APUSH unit 5 test

Opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act most likely supported?

a Free Soil position

"California was a late addition to the Spanish empire, her occupation taking place some two and a half centuries after the establishment of the Spaniards at Mexico City. She was one of the northern frontier units occupied as a measure of defense against restless Indians and the greater menace of foreign encroachments. Beyond this strategic value the province was esteemed very lightly by the Spaniards, and in view of the small population, the excess of expenditure over income, and the slow progress of the missions, this attitude seems to have been fitting. California, in other words, was not a fair sample of Spanish America, but only a marginal colony."John C. Caughey, California, 19 - According to the document above the Spanish considered California to be?

a fringe colony seen primarily as a buffer against other Europeans

Because of his speech in Congress, Sumner was?

caned by Preston Brooks in the Congressional chamber

President Lincoln delayed issuing an Emancipation Proclamation because of his concern that it would?

cause the border states to secede

Act XII, 2: 170WHEREAS some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a negro woman should be slave or [free,] Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother, And that if any christian shall commit [fornication] with a negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the [fines] imposed by the former act.Virginia Slave Code, 1662 (spelling corrected) - Virginia's slave code of 1662 firmly established that?

children would take the status of free or slave from their mother

Calhoun justified slavery by pointing to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

conflicts between laborers and capitalists

Despite the cultural clash between the Californios and the Anglo-Saxons, California was easily taken from Mexico because of?

its treatment as a marginal possession of Mexico demonstrated little loyalty to Mexico

The penalty for a slave not picking the amount of cotton established by the baseline is?

lashed by a whip

Act XII, 2: 170WHEREAS some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a negro woman should be slave or [free,] Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother, And that if any christian shall commit [fornication] with a negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the [fines] imposed by the former act.Virginia Slave Code, 1662 (spelling corrected) - The code in the above passage discriminates against those who commit fornication (sex outside of marriage) by?

making them pay double the usual fine if it is with a negro man or woman

Act XII, 2: 170WHEREAS some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a negro woman should be slave or [free,] Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother, And that if any christian shall commit [fornication] with a negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the [fines] imposed by the former act.Virginia Slave Code, 1662 (spelling corrected) - This slave code adopted in Virginia was an attempt to end the common practice of?

midnight integration

Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the North?

Admitting California as a free state

Which of the following was a major accomplishment of Congressional Radical Reconstruction?

African-Americans were elected and served in Congress

"It is a fact well known to every intelligent Southerner that we are compelled to go to the North for almost every article of utility and adornment, from shoepegs and paintings to cotton-mills, steamships and statuary...owing to the absence of a proper system of business amongst us, the North becomes, in one way or another, the proprietor and dispenser of all our floating wealth, and that we are dependent on Northern capitalists...and that, instead of building up...our own States, cities, and towns, we have been spending our substance at the North, and are daily augmenting and strengthening the very power which now has us so completely under its thumb....It is not so much in its moral and religious aspects that we propose to discuss the question of slavery, as in its social and political character and influences."Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (New York: Burdick Brothers, 1857) - Which of the following was most likely the intended audience of the excerpt above?

Agriculturalists of the Southeast and Southwest

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in .the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment . . . In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress. . . .""If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope . . . But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country."-Frederick Douglass, Speech, September 24, 1883 - Which of the following would in part cause Douglass's view that for African Americans, "citizenship is but a sham"?

Black Codes

Which of the following developed during Reconstruction to provide direct support and support self-determination for those freed from slavery?

Black churches

Lincoln stated that the Proclamation was based on military necessity. Which of the following advantages did the Union gain as a result?

Black men joined the Union forces and antislavery sentiment prevented the South from gaining official recognition from Great Britain

"We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests . . .She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers , and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money."-George Templeton Strong, New York lawyer, Diary, 1863 - The Union was most disturbed because they believed that Britain was supporting the Confederates by doing which of the following?

Building warships

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in .the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment . . . In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress. . . .""If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope . . . But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country."-Frederick Douglass, Speech, September 24, 1883 - Which best provides an example of how the "Constitution and its righteous laws,'' according to Douglass, provide hope for the "colored people of this country"?

Civil Rights Act of 1866

According to Calhoun, how is slavery a "positive good" for slaves?

Compared to free wage-laborers, slaves are taken care of for life

Which legislation after the Mexican War made it much more difficult for the Underground Railroad to function?

Compromise of 1850

".... Can a negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community... become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guarantied by that instrument [Constitution] to the citizen? ..."people of the United States" and "citizens" are synonymous terms, ...The question ... is, whether the class of persons described in the plea.... are constituent members of this sovereignty? We think they are not.... and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges [of] citizens of the United States.... they were at that time considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the Government might choose to grant them. .... [Dred Scott] could not be a citizen of the State of Missouri, within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States, and, consequently, was not entitled to sue in its courts.... The right of property in a slave is... affirmed in the Constitution. "Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 - This decision of the Supreme Court overturned which two congressional actions that had tried to avert sectional difficulties in the 1850s?

Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act

"We want Homesteads; we were promised Homesteads by the government. If It does not carry out the promises Its agents made to us, If the government Having concluded to befriend Its late enemies and to neglect to observe the principles of common faith between Its self and us Its allies In the war you said was over, now takes away from them all right to the soil they stand upon save such as they can get by again working for your late and their all time enemies. If the government does so we are left In a more unpleasant condition than our former. We are at the mercy of those who are, combined to prevent us from getting land enough to lay our Fathers bones upon . . . "-Excerpt from a letter from the Freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina to General O.O. Howard, head of the Freedmen's Bureau, in October 1865 - An important reason 'that the idea that the federal government would make "homesteads" available to the Freedmen seem plausible in 1865 is that?

Congress had passed and President Lincoln had signed the Homestead Act in 1862

"That some desperate wretches should be willing to steal and enslave men by violence and murder for gain, is rather lamentable than strange. But that many civilized, nay, Christianized people should approve, and be concerned in the savage practice, is surprising; and still persist, though it has been so often proved contrary to the light of nature, to every principle of Justice and Humanity.... Our Traders in MEN (an unnatural commodity!) must know the wickedness of the SLAVE-TRADE, if they attend to reasoning, or the dictates of their own hearts.... Most shocking of all is alledging the sacred scriptures to favour this wicked practice.... The Slave-Traders should be called Devils, rather than Christians; and that it is a heinous crime to buy them...." The past treatment of Africans must naturally fill them with abhorrence of Christians; lead them to think our religion would make them more inhuman savages, if they embracedit..."Thomas Paine, "African Slavery in America," April 14, 1775 - The passage above is primarily directed against which aspect of slavery?

Defending slavery by using the scriptures by those calling themselves Christians

The 14th Amendment accomplished which primary task?

Defined citizenship

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Abraham Lincoln, Debate at Galesburg, Illinois, 1858"I believe that the right of property in a slave is not distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution, and Judge Douglas thinks it is. I believe that the Supreme Court and the advocates of that decision may search in vain for the place in the Constitution where the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed... And I do think—I repeat, though I said it on a former occasion—that Judge Douglas and whoever, like him, teaches that the negro has no share, humble though it may be, in the Declaration of Independence, is going back to the era of our liberty and independence, and, so far as in him lies, muzzling the cannon that thunders its annual joyous return; that he is blowing out the moral rights around us, when he contends that whoever wants slaves has a right to hold them; that he is penetrating, so far as lies in his power, the human soul, and eradicating the light of reason and the love of liberty, when he is in every possible way preparing the public mind, by his vast influence, for making the institution of slavery perpetual and national... And now it only remains for me to say that I think it is a very grave question for the people of this Union to consider, whether, in view of the fact that this slavery question has been the only one that has ever endangered our Republican institutions, the only one that has ever threatened or menaced a dissolution of the Union, that has ever disturbed us in such a way as to make us fear for the perpetuity of our liberty..." - Lincoln accused Stephen Douglas of trying to make slavery perpetual and national on the basis of which of the following?

Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise

In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the 14th Amendment directly repudiated which of the following?

Dred Scott decision

As a result of the tenuous hold on California not only did Spain lose it to Mexico, but Mexico lost it as well due to what subsequent activity?

It succumbed first to the Bear-Flag rebellion and later to the Mexican Cession

"We are now far into the fifth year, [since popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act] was initiated, with the avowed object,... of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under... that policy, ... agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented. A house divided against itself cannot stand. "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall -but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new--North as well as South."Abraham Lincoln, "House Divided Speech," June 16, 1858 - The house that is being referred to in this metaphor is the?

United States

The slave codes were legally overturned by the?

13th & 14th Amendments

To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following?

A military victory

All of the following were reasons for the clash of cultures between the Anglo-Saxons and the Latin American Californios EXCEPT?

Anglo-Saxons loathing of the work ethic

Which of the following events of the mid to late 20th century represents a continuation of the controversy illustrated in the map above?

Challenges to states' rights

"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted."— Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 - Which of the following provides the best evidence in support of the argument in the excerpt?

Changes in voting patterns and office holding that occurred during Reconstruction

The documents reference to the menace of foreign encroachments was directed primarily at what country that established a foothold in Northern California?

Russia

Chief Justice Taney's basic ruling in the Dred Scott case was based on which of the following principles?

Since slaves were property, they could not sue

"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization."John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 - Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt?

Southern landowners

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Samuel F. B. Morse, Foreign Immigration, 1835"Our country, in the position it has given to foreigners who have made it their home, has pursued a course in relation to them, totally different from that of any other country... This course, while it is liberal without example, subjects our institutions to peculiar dangers... since the time of the American Revolution, which gave the principles of Democratic liberty a home, those principles have never been in greater jeopardy than at the present moment... Protestantism favours Republicanism, while Popery as naturally supports Monarchical power... Catholic emigration increased in an amazing degree... I have shown what are the Foreign materials imported into the country, with which the Jesuits can work to accomplish their designs... These materials are the varieties of Foreigners of the same Creed, the Roman Catholic, over all of whom the Bishops... holdÉecclesiastical rule; and we well know what is the nature of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical rule,—it is the double refined spirit of despotism, which, after arrogating to itself the prerogatives of Deity, and so claiming to bind or loose the soul eternally, makes it, in the comparison, but a mere trifle to exercise absolute sway in all that relates to the body. The notorious ignorance in which the great mass of these emigrants have been all their lives sunk, until their minds are dead, makes them but senseless machines; they obey orders mechanically... And can it be for a moment supposed by any one that by the act of coming to this country, and being naturalized, their darkened intellects can suddenly be illuminated to discern the nice boundary where their ecclesiastical obedience to their priests ends, and their civil independence of them begins?...Must not the priests, as a matter almost of certainty, control the opinions of their ignorant flock in civil as well as religious matters? and do they not do it?" -Which of the following most directly reflects Morse's concern about Catholic immigrants?

Their obedience to church hierarchy will subvert their independent participation in a democracy

"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted."— Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 - Which of the following contributed most directly to the end of Reconstruction?

The waning commitment to reform in the North

Which of the following was not one of the ways in which plantation owners manipulated the sharecropping system?

They allowed workers to demand a detailed accounting at year's end

Great Britain and the U.S. settled their dispute over the Oregon Territory by which of the following?

dividing it at the 49th parallel

Which of the following contributed most directly to Chinese immigration to the U.S.?

famines in China

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."-Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural, Address, Saturday, March 4, 1865 - The ideas expressed in the passage most directly led to the political controversies of the 1860s and 1870s over the?

process of reconstructing the United States in the aftermath of war

The Republican Party was considered a sectional party for which of the following reasons?

Its presidential candidate won without a single electoral vote from a slave state

The phrase "life, liberty, and property" was adopted from which earlier political thinker who's ideas strongly influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence and Lincoln's support for emancipation?

John Locke

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Samuel F. B. Morse, Foreign Immigration, 1835"Our country, in the position it has given to foreigners who have made it their home, has pursued a course in relation to them, totally different from that of any other country... This course, while it is liberal without example, subjects our institutions to peculiar dangers... since the time of the American Revolution, which gave the principles of Democratic liberty a home, those principles have never been in greater jeopardy than at the present moment... Protestantism favours Republicanism, while Popery as naturally supports Monarchical power... Catholic emigration increased in an amazing degree... I have shown what are the Foreign materials imported into the country, with which the Jesuits can work to accomplish their designs... These materials are the varieties of Foreigners of the same Creed, the Roman Catholic, over all of whom the Bishops... holdÉecclesiastical rule; and we well know what is the nature of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical rule,—it is the double refined spirit of despotism, which, after arrogating to itself the prerogatives of Deity, and so claiming to bind or loose the soul eternally, makes it, in the comparison, but a mere trifle to exercise absolute sway in all that relates to the body. The notorious ignorance in which the great mass of these emigrants have been all their lives sunk, until their minds are dead, makes them but senseless machines; they obey orders mechanically... And can it be for a moment supposed by any one that by the act of coming to this country, and being naturalized, their darkened intellects can suddenly be illuminated to discern the nice boundary where their ecclesiastical obedience to their priests ends, and their civil independence of them begins?...Must not the priests, as a matter almost of certainty, control the opinions of their ignorant flock in civil as well as religious matters? and do they not do it?" - Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

Know Nothing Party

Which of the following codified the rights granted to Freedmen during Reconstruction?

Legislation passed under the Great Society of the Johnson administration

The election of Lincoln to the presidency precipitated secession for which of the following reasons?

Lincoln's goal to prohibit the institution of slavery in the territories

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Richard Henry Dana, from Two Years before the Mast, 1840"The Californians are an idle, thriftless people, and can make nothing for themselves. The country abounds in grapes, yet they buy bad wine made in Boston and brought round by us, at an immense price... and buy shoes (as like as not, made of their own hides, which have been carried twice round Cape Horn) at three and four dollars... The government of the country is an arbitrary democracy; having no common law, and no judiciary. Their only laws are made and unmade at the caprice of the legislature, and are as variable as the legislature itself... Revolutions are matters of constant occurrence in California. They are got up by men who are at the foot of the ladder and in desperate circumstances, just as a new political party is started by such men in our own country... and instead of caucusing... as with us, they take muskets and bayonets, seizing upon the presidio and custom-house, divide the spoils, and declare a new dynasty. As for justice, they know no law but will and fear... Such are the people who inhabit a country embracing four or five hundred miles of sea-coast, with several good harbors; with fine forests in the north; the waters filled with fish, and the plains covered with thousands of herds of cattle; blessed with a climate, than which there can be no better in the world... and with a soil which corn yields from seventy to eighty fold. In the hands of an enterprising people, what a country this might be!... The Americans (as those from the United States are called)... who are fast filling up the principal towns, and getting the trade into their hands, are indeed more industrious and effective than the Spaniards..." - Which of the following most directly reflects Dana's justification for an American takeover of the region?

Industrious, enterprising Americans will use the natural resources more effectively

John Calhoun was most likely responding to criticism by which of the following figures?

William Lloyd Garrison

One attempt to prevent slavery in the territories was the?

Wilmot Proviso

Democrats agreed to accept Rutherford B. Hayes as president in 1876 in part if he agreed to which of the following?

to remove federal troops from the South

Which of the following contributed most directly to "Oregon fever?"

letters from Protestant missionaries who praised the land's beauty and fertility

Which of the following did the Fourteenth Amendment overrule?

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Which of the following led to a Union victory over the South?

The ability to maintain an effective sea blockade on the South

One direct effect of the sharecropping system was that?

it placed ex-slaves into a permanent state of dependency as they fell more and more into debt

".... Can a negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community... become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guarantied by that instrument [Constitution] to the citizen? ..."people of the United States" and "citizens" are synonymous terms, ...The question ... is, whether the class of persons described in the plea.... are constituent members of this sovereignty? We think they are not.... and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges [of] citizens of the United States.... they were at that time considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the Government might choose to grant them. .... [Dred Scott] could not be a citizen of the State of Missouri, within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States, and, consequently, was not entitled to sue in its courts.... The right of property in a slave is... affirmed in the Constitution. "Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 - The ideas contained in this decision would be ultimately overturned by all of the following constitutional amendments EXCEPT?

12th Amendment

"We are now far into the fifth year, [since popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act] was initiated, with the avowed object,... of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under... that policy, ... agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented. A house divided against itself cannot stand. "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall -but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new--North as well as South."Abraham Lincoln, "House Divided Speech," June 16, 1858 - Which of the following fulfilled Lincoln 's prophecy in this speech?

13th Amendment

Which period was the peak of manifest destiny?

1842-1853

The Underground Railroad was a key component of which movement?

Abolitionist

"... our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions .... Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meeting-houses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California,... it will... necessarily become independent. All this without the agency of our government, without responsibility of our people-in the natural flow of events.... And they will have a right to independence-to self_ government-to the possession of the homes conquered from the wilderness by their own labors and dangers, sufferings and sacrifices. . . . the day is not distant when the Empires of the Atlantic and the Pacific would again flow together."John O'Sullivan, "Annexation," 1845 - Which late 20th and 21st century concept can be considered a continuation of the ideas expressed in the above passage?

American Exceptionalism

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. É It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." - Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845. "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!"- Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro", 1852 - The language used in both excerpts most directly reflects the influence of which of the following?

American nationalism

"Eyewitness accounts of Americans in California provide a rare example of culture conflict: they express both collectively and individually a deep-seated clash of values between the Anglo-American and Latin-American culture. The clash involved elements such as the Protestant's condescension toward Catholicism, the Puritans dedication to work, now familiarly known as the "Protestant Ethic;" The republican's loathing of aristocracy; the Yankee's belief in Manifest Destiny, and the Anglo-Saxon's generalized fear of racial mixture. In few places were Yankees embraced a non-Anglo-Saxon people-in Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas, Hawaii-did they document their fears as well as California."Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846-1890, 1966 - The clash of values in the passage above shows the culture conflict between?

Anglo-Americans and Latin Americans

All of the following were reasons for the clash of cultures between the Anglo-Saxons and the Latin American Californions EXCEPT?

Anglo-Saxons loathing of the work ethic

"The van of the Caucasian race now atop the Rocky Mountains, and spread down upon the shores of the Pacific. In a few years a great population will grow up there, luminous with the accumulated lights of European and American civilization. Their presence in such a position cannot be without its influence upon eastern Asia....Civilization, or extinction has been the fate of all people who found themselves in the track of the advancing Whites, and civilization, always the preference of the Whites, has been pressed as an object, while extinction has followed as a consequence of its resistance. The Black and Red races have often felt their ameliorating influence."Congressional Speech by Senator Thomas Hart Benton, 1846. Congressional Globe, May 28, 1846 - Which of the following 20th-century ideas or developments were most similar to those described in the excerpt above?

Arguments that Americans were destined to expand their culture and norms to non-white nations prior to World War I

"... beneath all the propaganda there was the fact of Negro slavery. Without the 'peculiar institution' there could have been no proslavery or antislavery agitators, no division on the issue ... of extension of slave territory. The northern attack on slavery was a logical product of nineteenth-century liberal capitalism. The southern defense of slavery-by planters deeply concerned about both their profits and their capital investment, was just as understandable. Enmeshed with slavery were other economic differences which contributed to sectional hate.... Between North and South there did exist a profound and irrepressible clash of material interests. ..., the question of 'inevitability' is not within the historian's province, for it is something that can never be solved by research. It should be left to the philosopher."Kenneth Stamp, And the War Came, 1950 - Which of the following historians interpretations would Stamp be most likely to agree with?

Arthur Schlesinger, Jr's view that the moral question of slavery precipitated the conflict

"It may be seriously doubted whether war rises from fundamental motives of culture or economics.... Let us take all the factors-the Sumter maneuver, the election of Lincoln, abolitionism, slavery in Kansas, cultural and economic differences... could any of these... be said to have caused the war, if one omits... elements of emotional unreason and overbold leadership. If one word or phrase were selected to account for the war, that word would not be slavery, or states-rights, or diverse civilizations. It would have to be... fanaticism (on both sides) or misunderstanding, or perhaps politics .... The notion that you must have war when you have cultural variation, or economic competition, or sectional differences, is an unhistorical misconception which is stupid in historians to promote."James G. Randall, ''The Blundering Generation," 1940 - Which of the following book titles about the causes of the Civil War would be supported by Randall 's thesis?

Excessive Zeal by the Irresponsible and Incompetent

Those who demanded free entry for slavery into all the territories, and if not accommodated advocated secession were given the nick-name of?

Fire-Eaters

By the 1876 presidential election, federal troops remained in which of the following Southern states?

Florida

"Mr. President ... I proposed on Tuesday last that the Senate should proceed to the consideration of the bill to organize the territories of Nebraska and Kansas .. . Now I ask the friends and the opponents of this measure to look at it as it is. Is not the question involved the simple one, whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery, subject only to the limitations of the Constitution? . . . "If the principle is right, let it be avowed and maintained. If it is wrong, let it be repudiated. Let all this quibbling about the Missouri Compromise, about the territory acquired from France, about the act of 1820, be cast behind you; for the simple question is- will you allow the people to legislate for them_ selves upon the subject of slavery? Why should you not?"-Stephen A. Douglas, Defense of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 - After Bleeding Kansas demonstrated the failure of the Kansas-Nebraska act to resolve the tension in the country, Douglass then championed which policy?

Freeport Doctrine

"... our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions .... Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meeting-houses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California,... it will... necessarily become independent. All this without the agency of our government, without responsibility of our people-in the natural flow of events.... And they will have a right to independence-to self_ government-to the possession of the homes conquered from the wilderness by their own labors and dangers, sufferings and sacrifices. . . . the day is not distant when the Empires of the Atlantic and the Pacific would again flow together."John O'Sullivan, "Annexation," 1845 - The ideas contained in the passage by O'Sullivan can be attributed to which of the following?

Fundamental beliefs of liberty and self government in the Declaration of Independence

"Resolved, That we, the delegated representatives of the Republican electors of the United States in Convention assembled, in discharge of the duty we owe to our constituents and our country, unite in the following declarations:[Plank] 8. That the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom: That, as our Republican fathers, when they had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that "no persons should be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law," it becomes our duty, by legislation, whenever such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of_ the Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the authority of Congress, of territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States."-Republican Party Platform, 1860 - Concepts such as those expressed in the previous excerpt led to which of the following developments in American identity?

Further division of the nation based on sectional political issues

"Independence... has become the "port of embarkation"... [for] the Santa Fe caravans, most of the Rocky Mountain traders and trappers, as well as immigrants to Oregon.... Supplies for each man's consumption ... are about fifty pounds of flour, as many more of bacon, tea, coffee and twenty of sugar, a little salt. Beans.... The buffalo...[is] for fresh meat... wagons are manufactured in Pittsburgh ... are usually drawn by eight mules or oxen [and] I have seen larger vehicles... with ten or twelve..., and a cargo of goods about :five thousand pounds.... The arrival of a caravan at Santa Fe changes the aspect of the place at once. Instead of the idleness and stagnation which its streets exhibited before, one now sees everywhere the bustle, noise and activity of a lively market town. As the Mexicans rarely speak English, the negotiations ... are in Spanish."Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, 1845 - Shortly after the writing of this account, Santa Fe would be incorporated into the United States as a result of the Mexican Cession from the Mexican War and the Treaty of?

Guadalupe Hidalgo

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Letters of William Tecumseh Sherman, 1864"GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned, and yet shall not revoke my orders, because they were not designed to meet the humanities of the case, but to prepare for the future struggles in which millions of good people outside of Atlanta have a deep interest. We must have peace, not only at Atlanta, but in all America. To secure this, we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war, we must defeat the rebel armies which are arrayed against the laws and Constitution that all must respect and obey... War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices today than any of you to secure peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country... Once admit the Union, once more acknowledge the authority of the national Government, and, instead of devoting your houses and streets and roads to the dread uses of war, I and this army become at once your protectors and supporters, shielding you from danger, let it come from what quarter it may... We don't want your negroes, or your horses, or your houses, or your lands, or any thing you have, but we do want and will have a just obedience to the laws of the United States. That we will have, and, if it involves the destruction of your improvements, we cannot help it..." - The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following ideas of warfare?

Hard war: aimed at crushing civilians' will to resist, as well as their ability to deliver services and supplies to the enemy's armies

The idea of the expansion of slavery as seen in the Democratic platform saw all the following as places for this expansion EXCEPT?

Hawaii

"I have made known my decision upon the Mexican Treaty. . . . I would submit it [to] the Senate for ratification . . ."The treaty conformed on the main questions of limits and boundary to the instructions given . . . though, if the treaty was now to be made, I should demand more territory. . . ."I look, too, to the consequences of its rejection. A [Whig] majority of one branch of Congress [the House] is opposed to my administration . . . . And if I were now to reject a treaty made upon my own terms . . . the probability is that Congress would not grant either men or money to prosecute the war.... I might at last be compelled to withdraw them [the army], and thus lose the two provinces of New Mexico and Upper California, which were ceded to the United States by this treaty."-President James K. Polk, Diary, 21st February, 1848 - According to this diary entry, President Polk felt pressure to accept the treaty with Mexico for which of the following reasons?

He believed the Whigs would not support more aggressive expansion

Which of the following was the most significant impact of the Emancipation Proclamation?

It broadened the purpose of the Civil War: preserving the Union, but also abolishing slavery

Which of the following was the Proclamation's immediate effect on slaves?

It did not free any slaves in areas loyal to the United States nor free any in Confederate states not under national government control

"Thus the contest was joined on the central issue which was to dominate all American history for the next dozen years, the disposition of the Territories: Two sets of extremists had arisen: Northerners who demanded no new slave territories under any circumstances, and Southerners who demanded free entry for slavery into all territories, the penalty for denial to be secession. For the time being, moderates who hoped to find a way of compromise and to repress the underlying issue of slavery itself-its toleration or non-toleration by a great free Christian state-were overwhelmingly in the majority. But history showed that in crises of this sort the two sets of extremists were almost certain to grow in power, swallowing up more and more members of the conciliatory center."Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847-1852, 1947 - The two sets of extremists that the excerpt could be referring to are represented by which two paired individuals?

John Brown and Robert Brownwell Rhett

"Resolved, that it is both the part of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political principle other than THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTRY, THE UNION OF THE STATES, AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS and that, as representatives of the Constitutional Union men of the country. . . we hereby pledge ourselves to maintain, protect, and defend, separately and unitedly, these great principles of public liberty and national safety against all enemies; at home and abroad; ... the rights of the People and of the States re-established, and the Government again placed in that condition of justice, fraternity and equality, which, under the example and Constitution of our fathers, has solemnly bound every citizen of the United States to maintain a more perfect union..."From the Platform of the Constitutional Union Party of 1860 - The ideas expressed in the Constitution Union Party platform most directly reflect which of the following continuities in history?

Justification for America's entry into World War I

"Independence... has become the "port of embarkation"... [for] the Santa Fe caravans, most of the Rocky Mountain traders and trappers, as well as immigrants to Oregon.... Supplies for each man's consumption ... are about fifty pounds of flour, as many more of bacon, tea, coffee and twenty of sugar, a little salt. Beans.... The buffalo...[is] for fresh meat... wagons are manufactured in Pittsburgh ... are usually drawn by eight mules or oxen [and] I have seen larger vehicles... with ten or twelve..., and a cargo of goods about :five thousand pounds.... The arrival of a caravan at Santa Fe changes the aspect of the place at once. Instead of the idleness and stagnation which its streets exhibited before, one now sees everywhere the bustle, noise and activity of a lively market town. As the Mexicans rarely speak English, the negotiations ... are in Spanish."Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, 1845 - The commercial success of the Santa Fe Trail gave impetus to which of the following?

Manifest Destiny

"I have made known my decision upon the Mexican Treaty. . . . I would submit it [to] the Senate for ratification . . ."The treaty conformed on the main questions of limits and boundary to the instructions given . . . though, if the treaty was now to be made, I should demand more territory. . . ."I look, too, to the consequences of its rejection. A [Whig] majority of one branch of Congress [the House] is opposed to my administration . . . . And if I were now to reject a treaty made upon my own terms . . . the probability is that Congress would not grant either men or money to prosecute the war.... I might at last be compelled to withdraw them [the army], and thus lose the two provinces of New Mexico and Upper California, which were ceded to the United States by this treaty."-President James K. Polk, Diary, 21st February, 1848 - President Polk was motivated to reject the treaty with Mexico because of which of the following?

Many Southerners wanted the United States to get larger gains in territory

"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 - Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions?

Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery

"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization."John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 - Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions?

Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery

By going to war, the United States gained the territory labeled as the?

Mexican Cession

"Independence... has become the "port of embarkation"... [for] the Santa Fe caravans, most of the Rocky Mountain traders and trappers, as well as immigrants to Oregon.... Supplies for each man's consumption ... are about fifty pounds of flour, as many more of bacon, tea, coffee and twenty of sugar, a little salt. Beans.... The buffalo...[is] for fresh meat... wagons are manufactured in Pittsburgh ... are usually drawn by eight mules or oxen [and] I have seen larger vehicles... with ten or twelve..., and a cargo of goods about :five thousand pounds.... The arrival of a caravan at Santa Fe changes the aspect of the place at once. Instead of the idleness and stagnation which its streets exhibited before, one now sees everywhere the bustle, noise and activity of a lively market town. As the Mexicans rarely speak English, the negotiations ... are in Spanish."Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, 1845 - The Santa Fe Trail was a 900 mile trek across the Southwest that brought a major exchange of goods between?

Mexico and the U.S.

The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time,... but now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate,... [the] ship,... was so crowded that each had scarcely room to tum himself... This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable ; and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror...."Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vasa, 1789 - The scene that Equiano is describing was given which euphemistic name by the "slavers?"

Middle passage

".... Can a negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community... become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guarantied by that instrument [Constitution] to the citizen? ..."people of the United States" and "citizens" are synonymous terms, ...The question ... is, whether the class of persons described in the plea.... are constituent members of this sovereignty? We think they are not.... and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges [of] citizens of the United States.... they were at that time considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the Government might choose to grant them. .... [Dred Scott] could not be a citizen of the State of Missouri, within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States, and, consequently, was not entitled to sue in its courts.... The right of property in a slave is... affirmed in the Constitution. "Roger Taney, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 - This Supreme Court decision overturned what previous political agreement that had stood for almost forty years?

Missouri Compromise

Which of the following acts of Congress was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott decision?

Missouri Compromise of 1820

"2. The perpetuation of the Federal Union and Constitution, as the palladium of our civil and religious liberties, and the only sure bulwarks of American Independence.3. Americans must rule America, and to this end native-born citizens should be selected for all State, Federal, and municipal offices of government employment, in preference to all others...7. The recognition of the right of native-born and naturalized citizens of the United States, permanently residing in any Territory thereof, to frame their constitution and laws, and to regulate their domestic and social affairs in their own mode, subject only to the provisions of the Federal Constitution.8. An enforcement of the principles that no State or Territory ought to admit others than citizens to the right of suffrage, or of holding political offices of the United States.9. A change in the laws of naturalization, making a continued residence of twenty-one years, of all not heretofore provided for, an indispensable requisite for citizenship hereafter, and excluding all paupers, and persons convicted of crime, from landing upon our shores; but no interference with the vested rights of foreigners."The American Party's Platform of Principles, 1856 "American Platform of Principles," The True American's Almanac and Politician's Manual for 1857. ed. Tisdale. New York: 1857. - Which of the following groups most strongly supported the sentiments in the excerpt above?

Nativists

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. É It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." - Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845. "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!"- Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro", 1852 - Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt?

Northern abolitionists

". . . Disloyalty . . . of any kind was a punishable offense . . . If a newspaper promulgated disloyal sentiments, the paper was suppressed and the editor imprisoned. If a clergyman was disloyal in prayer or sermon, or if he failed to utter a prescribed prayer, he was liable to be treated in the same manner, and was sometimes so treated. A learned and eloquent Lutheran clergyman came to me for advice because he had been summoned before the provost marshal for saying that a nation which incurred a heavy debt.in the prosecution of war laid violent hands on the harvests of the future; but his offense was condoned, because it appeared that he had referred to the "Thirty Years' War" and had made no direct reference to the debt of the United States, and perhaps á for a 'better reason-that he had strong Republican friends among his congregation."-Baltimore and the. Nineteenth of April, 1861:A Study of the War by George William Brown, Chief Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore and Mayor of the City in 1861 - Which of the following groups would most likely support the beliefs of the Lutheran clergyman expressed in the previous passage?

Opponents of the Civil War

"We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests . . .She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers , and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money."-George Templeton Strong, New York lawyer, Diary, 1863 - Which of the following describes a reason not mentioned by Strong in this excerpt that ultimately stopped Britain from recognizing the Confederacy?

Opposition from the British working class

Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the South?

Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law

Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, "THE WHOLE OR NONE"[?] . . . It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended. ...I maintain"1.That this question . . . is . . . . one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment.''2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected."3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to. . . ."-Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 - Winthrop suggests that Polk's slogan of "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" was based mainly on which of the following attitudes?

Polk hoped to get political benefit

"Mr. President ... I proposed on Tuesday last that the Senate should proceed to the consideration of the bill to organize the territories of Nebraska and Kansas .. . Now I ask the friends and the opponents of this measure to look at it as it is. Is not the question involved the simple one, whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery, subject only to the limitations of the Constitution? . . . "If the principle is right, let it be avowed and maintained. If it is wrong, let it be repudiated. Let all this quibbling about the Missouri Compromise, about the territory acquired from France, about the act of 1820, be cast behind you; for the simple question is- will you allow the people to legislate for them_ selves upon the subject of slavery? Why should you not?"-Stephen A. Douglas, Defense of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 - Which of the following ideas is Douglas appealing to when he says, "whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery"?

Popular sovereignty

Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the nation's weariness with federal intervention in the South?

President Grant's refusal to use military troops in the South

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."-Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural, Address, Saturday, March 4, 1865 - Which of the following groups would most likely object to the perspective in the passage?

Radical Reconstruction

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."-Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural, Address, Saturday, March 4, 1865 - Which of the following actions from the mid to late 19th century most closely parallels the ideas expressed in the passage?

Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

"It is a fact well known to every intelligent Southerner that we are compelled to go to the North for almost every article of utility and adornment, from shoepegs and paintings to cotton-mills, steamships and statuary...owing to the absence of a proper system of business amongst us, the North becomes, in one way or another, the proprietor and dispenser of all our floating wealth, and that we are dependent on Northern capitalists...and that, instead of building up...our own States, cities, and towns, we have been spending our substance at the North, and are daily augmenting and strengthening the very power which now has us so completely under its thumb....It is not so much in its moral and religious aspects that we propose to discuss the question of slavery, as in its social and political character and influences."Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (New York: Burdick Brothers, 1857) - The excerpt above was most likely a reaction to which of the following historical trends?

Regional economic and demographic changes between the North and South

"The undersigned have met in conference, first in Ostend. Belgium.... We have arrived at the conclusion,... that an immediate and earnest effort ought to be made by the government of the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain.... But if Spain, dead to the voice of her own interest, and actuated by stubborn pride and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba...what ought to be the course of the American government under such circumstances? Self-preservation is the first law of nature.... After we have offered Spain a price for Cuba far beyond its present value, and this shall have been refused, it will then be' time to consider the question, does Cuba, in the possession of Spain, seriously endanger our internal peace and the existence of our cherished Union? Should the question be answered in the affirmative, then, by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain if we possess the power...."James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, "Ostend Manifesto," October 18, 1854 - The outrage over the publication of the Ostend Manifesto enabled which newly formed political party to gain support and take over the House of Representatives?

Republican

"Section 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, that no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer...Section 3... no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish...Section 4...Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro...Section 7...No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish...Section 11...It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall immediately be handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol."The Louisiana Black Code, 1865 Senate Executive Document No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess - Which 19th-century group would most likely oppose the regulations in the legislation above?

Republican Party members

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way."Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 - Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because?

Republicans grew weary of pressing their reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way."Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 - Efforts by Republicans such as Shurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because?

Republicans grew weary of pressing their reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment

"It may be seriously doubted whether war rises from fundamental motives of culture or economics.... Let us take all the factors-the Sumter maneuver, the election of Lincoln, abolitionism, slavery in Kansas, cultural and economic differences... could any of these... be said to have caused the war, if one omits... elements of emotional unreason and overbold leadership. If one word or phrase were selected to account for the war, that word would not be slavery, or states-rights, or diverse civilizations. It would have to be... fanaticism (on both sides) or misunderstanding, or perhaps politics .... The notion that you must have war when you have cultural variation, or economic competition, or sectional differences, is an unhistorical misconception which is stupid in historians to promote."James G. Randall, ''The Blundering Generation," 1940 - Because they modified an earlier interpretation that the Civil War was inevitable, historians like Randall called themselves which term regarding their interpretation?

Revisionist

"That some desperate wretches should be willing to steal and enslave men by violence and murder for gain, is rather lamentable than strange. But that many civilized, nay, Christianized people should approve, and be concerned in the savage practice, is surprising; and still persist, though it has been so often proved contrary to the light of nature, to every principle of Justice and Humanity.... Our Traders in MEN (an unnatural commodity!) must know the wickedness of the SLAVE-TRADE, if they attend to reasoning, or the dictates of their own hearts.... Most shocking of all is alledging the sacred scriptures to favour this wicked practice.... The Slave-Traders should be called Devils, rather than Christians; and that it is a heinous crime to buy them...." The past treatment of Africans must naturally fill them with abhorrence of Christians; lead them to think our religion would make them more inhuman savages, if they embracedit..."Thomas Paine, "African Slavery in America," April 14, 1775 - Paine's objections in 1775 would ultimately be partially successful with the passage of the?

Slave Trade Act of 1808

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."-Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural, Address, Saturday, March 4, 1865 - The previous beliefs most clearly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history?

Social change more difficult to achieve than political change

Which one of the following figures was disappointed and angered by the Fifteenth Amendment?

Sojourner Truth

"I stand before you under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted in the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus doing, I not only committed no crime, but instead simply exercised my citizen's right, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution beyond the power of any State to deny....If once we establish the false principle that United States citizenship does not carry with it the right to vote in every state in this Union, there is no end to the petty tricks and cunning devices which will be attempted to exclude one and another class of citizens from the right of suffrage....Establish this precedent, admit the State's right to deny suffrage, and there is no limit to the confusion, discord, and disruption that may await us. There is and can be but one safe principle of government—equal rights to all."Susan B. Anthony, Speech before the Court, 1873Ida Husted Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Volume II (Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press, 1898). - Which of the following was a major consequence of the ideas expressed in the passage above?

Some women's equality activists abandoned the movement to grant and protect African American rights

"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 - Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt?

Southern landowners

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Daniel Webster, Speech to the U.S. Senate in Favor of the Compromise of 1850, March 7, 1850"Mr. President,—I wish to speak to-day, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American, and a member of the Senate of the United States... It is not to be denied that we live in the midst of strong agitations, and are surrounded by very considerable dangers to our institutions and government... I speak to-day for the preservation of the Union... Now, Sir, upon the general nature and influence of slavery there exists a wide difference of opinion between the northern portion of this country and the southern... Slavery... did exist in the States before the adoption of this Constitution, and at that time. Let us, therefore, consider for a moment what was the state of sentiment, North and South, in regard to slavery, at the time this Constitution was adopted. A remarkable change has taken place since; but what did the wise and great men of all parts of the country think of slavery then?... It will be found that both parts of the country held it equally an evil, a moral and political evil... They came to this general result. They thought that slavery could not be continued in the country if the importation of slaves were made to cease, and therefore they provided that, after a certain period, the importation might be prevented by the act of the new government... the conviction of all men was, that, if the importation of slaves ceased, the white race would multiply faster than the black race, and that slavery would therefore gradually wear out and expire... And now, Mr. President, instead of speaking of the possibility or utility of secession... instead of groping with those ideas so full of all that is... horrible... let us enjoy the fresh air of Liberty and Union..." - According to Webster, which of the following had changed since the adoption of the Constitution?

Southern leaders' attitude towards slavery

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Daniel Webster, Speech to the U.S. Senate in Favor of the Compromise of 1850, March 7, 1850 "Mr. President,—I wish to speak to-day, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American, and a member of the Senate of the United States... It is not to be denied that we live in the midst of strong agitations, and are surrounded by very considerable dangers to our institutions and government... I speak to-day for the preservation of the Union... Now, Sir, upon the general nature and influence of slavery there exists a wide difference of opinion between the northern portion of this country and the southern... Slavery... did exist in the States before the adoption of this Constitution, and at that time. Let us, therefore, consider for a moment what was the state of sentiment, North and South, in regard to slavery, at the time this Constitution was adopted. A remarkable change has taken place since; but what did the wise and great men of all parts of the country think of slavery then?... It will be found that both parts of the country held it equally an evil, a moral and political evil... They came to this general result. They thought that slavery could not be continued in the country if the importation of slaves were made to cease, and therefore they provided that, after a certain period, the importation might be prevented by the act of the new government... the conviction of all men was, that, if the importation of slaves ceased, the white race would multiply faster than the black race, and that slavery would therefore gradually wear out and expire... And now, Mr. President, instead of speaking of the possibility or utility of secession... instead of groping with those ideas so full of all that is... horrible... let us enjoy the fresh air of Liberty and Union..." - In his speech, Senator Daniel Webster was reacting primarily to which of the following?

Southern legislators' threats to dissolve the Union unless slavery was permitted in territories acquired from Mexico

Which of the following reactions was similar to the immediate reaction by many Northerners after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Southern reaction to the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954

"Section 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, that no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer...Section 3... no negro shall be permitted to rent or keep a house within said parish...Section 4...Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro...Section 7...No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish...Section 11...It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall immediately be handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol."The Louisiana Black Code, 1865 Senate Executive Document No. 2, 39th Cong., 1st Sess - The excerpt above is best understood in the context of?

Southern resistance to Radical Republicans' efforts to change Southern attitudes

Such is the Crime which you are to judge. The criminal also must be dragged into the day, what you may see and measure the power by which all this wrong is sustained from no common source could it proceed. In its perpetration was needed a spirit of vaulting ambition which would hesitate at nothing; a hardihood of purpose insensible to the judgment of mankind; a madness for Slavery, in spite of Constitution; laws, and all the great examples of our history; also consciousness of power such as comes from the habit of power; a combination of energies found only in a hundred arms directed by a hundred eyes; a control of Public Opinion through venal pens and a prostituted press; an ability to subsidize crowds in every vocation of life- the politician , with his local importance, the lawyer with his, subtle tongue, and even the authority of the judge on the bench-with a familiar use of men in places high and low, so that none, from the President to the lowest border postmaster, should decline to be its tool: all these things, and more, were needed, and they were found in the Slave Power of our Republic.-"The Crime Against Kansas: The Apologies for the Crime; The True Remedy Delivered to the United States Senate," 19-20 May 1856 by Hon. Charles Sumner - Sumner's incendiary words and condemnations were directed at?

Southern slave expansionists

"It being desirable for the peace, concord, and harmony of the Union of these states to settle and adjust amicably all existing questions of controversy between them arising out of the institution of slavery upon a fair, equitable, and just basis. . . ."We are told now . . . that the Union is threatened with subversion and destruction . . . If the Union is to be dissolved for any existing causes, it will be dissolved because slavery is interdicted or not allowed to be introduced into the ceded territories, because slavery is threatened to be abolished in the District of Columbia, and because fugitive slaves are not returned . . . to their masters. . . ."I am for staying within the Union and fighting for my rights."-Henry Clay, Resolution on the Compromise of 1850 - To which politicians is Clay directing the last line of the excerpt?

Southerners who were threatening to secede

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Blanche K. Bruce, Speech in the Senate, 1876"The conduct of the late election in Mississippi affected not merely the fortunes of partisans—as the same were necessarily involved in the defeat or success of the respective parties to the contest—but put in question and jeopardy the sacred rights of the citizen; and the investigation contemplated in the pending resolution has for its object not the determination of the question whether the offices shall be held and the public affairs of that State be administered by democrats or republicans, but the higher and more important end, the protection in all their purity and significance of the political rights of the people and the free institutions of the country... The evidence in hand and accessible will show beyond peradventure that in many parts of the State corrupt and violent influences were brought to bear upon the registrars of voters, thus materially affecting the character of the voting or poll lists; upon the inspectors of election, prejudicially and unfairly thereby changing the number of votes cast; and, finally, threats and violence were practiced directly upon the masses of voters in such measures and strength as to produce grave apprehensions for their personal safety and as to deter them from the exercise of their political franchises... It will not accord with the laws of nature or history to brand colored people a race of cowards." - The excerpt from Bruce's speech most directly reflects which of the following?

The Fifteenth Amendment did not prevent white southerners from excluding black voters by violence

Such is the Crime which you are to judge. The criminal also must be dragged into the day, what you may see and measure the power by which all this wrong is sustained from no common source could it proceed. In its perpetration was needed a spirit of vaulting ambition which would hesitate at nothing; a hardihood of purpose insensible to the judgment of mankind; a madness for Slavery, in spite of Constitution; laws, and all the great examples of our history; also consciousness of power such as comes from the habit of power; a combination of energies found only in a hundred arms directed by a hundred eyes; a control of Public Opinion through venal pens and a prostituted press; an ability to subsidize crowds in every vocation of life- the politician , with his local importance, the lawyer with his, subtle tongue, and even the authority of the judge on the bench-with a familiar use of men in places high and low, so that none, from the President to the lowest border postmaster, should decline to be its tool: all these things, and more, were needed, and they were found in the Slave Power of our Republic.-"The Crime Against Kansas: The Apologies for the Crime; The True Remedy Delivered to the United States Senate," 19-20 May 1856 by Hon. Charles Sumner - What prompted this speech by Charles Sumner to Congress in 1856?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act, authored by Stephen Douglas

"2. The perpetuation of the Federal Union and Constitution, as the palladium of our civil and religious liberties, and the only sure bulwarks of American Independence.3. Americans must rule America, and to this end native-born citizens should be selected for all State, Federal, and municipal offices of government employment, in preference to all others...7. The recognition of the right of native-born and naturalized citizens of the United States, permanently residing in any Territory thereof, to frame their constitution and laws, and to regulate their domestic and social affairs in their own mode, subject only to the provisions of the Federal Constitution.8. An enforcement of the principles that no State or Territory ought to admit others than citizens to the right of suffrage, or of holding political offices of the United States.9. A change in the laws of naturalization, making a continued residence of twenty-one years, of all not heretofore provided for, an indispensable requisite for citizenship hereafter, and excluding all paupers, and persons convicted of crime, from landing upon our shores; but no interference with the vested rights of foreigners."The American Party's Platform of Principles, 1856 "American Platform of Principles," The True American's Almanac and Politician's Manual for 1857. ed. Tisdale. New York: 1857. - Which of the following 20th-century events or movements compares most closely with the ideas expressed in the excerpt above?

The Red Scare of the 1920s

"The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy; the oligarchs leading in the popular movement- a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core- hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace -and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age"-Henry Grady, The New South, 1886, 1889 -Which of the following would more accurately fit Grady's description of the new South?

The South during the World War II era

"The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy; the oligarchs leading in the popular movement- a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core- hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace -and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age"-Henry Grady, The New South, 1886, 1889 - Based on the excerpt of Henry Grady's New South, which of the following statements best describes the change in the description of the American identity?

The South had done away with the hierarchical plantation system and replaced it with a more egalitarian society

"GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders....We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey....You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it....But you cannot have peace and a division of our country....We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States....I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter. Now you must go, and take with you the old and feeble, feed and nurse them and build for them in more quiet places proper habitations to shield them against the weather until the mad passions of men cool down and allow the Union and peace once more to settle over your old homes at Atlanta."Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta Mayor and City Council, 1864. United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892) - Which of the following most directly resulted from the excerpt above?

The South's environment and infrastructure was increasingly destroyed

"Resolved, That we, the delegated representatives of the Republican electors of the United States in Convention assembled, in discharge of the duty we owe to our constituents and our country, unite in the following declarations:[Plank] 8. That the normal condition of all the territory of the United States is that of freedom: That, as our Republican fathers, when they had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that "no persons should be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law," it becomes our duty, by legislation, whenever such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of_ the Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the authority of Congress, of territorial legislature, or of any individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the United States."-Republican Party Platform, 1860 - The ideas expressed in the previous excerpt are most similar to those in which of the following movements?

The Women's suffrage movement

Lincoln's pronouncement of the Emancipation Proclamation led directly to which of the following?

The amendment outlawing involuntary servitude

"GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders....We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey....You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it....But you cannot have peace and a division of our country....We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States....I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter. Now you must go, and take with you the old and feeble, feed and nurse them and build for them in more quiet places proper habitations to shield them against the weather until the mad passions of men cool down and allow the Union and peace once more to settle over your old homes at Atlanta."Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta Mayor and City Council, 1864. United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892) - The message in the letter above best reflects which of the following continuities in U.S. history?

The application of effective economic and industrial strategies to warfare

"The van of the Caucasian race now atop the Rocky Mountains, and spread down upon the shores of the Pacific. In a few years a great population will grow up there, luminous with the accumulated lights of European and American civilization. Their presence in such a position cannot be without its influence upon eastern Asia....Civilization, or extinction has been the fate of all people who found themselves in the track of the advancing Whites, and civilization, always the preference of the Whites, has been pressed as an object, while extinction has followed as a consequence of its resistance. The Black and Red races have often felt their ameliorating influence."Congressional Speech by Senator Thomas Hart Benton, 1846 Congressional Globe, May 28, 1846 - The passage above was most likely a reaction to which of the following events or processes?

The assertion of U.S. power in the Western Hemisphere

Which of the following most directly reflects the reason for the effectiveness of Uncle Tom's Cabin?

The book transformed an abstract political issue into a personal tragedy of family separation

"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure....It is for us, the living...to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us...that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 1863 - The passage above best serves as evidence of which of the following?

The changing purpose of the Civil War

"Resolved, that it is both the part of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political principle other than THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTRY, THE UNION OF THE STATES, AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS and that, as representatives of the Constitutional Union men of the country. . . we hereby pledge ourselves to maintain, protect, and defend, separately and unitedly, these great principles of public liberty and national safety against all enemies; at home and abroad; ... the rights of the People and of the States re-established, and the Government again placed in that condition of justice, fraternity and equality, which, under the example and Constitution of our fathers, has solemnly bound every citizen of the United States to maintain a more perfect union..."From the Platform of the Constitutional Union Party of 1860 - This excerpt addresses which of the following continuing antebellum issues?

The failure of compromise

". . . Disloyalty . . . of any kind was a punishable offense . . . If a newspaper promulgated disloyal sentiments, the paper was suppressed and the editor imprisoned. If a clergyman was disloyal in prayer or sermon, or if he failed to utter a prescribed prayer, he was liable to be treated in the same manner, and was sometimes so treated. A learned and eloquent Lutheran clergyman came to me for advice because he had been summoned before the provost marshal for saying that a nation which incurred a heavy debt.in the prosecution of war laid violent hands on the harvests of the future; but his offense was condoned, because it appeared that he had referred to the "Thirty Years' War" and had made no direct reference to the debt of the United States, and perhaps á for a 'better reason-that he had strong Republican friends among his congregation."-Baltimore and the. Nineteenth of April, 1861:A Study of the War by George William Brown, Chief Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore and Mayor of the City in 1861 - The aforementioned events most clearly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history?

The changing relationship among the branches of the federal government

"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure....It is for us, the living...to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us...that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 1863 - Which of the following actions of the Lincoln administration best exemplified the belief expressed in the quotation above?

The decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

"[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted."— Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, published in 1965 - Which of the following later historical developments is most similar to the actions of the governments described in the excerpt?

The desegregation of the United States military in 1948

"In the spring of 1853 we grew tired of our diggings because we were entirely dependent on the rains for water and determined to seek a better place to mine. So James, Rezin Anderson, and I took our respective rolls of bedding on our backs and our rifles on our shoulders and started for Rabbit Creek in Sierra country. We arrived at Rabbit Creek when the snow was sixteen feet deep. All of the miners' cabins had steps cut in the snow down to the doors...The mines were all deep gravel channels from 25 to 125 feet deep on mountain spurs and ridges, and were worked by hydraulic pipes in which water was piped down into the cuts and thrown against the banks which were composed of quartz, gravel and sand. These immense gravel beds were once ancient river beds before the mountains and ridges upheaved, and all contained enough fine gold to pay richly for washing them away by hydraulic process. Through lines of sluice boxes the sand and gravel was dumped into the surrounding canyons which drained into the North fork of the Yuba River. Here the claims were 200 feet square. No man could have more than one claim. Every mining district in California in those days had their own laws made by the miners and by them enforced."Granville Stuart, A Memoir from California, 1852-1853Granville Stuart, Forty Years on the Frontier, edited by Paul C. Phillips (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1925). -The ideas expressed in the excerpt above reflect which of the following continuities in United States history?

The desire for resources causing environmental transformation

"We assert that fourteen of the states have deliberately refused for years past to fulfill their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own statutes for proof....Those states have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established...and recognized by the Constitution...they have permitted the open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace of and eloign [take away] the property of citizens of other States....A sectional party has found within...the Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself....On the 4th of March next this party will take possession of the Government....The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The Slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the Federal Government will have become their enemy."South Carolina Declaration of the Causes of Secession, December 24, 1860Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record, Volume I (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1861) - The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above were most directly a result of which the following?

The election of Lincoln in 1860

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way."Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 - The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?

The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the doctrine of Manifest Destiny?

The exclusion of Catholic immigrants from the North American continent was providentially directed

"The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy; the oligarchs leading in the popular movement- a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core- hundred farms for every plantation, fifty homes for every palace -and a diversified industry that meets the complex need of this complex age"-Henry Grady, The New South, 1886, 1889 - Which of the following pieces of evidence would counteract the ideal pf the new South as described by Henry Grady?

The existence of sharecropping and the crop-lien system

Which of the following was NOT a reason for why Chinese immigrants stopped mining for gold?

the decreased commerce between the U.S. and China

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. É It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." - Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845. "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!"- Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro", 1852 - The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-19th century?

The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. É It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." - Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845. "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!"- Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro", 1852 -The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-19th century?

The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision by the United States to fight the Mexican-American War?

The idea of Manifest Destiny

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing."— David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 - Which of the following historical developments during the nineteenth century best supports Potter's argument about the underlying cause of sectional conflict?

The increase in economic opportunities in the West

"When we came in sight of the camp I saw the American flag waving and heard Black Kettle tell the Indians to stand around the flag, and there they were huddled—men, women, and children. This was when we were within fifty yards of the Indians. I also saw a white flag raised. These flags were in so conspicuous a position that they must have been seen. When the troops fired the Indians ran, some of the men into their lodges, probably to get their arms. They had time to get away if they had wanted to...After the firing the warriors put the squaws and children together, and surrounded them to protect them. I saw five squaws under a bank for shelter. When the troops came up to them they ran out and showed their persons to let the soldiers know they were squaws and begged for mercy, but the soldiers shot them all....There seemed to be indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children....The squaws offered no resistance. Everyone I saw dead was scalped."Testimony of Robert Bent, Colorado rancher, before a U.S. Senate Committee investigating the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864, 1867Testimony of Robert Bent before U.S. Senate Investigative Committee on the Chivington Massacre, 1867, U.S. Senate, 39th Congress, 2nd session, The Chivington Massacre, Reports of the Committees, Senate Report No. 156 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867), p. 42 - The excerpt above best serves as evidence of which of the following?

The increasing conflict between the U.S. government and American Indians as the country expanded territorially

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Abraham Lincoln, Debate at Galesburg, Illinois, 1858"I believe that the right of property in a slave is not distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution, and Judge Douglas thinks it is. I believe that the Supreme Court and the advocates of that decision may search in vain for the place in the Constitution where the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed... And I do think—I repeat, though I said it on a former occasion—that Judge Douglas and whoever, like him, teaches that the negro has no share, humble though it may be, in the Declaration of Independence, is going back to the era of our liberty and independence, and, so far as in him lies, muzzling the cannon that thunders its annual joyous return; that he is blowing out the moral rights around us, when he contends that whoever wants slaves has a right to hold them; that he is penetrating, so far as lies in his power, the human soul, and eradicating the light of reason and the love of liberty, when he is in every possible way preparing the public mind, by his vast influence, for making the institution of slavery perpetual and national... And now it only remains for me to say that I think it is a very grave question for the people of this Union to consider, whether, in view of the fact that this slavery question has been the only one that has ever endangered our Republican institutions, the only one that has ever threatened or menaced a dissolution of the Union, that has ever disturbed us in such a way as to make us fear for the perpetuity of our liberty..." - The excerpt most directly reflects which one of the following ideas?

The institution of slavery endangers the Union

"I feel very little like writing, but you will be wanting to know the whys of course. One of those dreadful prairie fires, accompanied by a hurricane of wind swept through here Tuesday night, the 14th, and took everything but our house and stock. All our hay and oats that Rob and I had worked so hard to get up and stack, harness, saddle, 26 hens and chickens...all burned etc. At least a hundred dollars worth swept away in a few moments....Imagine yourselves for instance with nothing but land, house, and stock—for that's where we are. Not a tree, particle of water, grass, stable, fence or anything else....Eastern people may think us homesteaders are doing a fine thing to get 160 acres of land for nothing—all but the nothing. Oh, the suffering that the poor endure here, and privations you have not the remotest idea of, and poor means nearly all homesteaders."Letter from Mary Abell to her family, 1873Mary Abigail Chaffee Abell, Love Lies Bleeding, compiled by Helen Smith Jordan (H. S. Jordan, 1979). - The ideas expressed in the excerpt above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history?

The migration of peoples seeking new economic opportunities

"I feel very little like writing, but you will be wanting to know the whys of course. One of those dreadful prairie fires, accompanied by a hurricane of wind swept through here Tuesday night, the 14th, and took everything but our house and stock. All our hay and oats that Rob and I had worked so hard to get up and stack, harness, saddle, 26 hens and chickens...all burned etc. At least a hundred dollars worth swept away in a few moments....Imagine yourselves for instance with nothing but land, house, and stock—for that's where we are. Not a tree, particle of water, grass, stable, fence or anything else....Eastern people may think us homesteaders are doing a fine thing to get 160 acres of land for nothing—all but the nothing. Oh, the suffering that the poor endure here, and privations you have not the remotest idea of, and poor means nearly all homesteaders."Letter from Mary Abell to her family, 1873Mary Abigail Chaffee Abell, Love Lies Bleeding, compiled by Helen Smith Jordan (H. S. Jordan, 1979). - The activities described in the excerpt above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

The passage of legislation promoting national economic development

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing."— David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 - Which of the following most directly helped maintain the "balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States" before the Mexican-American War referenced in the excerpt?

The passage of the Missouri Compromise

Reaction in the North to the Fugitive Slave Act was similar to American reaction to which of the following?

The passage of the Stamp Act

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way."Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 - Schurz's analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South?

The process of readmitting Confederate states

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: A Newspaper Man Declares the Manifest Destiny of the United States in 1845, John L. O'Sullivan from Democratic Review.It is time for opposition to the Annexation of Texas to cease... It is time for the common duty of Patriotism to the Country to succeed:—or if this claim will not be recognized, it is at least time for common sense to acquiesce with decent grace in the inevitable and the irrevocable... Why, were other reasoning wanting, in favor of now elevating this question of the reception of Texas into the Union, out of the lower region of our past party dissentions, up to its proper level of a high and broad nationality, it surely is to be found, found abundantly, in the manner in which other nations have undertaken to intrude themselves into it, between us and the proper parties to the case, in a spirit of hostile interference against us, for the avowed object of thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfilment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions... Nor is there any just foundation for the charge that Annexation is a great pro-slavery measure—calculated to increase and perpetuate that institution. Slavery had nothing to do with it. Opinions... are greatly divided, both at the North and South, as to the influence to be exerted by it on Slavery and the Slave States. That it will tend to facilitate and hasten the disappearance of Slavery from all the northern tier of the present Slave States, cannot surely admit of serious question. The greater value in Texas of the slave labor now employed in those States, must soon produce the effect of draining off that labor southwardly... Every new Slave State in Texas will make at least one Free State from among those in which that institution now exists. - In the excerpt, John L. O'Sullivan argued which of the following about the relationship between slavery and the annexation of Texas?

The removal of slaves to Texas would help eliminate slavery in the old South

Which of the following was the most significant "pull factor" in the decision of Freedmen (former slaves) to "go to Kansas?

The rumor that Freedmen would receive free land and money to begin a new life

"It is a fact well known to every intelligent Southerner that we are compelled to go to the North for almost every article of utility and adornment, from shoepegs and paintings to cotton-mills, steamships and statuary...owing to the absence of a proper system of business amongst us, the North becomes, in one way or another, the proprietor and dispenser of all our floating wealth, and that we are dependent on Northern capitalists...and that, instead of building up...our own States, cities, and towns, we have been spending our substance at the North, and are daily augmenting and strengthening the very power which now has us so completely under its thumb....It is not so much in its moral and religious aspects that we propose to discuss the question of slavery, as in its social and political character and influences."Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (New York: Burdick Brothers, 1857) - Which of the following most directly supports the assertion expressed in the excerpt above?

The slow population growth of the South

"Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation... on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate,... and to give unto said Freedmen... one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen's labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen... agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866.... We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer.... We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages."Labor Contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Tennessee, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1869, No. M-999 - The excerpt above would best serve as evidence of which of the following?

The social and economic continuities that characterized the antebellum and post-Civil War South

Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, "THE WHOLE OR NONE"[?] . . . It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended. ...I maintain"1.That this question . . . is . . . . one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment.''2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected."3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to. . . ."-Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 - Which of the following did Winthrop offer as a final way to settle the Oregon question?

The two countries should submit their claims to arbitration

"We assert that fourteen of the states have deliberately refused for years past to fulfill their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own statutes for proof....Those states have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established...and recognized by the Constitution...they have permitted the open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace of and eloign [take away] the property of citizens of other States....A sectional party has found within...the Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself....On the 4th of March next this party will take possession of the Government....The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The Slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the Federal Government will have become their enemy."South Carolina Declaration of the Causes of Secession, December 24, 1860Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record, Volume I (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1861) - The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

The use of states' rights for the defense of slavery

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Richard Henry Dana, from Two Years before the Mast, 1840"The Californians are an idle, thriftless people, and can make nothing for themselves. The country abounds in grapes, yet they buy bad wine made in Boston and brought round by us, at an immense price... and buy shoes (as like as not, made of their own hides, which have been carried twice round Cape Horn) at three and four dollars... The government of the country is an arbitrary democracy; having no common law, and no judiciary. Their only laws are made and unmade at the caprice of the legislature, and are as variable as the legislature itself... Revolutions are matters of constant occurrence in California. They are got up by men who are at the foot of the ladder and in desperate circumstances, just as a new political party is started by such men in our own country... and instead of caucusing... as with us, they take muskets and bayonets, seizing upon the presidio and custom-house, divide the spoils, and declare a new dynasty. As for justice, they know no law but will and fear... Such are the people who inhabit a country embracing four or five hundred miles of sea-coast, with several good harbors; with fine forests in the north; the waters filled with fish, and the plains covered with thousands of herds of cattle; blessed with a climate, than which there can be no better in the world... and with a soil which corn yields from seventy to eighty fold. In the hands of an enterprising people, what a country this might be!... The Americans (as those from the United States are called)... who are fast filling up the principal towns, and getting the trade into their hands, are indeed more industrious and effective than the Spaniards..." - Which of the following best describes Richard Henry Dana's attitude toward the Mexican citizens of California?

They are racially and culturally inferior to white Americans

"Resolved, that it is both the part of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political principle other than THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTRY, THE UNION OF THE STATES, AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS and that, as representatives of the Constitutional Union men of the country. . . we hereby pledge ourselves to maintain, protect, and defend, separately and unitedly, these great principles of public liberty and national safety against all enemies; at home and abroad; ... the rights of the People and of the States re-established, and the Government again placed in that condition of justice, fraternity and equality, which, under the example and Constitution of our fathers, has solemnly bound every citizen of the United States to maintain a more perfect union..."From the Platform of the Constitutional Union Party of 1860 - According to the excerpt, which of the following was the main reason for the formation of the Constitutional Union Party for the election of 1860?

To preserve the "more perfect Union"

"When we came in sight of the camp I saw the American flag waving and heard Black Kettle tell the Indians to stand around the flag, and there they were huddled—men, women, and children. This was when we were within fifty yards of the Indians. I also saw a white flag raised. These flags were in so conspicuous a position that they must have been seen. When the troops fired the Indians ran, some of the men into their lodges, probably to get their arms. They had time to get away if they had wanted to...After the firing the warriors put the squaws and children together, and surrounded them to protect them. I saw five squaws under a bank for shelter. When the troops came up to them they ran out and showed their persons to let the soldiers know they were squaws and begged for mercy, but the soldiers shot them all....There seemed to be indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children....The squaws offered no resistance. Everyone I saw dead was scalped."Testimony of Robert Bent, Colorado rancher, before a U.S. Senate Committee investigating the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864, 1867Testimony of Robert Bent before U.S. Senate Investigative Committee on the Chivington Massacre, 1867, U.S. Senate, 39th Congress, 2nd session, The Chivington Massacre, Reports of the Committees, Senate Report No. 156 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867), p. 42 - The excerpt quoted above would be most helpful to historians analyzing the?

U.S. government interaction and conflict with American Indians

Which of the following was written after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and raised awareness of the treatment of slaves in the South?

Uncle Tom's Cabin's by Harriet Beecher Stowe

". . . Disloyalty . . . of any kind was a punishable offense . . . If a newspaper promulgated disloyal sentiments, the paper was suppressed and the editor imprisoned. If a clergyman was disloyal in prayer or sermon, or if he failed to utter a prescribed prayer, he was liable to be treated in the same manner, and was sometimes so treated. A learned and eloquent Lutheran clergyman came to me for advice because he had been summoned before the provost marshal for saying that a nation which incurred a heavy debt.in the prosecution of war laid violent hands on the harvests of the future; but his offense was condoned, because it appeared that he had referred to the "Thirty Years' War" and had made no direct reference to the debt of the United States, and perhaps á for a 'better reason-that he had strong Republican friends among his congregation."-Baltimore and the. Nineteenth of April, 1861:A Study of the War by George William Brown, Chief Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore and Mayor of the City in 1861 - The situations described in the passage most clearly relate to?

Union concern over the allegiance of the border states

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Thomas Corwin, "Against the Mexican War," 1847"What is the territory, Mr. President, which you propose to wrest from Mexico? It is consecrated to the heart of the Mexican by many a well-fought battle with his old Castilian master. His Bunker Hills, and Saratogas, and Yorktowns are there! The Mexican can say, 'There I bled for liberty! and shall I surrender that consecrated home of my affections to the Anglo-Saxon invaders? What do they want with it? They have Texas already. They have possessed themselves of the territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. What else do they want? To what shall I point my children as memorials of that independence which I bequeath to them, when those battlefields shall have passed from my possession?' Sir, had one come and demanded Bunker Hill of the people of Massachusetts, had England's lion ever showed himself there, is there a man over thirteen and under ninety who would not have been ready to meet him? Is there a river on this continent that would not have run red with blood? Is there a field but would have been piled high with the unburied bones of slaughtered Americans before these consecrated battlefields of liberty should have been wrested from us? But this same American goes into a sister republic, and says to poor, weak Mexico, "Give up your territory, you are unworthy to possess it; I have got one half already, and all I ask of you is to give up the other!"... Sir, look at this pretense of want of room. With twenty millions of people, you have about one thousand millions of acres of land, inviting settlement by every conceivable argument, bringing them down to a quarter of a dollar an acre, and allowing every man to squat where the pleases..." - Which of the following groups would be most likely to support Corwin's argument against Manifest Destiny?

Whigs

"In the spring of 1853 we grew tired of our diggings because we were entirely dependent on the rains for water and determined to seek a better place to mine. So James, Rezin Anderson, and I took our respective rolls of bedding on our backs and our rifles on our shoulders and started for Rabbit Creek in Sierra country. We arrived at Rabbit Creek when the snow was sixteen feet deep. All of the miners' cabins had steps cut in the snow down to the doors...The mines were all deep gravel channels from 25 to 125 feet deep on mountain spurs and ridges, and were worked by hydraulic pipes in which water was piped down into the cuts and thrown against the banks which were composed of quartz, gravel and sand. These immense gravel beds were once ancient river beds before the mountains and ridges upheaved, and all contained enough fine gold to pay richly for washing them away by hydraulic process. Through lines of sluice boxes the sand and gravel was dumped into the surrounding canyons which drained into the North fork of the Yuba River. Here the claims were 200 feet square. No man could have more than one claim. Every mining district in California in those days had their own laws made by the miners and by them enforced."Granville Stuart, A Memoir from California, 1852-1853Granville Stuart, Forty Years on the Frontier, edited by Paul C. Phillips (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1925). -The passage above best reflects which of the following historical trends or patterns?

Whites, Asians, and African Americans seeking new economic opportunities

"When we came in sight of the camp I saw the American flag waving and heard Black Kettle tell the Indians to stand around the flag, and there they were huddled—men, women, and children. This was when we were within fifty yards of the Indians. I also saw a white flag raised. These flags were in so conspicuous a position that they must have been seen. When the troops fired the Indians ran, some of the men into their lodges, probably to get their arms. They had time to get away if they had wanted to...After the firing the warriors put the squaws and children together, and surrounded them to protect them. I saw five squaws under a bank for shelter. When the troops came up to them they ran out and showed their persons to let the soldiers know they were squaws and begged for mercy, but the soldiers shot them all....There seemed to be indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children....The squaws offered no resistance. Everyone I saw dead was scalped."Testimony of Robert Bent, Colorado rancher, before a U.S. Senate Committee investigating the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864, 1867Testimony of Robert Bent before U.S. Senate Investigative Committee on the Chivington Massacre, 1867, U.S. Senate, 39th Congress, 2nd session, The Chivington Massacre, Reports of the Committees, Senate Report No. 156 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867), p. 42 - The excerpt above is best understood in the context of?

a sense of American cultural and racial superiority

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Richard Henry Dana, from Two Years before the Mast, 1840"The Californians are an idle, thriftless people, and can make nothing for themselves. The country abounds in grapes, yet they buy bad wine made in Boston and brought round by us, at an immense price... and buy shoes (as like as not, made of their own hides, which have been carried twice round Cape Horn) at three and four dollars... The government of the country is an arbitrary democracy; having no common law, and no judiciary. Their only laws are made and unmade at the caprice of the legislature, and are as variable as the legislature itself... Revolutions are matters of constant occurrence in California. They are got up by men who are at the foot of the ladder and in desperate circumstances, just as a new political party is started by such men in our own country... and instead of caucusing... as with us, they take muskets and bayonets, seizing upon the presidio and custom-house, divide the spoils, and declare a new dynasty. As for justice, they know no law but will and fear... Such are the people who inhabit a country embracing four or five hundred miles of sea-coast, with several good harbors; with fine forests in the north; the waters filled with fish, and the plains covered with thousands of herds of cattle; blessed with a climate, than which there can be no better in the world... and with a soil which corn yields from seventy to eighty fold. In the hands of an enterprising people, what a country this might be!... The Americans (as those from the United States are called)... who are fast filling up the principal towns, and getting the trade into their hands, are indeed more industrious and effective than the Spaniards..." - Which of the following was a direct effect of the Bear Flag Revolt?

a short-lived independent California Republic

Abraham Lincoln's intended impact on the Civil War in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation was to?

add ending slavery in the United States to reunifying the country as the purpose of the war

"The undersigned have met in conference, first in Ostend. Belgium.... We have arrived at the conclusion,... that an immediate and earnest effort ought to be made by the government of the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain.... But if Spain, dead to the voice of her own interest, and actuated by stubborn pride and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba...what ought to be the course of the American government under such circumstances? Self-preservation is the first law of nature.... After we have offered Spain a price for Cuba far beyond its present value, and this shall have been refused, it will then be' time to consider the question, does Cuba, in the possession of Spain, seriously endanger our internal peace and the existence of our cherished Union? Should the question be answered in the affirmative, then, by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain if we possess the power...."James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, "Ostend Manifesto," October 18, 1854 - Northerners were enraged at the Ostend Manifesto primarily because they saw it as?

an attempt to extend slavery

Unlike most other historic slavery systems, slaves in the antebellum southern states were not considered to?

be human beings

"Thus the contest was joined on the central issue which was to dominate all American history for the next dozen years, the disposition of the Territories: Two sets of extremists had arisen: Northerners who demanded no new slave territories under any circumstances, and Southerners who demanded free entry for slavery into all territories, the penalty for denial to be secession. For the time being, moderates who hoped to find a way of compromise and to repress the underlying issue of slavery itself-its toleration or non-toleration by a great free Christian state-were overwhelmingly in the majority. But history showed that in crises of this sort the two sets of extremists were almost certain to grow in power, swallowing up more and more members of the conciliatory center."Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847-1852, 1947 - The interpretation of the causes of the Civil War that Nevins would likely support is?

blundering generation

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: South Carolina Declaration of the Causes of Secession, December 24, 1860"We assert that fourteen of the states [that is, the free states] have deliberately refused for years past to fulfill their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own statutes for the proof... The states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa have enacted laws which either nullify the acts of Congress [the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850] or render useless any attempt to execute them... Those states have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the states and recognized by the Constitution. They have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted the open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace of and eloign the property of the citizens of other states. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and, those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books, and pictures to servile insurrection... On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party of Abraham Lincoln] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost and the federal government will have become their enemy... We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled... have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved..." - According to the excerpt, how did the northern states most directly fail to fulfill their constitutional obligations?

by refusing to return fugitive slaves to their owners

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Thomas Corwin, "Against the Mexican War," 1847"What is the territory, Mr. President, which you propose to wrest from Mexico? It is consecrated to the heart of the Mexican by many a well-fought battle with his old Castilian master. His Bunker Hills, and Saratogas, and Yorktowns are there! The Mexican can say, 'There I bled for liberty! and shall I surrender that consecrated home of my affections to the Anglo-Saxon invaders? What do they want with it? They have Texas already. They have possessed themselves of the territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. What else do they want? To what shall I point my children as memorials of that independence which I bequeath to them, when those battlefields shall have passed from my possession?' Sir, had one come and demanded Bunker Hill of the people of Massachusetts, had England's lion ever showed himself there, is there a man over thirteen and under ninety who would not have been ready to meet him? Is there a river on this continent that would not have run red with blood? Is there a field but would have been piled high with the unburied bones of slaughtered Americans before these consecrated battlefields of liberty should have been wrested from us? But this same American goes into a sister republic, and says to poor, weak Mexico, "Give up your territory, you are unworthy to possess it; I have got one half already, and all I ask of you is to give up the other!"... Sir, look at this pretense of want of room. With twenty millions of people, you have about one thousand millions of acres of land, inviting settlement by every conceivable argument, bringing them down to a quarter of a dollar an acre, and allowing every man to squat where the pleases..." - Thomas Corwin refers in the excerpt to "Bunker Hills," "Saratogas," and "Yorktowns" in order to do which of the following?

convey that the Mexican struggle for independence from the Spanish empire was parallel to the American revolutionaries' fight against British imperialism

The main purpose of the 14th Amendment was to give freedmen rights but was interpreted by the Supreme Court to give rights to?

corporations by declaring them to be a person

"We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests . . .She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers , and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money."-George Templeton Strong, New York lawyer, Diary, 1863 - Strong's statement that the British feared "diminishing the supply of breadstuffs on which her operatives depend" explains why he thinks the British?

depended more on the slave trade than most Americans realized

"... beneath all the propaganda there was the fact of Negro slavery. Without the 'peculiar institution' there could have been no proslavery or antislavery agitators, no division on the issue ... of extension of slave territory. The northern attack on slavery was a logical product of nineteenth-century liberal capitalism. The southern defense of slavery-by planters deeply concerned about both their profits and their capital investment, was just as understandable. Enmeshed with slavery were other economic differences which contributed to sectional hate.... Between North and South there did exist a profound and irrepressible clash of material interests. ..., the question of 'inevitability' is not within the historian's province, for it is something that can never be solved by research. It should be left to the philosopher."Kenneth Stamp, And the War Came, 1950 - In the passage above the two factors that are combined as the cause of the Civil War are?

economic differences and slavery

"We are now far into the fifth year, [since popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act] was initiated, with the avowed object,... of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under... that policy, ... agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented. A house divided against itself cannot stand. "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall -but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new--North as well as South."Abraham Lincoln, "House Divided Speech," June 16, 1858 - Lincoln's speech was delivered in part to contradict the Dred Scott decision which had declared in 1857 that the?

federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the territories

A field hand would be most likely to engage in a work slowdown or destroy tools during a?

full moon

"It may be seriously doubted whether war rises from fundamental motives of culture or economics.... Let us take all the factors-the Sumter maneuver, the election of Lincoln, abolitionism, slavery in Kansas, cultural and economic differences... could any of these... be said to have caused the war, if one omits... elements of emotional unreason and overbold leadership. If one word or phrase were selected to account for the war, that word would not be slavery, or states-rights, or diverse civilizations. It would have to be... fanaticism (on both sides) or misunderstanding, or perhaps politics .... The notion that you must have war when you have cultural variation, or economic competition, or sectional differences, is an unhistorical misconception which is stupid in historians to promote."James G. Randall, ''The Blundering Generation," 1940 - The interpretation in the above passage contains all of the assertions about what caused the Civil War EXCEPT?

fundamental motives of culture and economics

One direct effect of the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin was that it?

generated greater Northern resistance opposing against slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the bestselling novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, prompted by which of the following?

her outrage at the Fugitive Slave Act

"The van of the Caucasian race now atop the Rocky Mountains, and spread down upon the shores of the Pacific. In a few years a great population will grow up there, luminous with the accumulated lights of European and American civilization. Their presence in such a position cannot be without its influence upon eastern Asia....Civilization, or extinction has been the fate of all people who found themselves in the track of the advancing Whites, and civilization, always the preference of the Whites, has been pressed as an object, while extinction has followed as a consequence of its resistance. The Black and Red races have often felt their ameliorating influence."Congressional Speech by Senator Thomas Hart Benton, 1846. Congressional Globe, May 28, 1846 - The excerpt above is best understood in the context of the?

idea of Manifest Destiny

The 1857 decision in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case?

implied that the Republican Party's stance against the expansion of slavery was unconstitutional

"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 - In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to?

increased sectional divisions between North and the South

"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization."John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 - In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to?

increased sectional divisions between North and the South

"That some desperate wretches should be willing to steal and enslave men by violence and murder for gain, is rather lamentable than strange. But that many civilized, nay, Christianized people should approve, and be concerned in the savage practice, is surprising; and still persist, though it has been so often proved contrary to the light of nature, to every principle of Justice and Humanity.... Our Traders in MEN (an unnatural commodity!) must know the wickedness of the SLAVE-TRADE, if they attend to reasoning, or the dictates of their own hearts.... Most shocking of all is alledging the sacred scriptures to favour this wicked practice.... The Slave-Traders should be called Devils, rather than Christians; and that it is a heinous crime to buy them...." The past treatment of Africans must naturally fill them with abhorrence of Christians; lead them to think our religion would make them more inhuman savages, if they embracedit..."Thomas Paine, "African Slavery in America," April 14, 1775 - The above excerpt could be considered an?

inspiration for Thomas Jefferson 's failed effort to include the issue of slavery in the Declaration of Independence

"[Slave Codes] Slaves were not considered men. They had no right of petition. They were 'devisable like any other chattel.' They could own nothing; they could make no contracts: they could hold no property, nor traffic in property: they could not hire out: they could not legally marry or constitute families: they could not control their children: they could not appeal from their master: they could be punished at will: they could not testify in court: they could be imprisoned by their owners, and the criminal offense of assault and battery could not be committed on a person of a slave:... A slave could not sue his master: had no right of redemption: no right to education or religion: ... Children followed the condition of the slave mother. A slave could have no access to the judiciary. A slave might be condemned to death for striking any white person."W. E. B DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1935 - According to the Slave Codes described in the above passage the law regarded the black slave as?

movable property

"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure....It is for us, the living...to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us...that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."President Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, July 1863 - The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly led to political controversies in the 1870s and 1880s over?

new definitions of citizenship

For future Supreme Courts, one of the key points of the 14th Amendment would be which of the following?

nor deny . . . equal protection of the laws

"We want Homesteads; we were promised Homesteads by the government. If It does not carry out the promises Its agents made to us, If the government Having concluded to befriend Its late enemies and to neglect to observe the principles of common faith between Its self and us Its allies In the war you said was over, now takes away from them all right to the soil they stand upon save such as they can get by again working for your late and their all time enemies. If the government does so we are left In a more unpleasant condition than our former. We are at the mercy of those who are, combined to prevent us from getting land enough to lay our Fathers bones upon . . . "-Excerpt from a letter from the Freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina to General O.O. Howard, head of the Freedmen's Bureau, in October 1865 - The "promises its agents made to us" refers to?

offers of assistance that the Freedmen had received from agents of the Freedmen's Bureau during the months after the surrender at Appomattox

"We want Homesteads; we were promised Homesteads by the government. If It does not carry out the promises Its agents made to us, If the government Having concluded to befriend Its late enemies and to neglect to observe the principles of common faith between Its self and us Its allies In the war you said was over, now takes away from them all right to the soil they stand upon save such as they can get by again working for your late and their all time enemies. If the government does so we are left In a more unpleasant condition than our former. We are at the mercy of those who are, combined to prevent us from getting land enough to lay our Fathers bones upon . . . "-Excerpt from a letter from the Freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina to General O.O. Howard, head of the Freedmen's Bureau, in October 1865 - The Freedmen who petitioned General Howard in October 1865?

recognized that they needed to obtain land of their own to be truly free

"Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing."— David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861, published in 1976 - The "acquisition of a new empire" referenced in the excerpt most directly fostered sectional division through the?

renewed debate over the expansion of slavery

"... beneath all the propaganda there was the fact of Negro slavery. Without the 'peculiar institution' there could have been no proslavery or antislavery agitators, no division on the issue ... of extension of slave territory. The northern attack on slavery was a logical product of nineteenth-century liberal capitalism. The southern defense of slavery-by planters deeply concerned about both their profits and their capital investment, was just as understandable. Enmeshed with slavery were other economic differences which contributed to sectional hate.... Between North and South there did exist a profound and irrepressible clash of material interests. ..., the question of 'inevitability' is not within the historian's province, for it is something that can never be solved by research. It should be left to the philosopher."Kenneth Stamp, And the War Came, 1950 - A conclusion that can be derived from the Stamp interpretation is that?

research cannot solve all questions some have to be left to philosophers

"... our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions .... Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meeting-houses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California,... it will... necessarily become independent. All this without the agency of our government, without responsibility of our people-in the natural flow of events.... And they will have a right to independence-to self_ government-to the possession of the homes conquered from the wilderness by their own labors and dangers, sufferings and sacrifices. . . . the day is not distant when the Empires of the Atlantic and the Pacific would again flow together."John O'Sullivan, "Annexation," 1845 - The sentiments expressed in the above passage were closely related to another 19th century movement called?

romantic nationalism

"The undersigned have met in conference, first in Ostend. Belgium.... We have arrived at the conclusion,... that an immediate and earnest effort ought to be made by the government of the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain.... But if Spain, dead to the voice of her own interest, and actuated by stubborn pride and a false sense of honor, should refuse to sell Cuba...what ought to be the course of the American government under such circumstances? Self-preservation is the first law of nature.... After we have offered Spain a price for Cuba far beyond its present value, and this shall have been refused, it will then be' time to consider the question, does Cuba, in the possession of Spain, seriously endanger our internal peace and the existence of our cherished Union? Should the question be answered in the affirmative, then, by every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain if we possess the power...."James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, "Ostend Manifesto," October 18, 1854 - When it became public the above document was supported by?

southern expansionist

"GENTLEMEN: I have your letter of the 11th, in the nature of a petition to revoke my orders removing all the inhabitants from Atlanta. I have read it carefully, and give full credit to your statements of the distress that will be occasioned by it, and yet shall not revoke my orders....We must have peace, not only at Atlanta but in all America. To secure this we must stop the war that now desolates our once happy and favored country. To stop war we must defeat the rebel armies that are arrayed against the laws and Constitution, which all must respect and obey....You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty and you cannot refine it....But you cannot have peace and a division of our country....We don't want your negroes or your horses or your houses or your lands or anything you have, but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the United States....I want peace, and believe it can now only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect an early success. But, my dear sirs, when that peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter. Now you must go, and take with you the old and feeble, feed and nurse them and build for them in more quiet places proper habitations to shield them against the weather until the mad passions of men cool down and allow the Union and peace once more to settle over your old homes at Atlanta."Letter from General William T. Sherman to the Atlanta Mayor and City Council, 1864. United States War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892) - The excerpt above would be most useful to historians analyzing the?

strategies and leadership of the Union Army

Redeemers in the South sought to do which of the following?

terrorize white Republican political leaders and all blacks

"Chief Justice Taney delivered the opinion of the Court.The question is simply this: Can a Negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen? One of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution... Now, as we have already said in an earlier part of this opinion, upon a different point, the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution. The right to traffic in it, like an ordinary article of merchandise and property, was guaranteed to the citizens of the United States, in every state that might desire it, for twenty years. And the government in express terms is pledged to protect it in all future time if the slave escapes from his owner... Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the Court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner with the intention of becoming a permanent resident." - The implication of Taney's argument that the Fifth Amendment prohibits the taking of slave-owners' property was?

that the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional

The Reconstruction Amendments laid the foundation for which of the following future developments?

the Civil Rights Movement

One important result of Sherman's March to the Sea was?

the destruction of Georgia's resources for waging war

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Abraham Lincoln, Debate at Galesburg, Illinois, 1858"I believe that the right of property in a slave is not distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution, and Judge Douglas thinks it is. I believe that the Supreme Court and the advocates of that decision may search in vain for the place in the Constitution where the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed... And I do think—I repeat, though I said it on a former occasion—that Judge Douglas and whoever, like him, teaches that the negro has no share, humble though it may be, in the Declaration of Independence, is going back to the era of our liberty and independence, and, so far as in him lies, muzzling the cannon that thunders its annual joyous return; that he is blowing out the moral rights around us, when he contends that whoever wants slaves has a right to hold them; that he is penetrating, so far as lies in his power, the human soul, and eradicating the light of reason and the love of liberty, when he is in every possible way preparing the public mind, by his vast influence, for making the institution of slavery perpetual and national... And now it only remains for me to say that I think it is a very grave question for the people of this Union to consider, whether, in view of the fact that this slavery question has been the only one that has ever endangered our Republican institutions, the only one that has ever threatened or menaced a dissolution of the Union, that has ever disturbed us in such a way as to make us fear for the perpetuity of our liberty..." - In the excerpt, Abraham Lincoln makes an argument against which of the following?

the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision

The victor in the 1876 presidential election was decided by?

the House of Representatives

Which of the following contributed most directly to the battle between free-soilers and pro-slavery people in Kansas?

the Kansas-Nebraska Act's principle of popular sovereignty

The idea of Manifest Destiny was used to justify which of the following?

the Mexican-American War

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Samuel F. B. Morse, Foreign Immigration, 1835"Our country, in the position it has given to foreigners who have made it their home, has pursued a course in relation to them, totally different from that of any other country... This course, while it is liberal without example, subjects our institutions to peculiar dangers... since the time of the American Revolution, which gave the principles of Democratic liberty a home, those principles have never been in greater jeopardy than at the present moment... Protestantism favours Republicanism, while Popery as naturally supports Monarchical power... Catholic emigration increased in an amazing degree... I have shown what are the Foreign materials imported into the country, with which the Jesuits can work to accomplish their designs... These materials are the varieties of Foreigners of the same Creed, the Roman Catholic, over all of whom the Bishops... holdÉecclesiastical rule; and we well know what is the nature of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical rule,—it is the double refined spirit of despotism, which, after arrogating to itself the prerogatives of Deity, and so claiming to bind or loose the soul eternally, makes it, in the comparison, but a mere trifle to exercise absolute sway in all that relates to the body. The notorious ignorance in which the great mass of these emigrants have been all their lives sunk, until their minds are dead, makes them but senseless machines; they obey orders mechanically... And can it be for a moment supposed by any one that by the act of coming to this country, and being naturalized, their darkened intellects can suddenly be illuminated to discern the nice boundary where their ecclesiastical obedience to their priests ends, and their civil independence of them begins?...Must not the priests, as a matter almost of certainty, control the opinions of their ignorant flock in civil as well as religious matters? and do they not do it?" - The excerpt from Morse is most clearly an example of which of the following nineteenth-century developments?

the Protestant revival of religious fervor in the U.S.

The Fourteenth Amendment changed which part of the Constitution?

the Three-Fifths Clause

One direct effect of the Mexican-American War was?

the U.S. acquisition of more than 500,000 square miles of land in the Southwest

Which of the following contributed most directly to the Union victory?

the Union's greater industrial output

Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, "THE WHOLE OR NONE"[?] . . . It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended. ...I maintain"1.That this question . . . is . . . . one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment.''2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected."3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to. . . ."-Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 - President Polk accepted a compromise with Britain on the Oregon dispute because?

the United States was facing problems with Mexico

Which of the following was NOT a part of the Compromise of 1850?

the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia

Which of the following was a direct effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

the creation of the Republican Party

Northerners were most upset by the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision because?

the decision allowed slavery in the territories

". . . Disloyalty . . . of any kind was a punishable offense . . . If a newspaper promulgated disloyal sentiments, the paper was suppressed and the editor imprisoned. If a clergyman was disloyal in prayer or sermon, or if he failed to utter a prescribed prayer, he was liable to be treated in the same manner, and was sometimes so treated. A learned and eloquent Lutheran clergyman came to me for advice because he had been summoned before the provost marshal for saying that a nation which incurred a heavy debt.in the prosecution of war laid violent hands on the harvests of the future; but his offense was condoned, because it appeared that he had referred to the "Thirty Years' War" and had made no direct reference to the debt of the United States, and perhaps á for a 'better reason-that he had strong Republican friends among his congregation."-Baltimore and the. Nineteenth of April, 1861:A Study of the War by George William Brown, Chief Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore and Mayor of the City in 1861 - The controversy highlighted in the passage above most directly led to?

the establishment of martial law in some areas

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Mariah and Stephen King, Letter to Their Family, April 1, 1846"After travelling six months we arrived at Lynntin on the Willamette, November the 1st... The Indians did not disturb us any, except stealing our horses. We have made our claim on the Luckiamute, a western branch of the Willamette, now a day's ride from the ocean and 100 miles south of the Columbia river. It is a beautiful country as far as I have seen. Every person eighteen years old holds a section by making improvements and living on it five years. They sow wheat here from October till June, and the best wheat I ever saw and plenty of it at 75 cents and $1.00 per bushel... You perhaps wish to know how I like the country. I like it well. It is an easy place to make a living. You can raise as many cattle as you please and not cost you a cent, for the grass is green the whole winter and cattle are as fat as if they had been stall fed the whole year round. Wheat is raised without trouble and will fetch anything, the same as cash... And although I was much apposed to coming as anyone could be, if I were back there and know what I know now, I should be perfectly willing to come... You think it is a long road and so it is, but the worst is over when you get started... Be sure and have plenty of flour, that is the main object... and 75 pounds of bacon to the person... plenty to last you one year after you get here if you have nothing to buy with, after that you will raise a plenty to buy with... It is not like any other new country—a farm to pay for—it is already paid." - The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following?

the experience of settlers who came west on the Oregon Trail

One of the immediate effects of the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was?

the passage of "personal liberty laws" in northern states

"I stand before you under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted in the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus doing, I not only committed no crime, but instead simply exercised my citizen's right, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution beyond the power of any State to deny....If once we establish the false principle that United States citizenship does not carry with it the right to vote in every state in this Union, there is no end to the petty tricks and cunning devices which will be attempted to exclude one and another class of citizens from the right of suffrage....Establish this precedent, admit the State's right to deny suffrage, and there is no limit to the confusion, discord, and disruption that may await us. There is and can be but one safe principle of government—equal rights to all."Susan B. Anthony, Speech before the Court, 1873Ida Husted Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, Volume II (Indianapolis: The Hollenbeck Press, 1898). - The excerpt above is best understood in the context of?

the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments

"Thomas J. Ross agrees to employ the Freedmen to plant and raise a crop on his Rosstown Plantation... on the following Rules, Regulations and Remunerations. The said Ross agrees to furnish the land to cultivate,... and to give unto said Freedmen... one half of all the cotton, corn and wheat that is raised on said place for the year 1866 after all the necessary expenses are deducted out that accrues on said crop. Outside of the Freedmen's labor in harvesting, carrying to market and selling the same the said Freedmen... agrees to and with said Thomas J. Ross that for and in consideration of one half of the crop before mentioned that they will plant, cultivate, and raise under the management control and Superintendence of said Ross, in good faith, a cotton, corn and oat crop under his management for the year 1866.... We furthermore bind ourselves to and with said Ross that we will do good work and labor ten hours a day on an average, winter and summer.... We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages."Labor Contract, Shelby County, Tennessee, 1866Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Tennessee, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1869, No. M-999 - The practices described in the excerpt above most directly led to?

the progressive stripping away of the rights of African Americans

Which of the following was a significant effect of General Sherman's capture of Atlanta?

the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln

"Chief Justice Taney delivered the opinion of the Court.The question is simply this: Can a Negro, whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen? One of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution... Now, as we have already said in an earlier part of this opinion, upon a different point, the right of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed in the Constitution. The right to traffic in it, like an ordinary article of merchandise and property, was guaranteed to the citizens of the United States, in every state that might desire it, for twenty years. And the government in express terms is pledged to protect it in all future time if the slave escapes from his owner... Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the Court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void; and that neither Dred Scott himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner with the intention of becoming a permanent resident." - Which of the following was the most direct effect of Chief Justice Taney's definition of a slave as property?

the slave had no rights of citizenship

Which of the following was the most significant new role for women during the Civil War?

their work as nurses

Former slaves initially chose to participate in the sharecropping system because?

they wanted a share in the profits of their labor, instead of working for low wages

The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time,... but now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate,... [the] ship,... was so crowded that each had scarcely room to tum himself... This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable ; and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror...."Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vasa, 1789 - Equiano describes a scene where the heat, humidity, and physical closeness created a situation where it was?

too difficult to breath