APUSH Unit 6

Nativists

-American Protective Association -Demanded more restrictive immigration laws -DISLIKE AND DISTRUST IN IMMIGRANTS -In 1800-mid1820s, Americans didn't like Irish or Germans because voted democratic -Protestant Americans feared the power of the Pope since many immigrants were Catholic -Also didn't like because took jobs (Erie Canal) -KKK and American Party was rooted in nativism (synthesis) -In 1840s targeted at Irish and Germans (Catholics) who tended to vote democratic

Progressive Amendments

16th- income tax 17th direct election of the senator 18th- prohibition 19th- gave women the right to vote

The Origin of Species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

The American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. The first federation of labor unions in the United States.

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Social Gospel

America's churches had the moral responsibility to help the poor and conquer social issues Online: Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform. Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Cross of Gold

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this.

assembly line worker

Definition: A manufacturing process invented by Henry Ford in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added to a product in a sequential manner, using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods. Powerpoint: -Gustav Swift - Meat Slaughter -Revolutionized meat industry with industry with assembly line where worker repeated same task over and over

Labor Gangs

Definition: A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-19th century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.

Child Labor

Definition: Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. the use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane. Examples: Florence Kelly (reformer who worked to prohibit child labor) Child Labor Act of 1916- (Federal ban on the interstate shipment of goods manufactured by children under the age of 14. The culmination of Progressive efforts since 1904 and of state laws, this was designed to reduce the use of young children in factories for long hours and low pay)

philanthropy

Definition: love of humanity, especially as shown in donations to charitable and socially useful causes Examples: Rockefeller (philanthropist) Andrew Carnegie (philanthropist) Gospel of Wealth (This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists.)

Domestic Servants

Definition: worked as paid servants. One out of every seven people was a domestic servant. Most were women. women dominated this area of work, where they mainly did things that were considered "women's work". Showed clearly that the working patterns of women were not significantly changed just because of their large scale employment rates in factories.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Trust Busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Emma Lazarus

Granddaughter of German Jews; wrote "The New Colossus"; wanted immigrants to come to America; glad to accept them and welcome them into the country

John Muir

Online: (1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California. founded Sierra Club in 1892; fought unsuccessfully to prevent the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Online: In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878. Increased the amount of silver the gov. baught for coinage, but the money supply did not increase enough to satisfy silver supporters Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

Jane Addams

Online: 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. the founder of Hull House in Chicago, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

Gilded Age

Online: 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor, time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Wabash v. Illinois

Online: 1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. led to the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Interstate Commerce Commission Powerpoint: -"Granger Laws" struck down Wabash v. Illinois -only Federal government = regulate interstate commerce

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

Online: 1894 act setting the tariff at 41.3%; not as low as Democrats wanted it to be. Cleveland was outraged that it did not go by his campaign pledges. He had to sign it to have a lower tariff, but he was annoyed with its ineffectiveness. It also was the first bill to introduce an income tax, but that was later struck down as unconstitutional.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Online: 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act

Online: 1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Knights of Labor

Online: 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked Powerpoint: -formed in 1869=secret society -"one big labor union" welcomed African Americans and women (not Chinese) -Famous leader Terrance Powderly -1878 Platform: Campaigned for social and economic reform ->producer's cooperative ->8 hr work day ->codes for workplace health and safety -8 hr movement: 1/3 Million workers on strike in 1866 (Great Upheaval)- 200,000 won shorter hours -biggest weakness=inclusion of unskilled labor=easily replaced by scabs

Jacob Riis

Online: A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Andrew Carnegie- Steel

Online: A Scottish-American businessman, a major and widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history. Carnegie first invested in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, as well as bridges and oil derricks. But steel was where he found his fortune. His book, The Gospel of Wealth, argued that the wealthy had an obligation to give something back to society. He was a steel magnate who believed that the general public benefited from big business even if these companies employed harsh business practices. This philosophy became deeply ingrained in the conventional wisdom of some Americans. After retiring, he devoted himself to philanthropy in hopes of promoting social welfare and world peace. Powerpoint: -Management revolution -Perfected cost accounting: tracked all expenses and revenues carefully-used by many corporations -vertical integration -controlled everything from mining to marketing -reduced costs and more efficient -utilized Bessemer process and coal/steam power rather than water -partnerships controlled 1/4 of nation's steel -US soon processed nearly as much as all the world top steel producers-combined!

Thomas Nast

Online: A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He exposed Boss Tweed.

Ida Tarbell

Online: A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

Gold Standard

Online: A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold Powerpoint: -Pro Gold standard Argued: -function of govt. = aid business -prosperity trickled down to worker

Wisconsin Idea

Online: A policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations. (gives voters more power in government)

Yellow-Dog contracts

Online: A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company. Powerpoint: *Industrial dominance over labor post civil war -forced workers to sign yellow dog contracts

Horizontal Integration

Online: Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller Powerpoint: Rockefeller Developed horizontal integration and used it in the oil industry (process by which one company gains control over other firms that produce the same produce)

Florence Kelly

Online: Active in the settlement house movement and led progressive labor reforms for women and children. helped persuade to prohibit child labor and limit number of hours women were forced to work, founded national child labor committee Powerpoint: Florence Kelley advocated for laws protecting women & children

Booker T. Washington

Online: African American progressive, who was born into slavery, who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. (all black college) His book "Up from Slavery." Powerpoint: -Atlanta Compromise: stressed the need for blacks to go to school and become educated -Advocated black economic self-help

New South

Online: After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role. Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South

Margaret Sanger

Online: American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. 1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.

Political Machines

Online: Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services in exchange for support. Think Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall Powerpoint: -Modern Cities relied on private developers to build street cars & provide services like water, gas and electricity -referred to as the "Private City" *Political Machine -dedicated to mobilizing votes to win elections & spoils of office -Controlled Licensing & Contracts in Cities -social service agencies -Jobs for jobless - helped those struck by tragedy -Boss George Washington Plunkitt - NY Tammany Hall called it "honest graft" -Cities = most corrupt type of government in era -Depression of 1893 -Voters turned away from Boss system and toward urban political reformers

New Freedom

Online: Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Lincoln Steffens

Online: Early muckraker who exposed the political corruption in many American cities United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Granger Laws

Online: Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates. triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.

New Immigrants

Online: Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe. Lived in bad conditions throughout cities Powerpoint: -"New Immigrants" = Southern and Eastern Europe -Catholic, Jewish and Eastern Orthodox poor and different culturally -many came to US w/ Skills - Welsh = Tin workers, Scandinavian sailors, German machinists -"Native" Americans feared immigrants would not assimilate -25% = "birds of passage" -worked in US for money and returned to their countries of origin

Muckrakers

Online: Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in big businesses and industries and expose it to the public Powerpoint: -Other urban Journalists worked to promote reform -McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's and Everybody's -Reporters referred to as Muckrakers for excessive zeal -T Roosevelt believed that they often focused too much on negative side of American life -inspired reader to join reform movements and tackle problems caused by industrialization -Ida Tarbell (McClure's) -Devastating exposé on Standard Oil Company -David Graham Phillips (Cosmopolitan 1906) -"Treason in the Senate" -75 0f 90 Senators represented railroad & trusts and not the people -Lincoln Steffens (McClure's) -Shame of the Cities = corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government -Jacob Riis - used photo images of Poverty in How the Other Half Lives -Influential on Police Commissioner - T Roosevelt

Chinese Immigrants

Online: Many Chinese came to America with the 1849 California Gold Rush; many then returned to China. mainly worked on the railroads for unfair pay and conditions Most worked on the Transcontinental Railroad and were responsible for laying down the tracks for the western railways. Powerpoint: -Chinese Immigrants fled poverty and upheaval in southern China -Chinese perceived as working for too little money -Economic unrest (Panic of 1873) in California created conflict between Irish and the Chinese -Irish gangs led by Denis Kearny terrorized Chinese immigrants -Many Californians viewed the Chinese as economic rivals who worked for low wages

David Graham Phillips

Online: Muckraker who wrote series arguing for direct election of U.S. senators to combat corruption in Congress: "The Treason of the Senate" it publicized corruption in the Senate after doing research on government leaders.

W.E.B. DuBois

Online: Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP .(helped secure legal equality for minority citizens) 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

The Greenback-Labor Party

Online: Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress. Founded in 1878, the party was primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873. The party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism (using both gold and silver as legal tender), supported inflationary programs in the belief that they would benefit debtors, and sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau. They had the support of several labor groups and they wanted the government to print more greenbacks. This party made an important contribution to American politics by demonstrating the monetary policy could and should be part of the national debate. Powerpoint: -Coalition of Labor Groups and the Granger Movement -believed that Republican policies of era favored banks and railroads over farmers -Demanded the Government print more money to cause inflation and ease framers debts -forced states to regulate railway rates and grain storage fees - "Granger Laws" -"Granger Laws" struck down Wabash v. Illinois 1886 -only Federal government = regulate interstate commerce

Vertical Integration

Online: Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. Powerpoint: -used by Andrew Carnegie in the steel industry

Railroad Strike of 1877

Online: Railroad workers throughout the U.S. went on strike to protest the lowering of their salaries; when more than a hundred people died during violence related to the strike, Hayes used federal troops to suppress the uprisings. One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed. Powerpoint: -Labor unrest caused by deflation and depression after Panic of 1873 -Four largest railroads cut pay by 10% in 1877 -Workers went on strike in Pittsburgh, St. Louis and Baltimore -Local officials & State Governors tried using militia and police to make workers allow trains to run -Militia and police would not fire on workers in resulting riots -President Hayes put down labor riots with federal troops -Over 100 people died and labor movement in shambles -anti-conspiracy laws are passed in several states and the National Guard is created to protect from domestic disturbances

New Nationalism

Online: Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them

Hull House

Online: Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. Founded by Jane Addams

Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU)

Online: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was the first mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity Convinced many women that they had a moral duty to eliminate alcohol abuse and strengthen the stability of American families

Industrial Unionism

Online: The movement to form labor organizations that represent every worker in a single industry, regardless of his or her level of skill. spearheaded by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), this expanded labor union membership into positions not represented by the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Conservationists

Online: Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable. people who work to protect the environment and natural resources preserve the resources for the future so you can use it Supporters: Theodore Roosevelt

Populist Party

Online: U.S. political party formed in 1891 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads, paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers. People's Party; to advocate a larger money supply and other economic reforms

Petticoat Rule

Online: Women's vote doubled their husband's or canceled them out if women were allowed to vote, they would cancel out men votes which would cause men to have petticoat rule, meaning men won't have more power then women

Plessy v. Ferguson

Online: a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal "separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws Powerpoint: -Permitted segregated facilities -Allowed Jim Crow segregation laws

Trust

Online: a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement that controls goods and services, especially to reduce competition -smaller businesses assign stock to standard oil company

Holding Company

Online: a company created to buy and possess the shares of other companies, which it then controls. a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed)

Online: a disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption and died in jail. Tweed was head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. this New York City man ran the political machine known as Tammany Hall, until cartoonist thomas Nast exposed his corruption and greed

Preservationist

Online: a supporter or advocate of the preservation of something, especially of historic buildings and artifacts. Person concerned primarily with setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities. save nature for the future and never change it (leave it the way it is forever) Supporters: John Muir

The Grange

Online: an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)/Interstate Commerce Act

Online: first federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 to oversee interstate railroad procedures The 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting pooling and discriminatory rates by railroads and establishing the first federal regulatory agency. Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this. Powerpoint: -President Grover Cleveland and Congress respond -Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (ICC) -Railroads had to publish their rates openly -First large-scale attempt by US to regulate Business in interest of society -ICC could sue railroads in court to make them reduce unreasonable rates

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Online: law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period Powerpoint: -Congress Passed Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 - prevents Chinese immigration to US -Congress also tried to strip Chinese- Americans of citizenships -stopped by Supreme Court (US v. Wong Kim Ark) -Court ruled all persons born on US soil are citizens -well into 20th century native born Chinese were prevented fro becoming citizens

McKinley Tariff of 1890

Online: raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition. Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States. Powerpoint: -boosted tariff

National Banking Act 1863

Online: was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks. The Act, together with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence.

Frances Perkins

Online: was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition Powerpoint: Settlement House volunteer Frances Perkins = 1st female cabinet member (Labor) under FDR

Homestead Strike of 1892

Online: workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union. He hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant and strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the workers and the detectives, several men were killed or wounded, the governor called out the state militia. The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s. It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. Powerpoint: -Andrew Carnegie's Steel Plant run by Henry Clay Frick -Union Workers locked out - only workers who signed pledge not to join to Union allowed to work -wall built around plant & 300 Pinkerton Agents protected it -The Amalgamated Association (Union) blockade plant -Battle between workers and agents -killed 7 workers and 3 agents -state troops sent in to stop violence -St Louis Post-Dispatch: -"10,000 Carnegie Libraries would not would not compensate the country for the evils of Homestead"

Progressive Party

Online: Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket. political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

William Jennings Bryan

Online: Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. Powerpoint: -Cleveland unpopular esp. with Labor -"Cross of Gold" speech at convention inspired nomination -Appealed to evangelical Christians -great heart rather than great head -called for unlimited coinage of silver -Populists endorsed Bryan (fusion ticket -Populist Tom Watson VP) -Gold Bug Democrats leave party

John D. Rockefeller- Oil

Online: Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. (436) 1870 Formed Standard Oil Company of Ohio & soon acquired 20 of 25 refineries in Cleveland (started expanding horizontally) By 1880s, he established great dominance within petroleum industry that he was the leading symbol of monopoly to nation. Powerpoint: -Initially successful using vertical integration to dominate Kerosene industry. -Developed horizontal integration (process by which one company gains control over other firms that produce the same produce) -Consolidated companies into one industry=monopolize market -used "trust" -Stockholders of smaller companies assigned stock to board of directors of Standard Oil company -Survival of the "fittest" -Employed spies, received secret rebates from railroads and predatory pricing to chop down competition -1877-controlled 95% of all refineries in US

Laissez faire

Online: Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

Online: In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes. This was a very regressive tax (regressive = costs the poor and middle class more than it costs the rich). Teddy knew it would be difficult to get Congress to lower taxes on the poor and middle class but was outraged when Taft agreed to sign this law that so clearly increased taxes on working people. Powerpoint: -supposed to decrease Tariff -had so many amendments that it actually increased Tariff -cost Taft Progressive Support when he signed it.

Social Darwinism

Online: The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. Powerpoint: Set of beliefs that explained and justified how a small group of business and industrial leaders could accumulate such great wealth (response to the unequal distribution on wealth)

The Gospel of Wealth

Online: This was a book written by Andrew Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts. Powerpoint: -Even though the gap between the rich and the poor was increasing, everyones standard of living rose. -The poor now enjoyed what the rich could not afford in the past -Luxuries have now become necessaries of life

Coinage Act 1873 ("Crime of '73)

Online: required all currency in the US to be backed by GOLD; helped cause the Panic of 1873 Through the Coinage Act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. This was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver; they concluded that a conspiracy of big bankers had been responsible for the "demonetization" of silver

Closed Shop

Online: (Definition) A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor. Powerpoint: *American Federation of Labor -wanted closed shop

Collective Bargaining

Online: (Definition) Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

Trade Union

Online: (Definition) organization of workers with the same trade or skill Association of trade workers formed to gain higher wages and better working conditions Powerpoint: -strategy for labor ->organize trade unions

Scientific Management

Online: (definition) the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace Powerpoint: -Fredrick W. Taylor -proposed: eliminate all brain work from manual labor -workers do what is required promptly without making suggestions or asking questions -engineers time each task and pay workers more if they met the standard -proved unsuccessful- workers resisted

The Farmer's Alliance

Powerpoint: -Farmers consolidated into Farmer's Alliances -Took up cause of Farmers and Greenbacks -1890 over 50 farmer's alliance or sympathetic with farmers elected to congress -"Calamity Howlers" [ Mary (Yellin) Elizabeth Lease] -denounced government's favoritism toward corporations and poor treatment of farmers -Said to farmers "raise less corn and more hell" -With state action blocked by the Supreme Court - Farmers demanded the Federal Regulation

Machinists

a person who operates machines

3 C's

control of corporations consumer protection conservation of natural resources

Comstock Law

is a United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states