederate Government during Civil War

After initial problems, Davis's government grew stronger as he learned to use executive power to consolidate control of the armed forces and manpower distribution. The Confederate government also passed the first draft law in American history. Congress passed laws nationalizing rail lines, sequestering space on blockade runners, and controlling commerce. With minuscule manufacturing capacity, the Confederacy acquired foundries, powder works, rolling mills, arsenals enough to sustain nearly a million troops.

Tenure of office act effects

Allowed congress to pass the articles for impeachment to eventually (almost impeach) president Johnson- and forces Johnson to be powerless and unrespected by congress

Conflicts between Mexico's government and settlers in Texas

American settlers split into 2 groups. One led by Stephen Austin who were the "peace party" that were content with the Mexican governments control. The other was the "war party" led migrants most recently from Georgia, they demanded independence from Mexico

Union Strategy in Civil War

Anaconda Plan: Proposed by General Winfield Scott, the goal was to defeat the rebellion by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi river. Pretty much all of the Union commanders disliked this plan and referred to it as being too complacent. They wanted to attack the south and defeat them with the Union's overwhelming military and industrial might. General Scott's plan would require patience and time. The other generals wanted to crush the rebellion quickly and permanently as soon as possible.

Nullification Controversy

Andrew Jackson, denouncing Calhoun's radical doctrine of localist federalism, declared that nullification violated the Constitution and used military force to compel South Carolina, the state of which wanted to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, to obey national laws

Opponents to annexing Texas

Antislavery Whigs opposed it fearing the spread of slavery, if slavery spread to Texas the government would have to admit another state as a free state fro the Missouri Compromise

Helped to establish a stable workforce in the South after the Civil War

Black codes were implemented in order to keep slaves on plantations and working for low wages. While it did give them some independence, such as the ability to buy and sell property, it still chained them to work on plantations as a source of labor for the South

North Advantages in Civil War

Booming industrial economy, larger population, superior navy, more established railroads, firearm production, strong national government that can tax to pay for war expenses, iron production, overall resources

Great Britain's view on the Civil War

Britain never recognized the Confederacy as an independent nation, but it granted the rebel government the right under international law to borrow money and purchase weapons. Britain had recently banned slavery, so it could not support a pro-slavery nation

Stephen Douglas and Compromise of 1850

Called for admission of California as a free state, the territories of Utah and New Mexico did not have restrictions on slavery

Cause of slave labor increase during the antebellum era

Cash crops and agriculture was huge in the South, so that, along with new inventions such as Eli Whitney's cotton gin, led to the demand of slaves higher. Transportation increased during this era, allowing more slaves to be taken faster

Results of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Could be considered one of the Sparks to the Civil War. Another result is that some northerners would refuse to obey the Fugitive Slave Law

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Declared any male person born in the U.S citizenship "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."

Held that slaves were private property even in free territory

Dred Scott v. Sandford: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled in this supreme court case that slaves were still private property in free territory

Webster-Ashburn Treaty

During the reign of Daniel Webster as Secretary of State, the main foreign problems were with Britain concerning the border between the N.E corner of the U.S and Canada. What the Webster-Ashburn Treaty, named after Daniel Webster and British diplomat Ashburn, clearly established borders between the two countries.

John Brown's Attack on Harper's Ferry

Effort by white abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. It failed.

How slaves demonstrated resistance

Fleeing, refusing to work, slowing down work, looting Master's house, violent rebellion, etc.

Objectives of Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

For Lincoln, "binding the nation's wounds" was the utmost priority. He proposed the 10% Plan, in which 10% of a state's voters would pledge loyalty and accept the 13th Amendment. But he got shot, so....

Sharecropping

Freed slaves ended up working for their former owners, but under different terms. They ended up renting the land they worked on, paying with their labor and turning a portion of their crops to their landlords.

Johnsons Reconstruction

Hated Southern Aristocrats, but equally hated African Americans and was a racist. Gave many southerners and ex confederate leaders pardons. Divided south into 5 military districts with provisional governors that would disappear if states ratifies 14th and 15th amendment.

Radical Republican leaders

Horace Greeley, Frederick Douglass, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Butler

Dred Scott Decision

In 1856, the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford raised the controversial issue of Congress's constitutional authority to regulate slavery in the territories. Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who had lived for a time with his owner in the free state of Illinois, then in the Wisconsin Territory, where, by the Northwest Ordinance (1787) prohibited slavery. Scott, seeking freedom for himself and his family, claimed that residence in a free state and free territory made him free. Buchanan pressured several northern justices to vote in tandem with their southern colleagues, and seven of the nine members ruled that Scott was still a slave. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Maryland composed the most influential opinion, declaring that blacks, whether enslaved or free, could not be citizens of the United States, and Dred Scott therefore had no right to sue in federal court. This was controversial in that free blacks were citizens of many states, presumably giving them access to federal courts, but Taney then made two more controversial points. First, he endorsed Calhoun's argument that Congress could not deny southern citizens the right to take their slave property into the territories and own it there by the fifth amendment. Therefore, according to him, the Missouri Compromise and Northwest Ordinance provisions that prohibited slavery were unconstitutional. Second, he declared that Congress could not give territorial governments any powers that Congress itself did not possess, so since it had no authority of prohibiting slavery, neither did a territorial government. All this means that Taney and Democrat-dominated Supreme Court justices declared the Republicans' antislavery platform unconstitutional.

Reasons of Lincoln's Victory in 1860

In 1860, sectional conflicts over the expansion of slavery into the territories exploded when the Democratic Party officially splintered into Northern and Southern factions. Republicans backed Abraham Lincoln, who ran on a platform that sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery into the territories and implement several economic policies designed to stimulate Northern industry. In the face of divided opposition from the Democrats, the Republican Party secured enough electoral votes to put Lincoln in the White House with very little support from the South.

North's Displeasure with the Dred Scott decision

In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not protected by the Constitution and were not U.S. citizens In the North, the Dred Scott decision fueled antislavery factions and in particular strengthened the Republican Party. In the South, it encouraged proslavery, secessionist elements to make bolder demands in Congress. For many Northerners, the Dred Scott decision implied that slavery could move, unhindered, into the North, and Southerners viewed the decision as a justification of their position. The Court ruled that Congress had no authority to prohibit the expansion of slavery in new federal territories, nullifying the Missouri Compromise.

Congressional Reconstruction of African Americans

In response to Black Codes and lynch mobs in the South, Congress took Reconstruction from Johnson in 1866. Congress implemented the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which gave citizenship to all males within the U.S, the 14th Amendment, which extended citizenship to African Americans and granted equal protection under the law, and established the 15th Amendment in 1870, which gave African Americans the right to vote.

Lincoln's Reluctance to Emancipate the Slave during the first year of the Civil War

In the first year of the war, Lincoln feared chiefly that any move toward abolition might cause the border slave states, especially Missouri and Kentucky, to secede. Lincoln dared take no overt action lest the state be driven into the Confederacy.

Kansas Nebraska Act

It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´. The major impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was that it brought the US closer to a civil war. The Act allowed for "Bleeding Kansas" to happen. This little war in Kansas made people on both sides upset because it involved atrocities committed both by the pro- and anti-slavery forces.

Immediate Effects of the Emancipation Proclomation

It prevented European forces from intervening in the war on behalf of the Confederacy It broadened the goals of the Union war effort; it made the eradication of slavery into an explicit Union goal, in addition to the reuniting of the country. It did not immediately free any slave.

African Americans Fighting in the civil war

Many were banned from fighting at first. But divisions of black soldiers were formed in the north and the Union. These freedmen were eager to fight in the war and aided the union immensely.

Slave states that had remained in the Union

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri (West Virginia- breaks off from Virginia in 1863)

Consequences of the Mexican War

Mexico lost Texas, California, Oregon Territory. Paid $2.5 million and lost 25,00 men

The reason Southern states made it increasingly difficult for masters to free their slaves in 1831

Nat Turner's Rebellion, in which Nat Turner led a slave revolt and killed 60 whites, caused an increase in more stringent slave laws and enforcement of said laws.

Economic Impact of Civil War on North and South

National debt before the War- $65 million After the War- $2.7 billion War devastated the South- Confederate bonds and currency were now worthless (drastic inflation), Emancipation of the slaves also destroyed a large part of the South's capital, the war had destroyed virtually all the banks in the South and devastated much of the South's infrastructure. Meanwhile, the Northern economy was helped by the war. It experienced a railroad boom as railroads were built with federal government support. This was the most important change in the Northern economy as it led to westward expansion and to a much better transportation grid for the North's economy.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization that helped promote economic and civil rights of former slaves during the reconstruction era

Enacted a Stringent Fugitive Slave Law

Passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. It allowed for the capture and return of runaway slaves within the territory of the United States. These laws were formally repealed by an act of Congress in 1864.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

Peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848 that ended the mexican American war and ceded much of mexico's land to the U.S.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

Policies to enhance national authority and to favor wealthy financiers and merchants. The system was state-assisted economic development through a program of national mercantilism. It included a national debt, a national bank, and revenue and tariffs to pay for the national debt

Differences between North and South in 1850s

Population: North 61%, South 39%. Commodity output: North 70%, South 30%. Farm acreage: North 67%, South 33%. Factories: North 85%, South 15%. Railroad mileage: North 66%, South 34%. Immigration: North had lots of Irish/Germans who opposed slavery, South had few immigrants. Wilmot Proviso: North supported it, South opposed it. Slavery: North opposed it, South supported it. Compromise of 1850: North gets California as a free state, South gets stricter Fugitive Slave Laws. Secession: North denied the right of secession, South justified secession

Wilmot Proviso

Proposition that slavery should be prohibited in any land acquired from Mexico

Redeemers supported

Redeemers were opponents of the Republican Reconstruction program from the North, and wanted to "redeem" the South in wake of the Civil War. They staged counterrevolutions to do this, and supported racism and white supremacy, and often violently assaulted blacks.

Main reason Republicans won the election of 1868

Republican nominee Grant was already a war hero for the North, but Johnson's impeachment also made in a hero in the eyes of the South. He supported radical Reconstruction, but also wanted reconciliation between the North and the South. Furthermore, Republicans fed off of wartime emotions to win the Presidency against the Democrats.

Mexico's policy toward Texas in 1820s and 1830s

Santa Anna, Mexican president, strengthened national authority throughout Mexico and nullified the concessions for Texan independence. When he appointed a military commandant for Texas, a rebellion started that most American settlers supported. Mexico fought war with Texas, and wiped out the Alamo and Goliad. Mexico tried very hard to hold on to Texas but it wasn't enough eventually

Lincoln Douglas debates

Series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for the United States Senate from Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. They transformed Abraham Lincoln into a national figure and led to his election to the presidency in 1860. Also introduced " Freeport Doctrine," in which Douglas argued that a territory had the right to exclude slavery despite contrary U.S. Supreme Court decisions.

Republican Platform in 1860

Stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any further into the territories. The Republicans also promised to support tariffs that protected Northern industry, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and the funding of a transcontinental railroad.

Stephen Douglas's popular sovereignty

Stephen Douglas platform was based on the popular sovereignty to fight against Lincoln in the debate and also was widely viewed has the underlining factor of the Kansas Nebraska act and underline reason he lost.

Debates over the Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 worked to ease sectional tensions for only a short time. If the nation was to move forward in unity, the issue of slavery needed to be dealt with once and for all. The issue was brought to the nation's attention more than ever through the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Great Debate, while not the beginning or end of the sectional conflict between North and South, moved the nation along a path that would eventually lead to civil war.

Reasons the South lost the Civil War

The Confederacy was able to hold on during the war because of a single advantage: capable military leaders. With the emergence of Grant on the Union side, however, this advantage was essentially negated. Combined with the inherent economic and social weaknesses in the Confederacy, including slaves/yeoman farmers fleeing or refusing to work. The removal of European nations to back the South also contributed to the South's eventual downfall, as well as the many advantages that the Union had at the beginning of the war.

Freedman's Bureau

The Freedman's Bureau was established in 1865 by Congress in order to aid freedman in their transition from war to peace. Congress gave the Bureau its own funding and ability to investigate mistreatment of blacks. It was also responsible for distributing confiscated land to both poor whites and recently freed blacks, as well as regulating labor contracts.

Accomplishments of Reconstruction

The Reconstruction Era was successful in making all states accept the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment and settling the rights vs. federal power debate. Although initially Reconstruction had achieved other goals, the withdraw of Federal troops from the South meant that it was all for naught.

Causes of the decline of the Whig Party

The deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster that year severely weakened the party. The Compromise of 1850 had fractured the Whigs along pro- and anti-slavery lines, with the anti-slavery faction having enough power to deny Fillmore the party's nomination in 1852. Along with it being the decline of the Whig party.

Reasons for Johnson's impeachment

The main reason that Johnson was impeached was because he fired W. Stanton from his position of Secretary of State. This violated the Tenure of Office Act and Congress voted to impeach him in 1868.

Issues of election of 1844

This elections determined the American government's policy toward, other issues were rumors that Britain wanted the Mexican government to Cede California, Biggest issue was the expansion into Texas and Oregon

Forty acres and a Mule

Was a promise made to freemen after the civil war that they would be given Forty acres and a Mule to show their freedom, this never actually happened though

Lincoln's Ten percent plan

Was seen as too lenient to the south by radical republicans. If ten percent of ex confederates (in each state) had pledged solidarity to the union and admitted wrongdoing then they could rejoin the union.

Reasons for the emergence of the Republican Party in the 1850s

While the Kansas-Nebraska Act had destroyed the Whig Party and almost killed the Democratic Party, Northern Whigs and "anti Nebraska" Democrats joined the New Republican Party. They allied with Free-Soilers and abolitionists to create the new Republican Party, and its main goal was to limit the expansion of slavery into new territories. On an economic standpoint, they valued Jefferson's agrarian society based on middle class planters, and opposed slavery because it perpetuated planter power.

Basis of Manifest Destiny

White men believed that it was their god given right to take land from "inferior" races and nations, and make them their own.

Seneca Falls Conference

a convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. 70 women and 30 men attended it in the New York town of Seneca Falls in 1848. Attendees explicitly extended the republican ideology of the Declaration of Independence to women. The Declaration of Sentiments, the document signed there, declared that "all men and women are created equal." Activists repudiated the idea that the natural order of society demanded separate spheres for men and women

Popular sovereignty in US territories

a doctrine of allowing a majority vote in a state to determine to approve a law or not

New England Confederation

a short-lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Created in 1643 and dissolved in 1684

Clay's American System

a system of national economic development through three key elements: protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing, federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce, and a national bank to control credit and provide a uniform currency

Resistance to Civil Government

an essay written by Henry David Thoreau in 1848 urging individuals to resist the state and follow a higher moral law. Thoreau claimed that the Mexican War was an attempt to extend slavery.

Proclamation of 1763

an issuance of Britain prohibiting white settlements west of the Appalachians

Halfway Covenant

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs

Reason Jefferson purchased Louisiana

believed in western expansion, and migration west benefitted rural agrarian farmers, a group that voted Anti-Federalist

Objective of Black Codes

designed to drive the former slaves back to the plantations and return blacks to slaves in all but in name

Corrupt Bargain

during the election of 1824, no candidate received an absolute majority in the Electoral College. Because of this, the House of Representatives had to decide the winner. Henry Clay, speaker of the House, used his influence to vote Adams into the presidency. Adams showed gratitude by appointing Clay his secretary of state. Andrew Jackson accused this appointment as a "corrupt bargain" since the men helped each other win valuable government positions

Era of Good Feeling

marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. President during this time was James Monroe

Marbury v Madison

this 1803 case started when James Madison, secretary of state, refused to deliver the commission of William Marbury. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to compel delivery under the terms of the Judiciary Act of 1789. In the case, Marshall wrote that although Marbury had the right to the appointment, the Court did not have the power under the Constitution to enforce it

End of Congressional Reconstruction

this came with the addition of the Fifteenth Amendment, which forbade either the federal government or the states from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or "previous condition of servitude"

Establishment of Harvard College

was established in 1636 by vote of Massachusetts Bay Colony and is the oldest institution of higher learning in the US and it was created in order to train Puritan ministers

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government. They asked the states to declare the laws null (nullification)