Apush Unit 9
By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in A) a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few B) a slowing in the growth rate of the economy C) a more even distribution of wealth D) an increase in costs of production E) a safer work environment
A) a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few
Despite the common belief in "rags to riches," the power and wealth of most industrial tycoons were based on all of the following dubious practices except A) abusing the public offices to which they were elected B) ruthless maneuvering and corrupt dealing C) tapping wealthy family connections D) bribing government officials and political parties E) often using methods of vertical integration
A) abusing the public offices to which they were elected
In their actual dealings, industrial tycoons acted as if free enterprise and competition A) all of the answers below B) were detrimental to American business C) should be eliminated by consolidation D) endangered the stability of their businesses E) hurt their ability to amass large fortunes
A) all of the answers below
The efforts of large corporations to undermine organized labor were aided by A) all of the answers below B) their vast power and wealth C) the support of all levels of government D) the use of espionage and sabotage E) the intervention of troops during strikes
A) all of the answers below
The railroad strike of 1877 indicated that A) business was becoming national rather than local in scope B) strikes tended to remain local issues, because most businesses were small and owner-operated C) management's policy of welfare capitalism was an effective means of strike prevention D) the conglomerate was replacing the corporation as the most common form of business organization E) the American Federation of Labor could succeed with collective bargaining
A) business was becoming national rather than local in scope
The outcome of the strike of 1894 indicated that the federal government would A) intervene on the side of management rather than labor B) be a fair mediator of disputes between management and labor C) intervene on the side of labor rather than management D) not intervene in disputes between management and labor E) create an agency to deal with labor-management disputes
A) intervene on the side of management rather than labor
As a result of the industrialization of the late 1800s, American workers experienced a A) rise in their standard of living B) vast improvement in working conditions C) narrowing of the gap between rich and poor D) decrease in competition for jobs E) move toward a safer work environment
A) rise in their standard of living
The traditional "melting pot" settlement pattern of immigrants was disappearing in the late 1800s because A) the new immigrants tended to cluster into ethnic groups B) immigration laws prevented the entrance of skilled laborers into the C) the immigrants had sufficient skills to afford good homes D) European countries prevented the immigration of members of their middle class E) immigration decreased dramatically in this era
A) the new immigrants tended to cluster into ethnic groups
Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, most Americans blamed monopolies for all of the following problems except A) the rapid decline in the standard of living B) the artificially high prices C) the highly unstable economy D) the wasteful practices of the wealthy E) the creation of an imbalance of wealth
A) the rapid decline in the standard of living
"The Gospel of Wealth," as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should A) use their resources to help society B) give aid directly to the poor C) devote time to the public welfare D) donate the bulk of their wealth to religious institutions E) subsidize the construction of Protestant churches
A) use their resources to help society
The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 was A) the outcome of a nationwide strike by the Knights of Labor against the railroads B) an indication to many members of the public that labor was riddled with radicals C) an isolated incident that did not affect most people's opinion of unions D) the result of President Cleveland sending in federal troops to break up a strike E) the cause of increased popularity for the Knights of Labor
B) an indication to many members of the public that labor was riddled with radicals
Railroads contributed to the economic growth of the in all of the following ways except A) by providing mass transportation B) by encouraging diversified control of the transportation industries C) by increasing access to distant sources of raw materials D) by providing access to previously inaccessible markets E) by promoting investment in construction businesses
B) by encouraging diversified control of the transportation industries
A holding company is a form of consolidation in which a A) small group of trustees control the stock of a number of corporations B) central corporate body formally purchases the stocks of various corporations C) number of companies share markets through informal arrangements D) large company is formed by the merger of corporations in unrelated industries E) governmental agency regulates large corporations
B) central corporate body formally purchases the stocks of various corporations
Concerning the population of the Unite States, the 1920 census revealed that A) due to the problems associated with rapid urban growth, many urban dwellers were returning to rural areas B) for the first time, the majority of Americans lived in urban areas C) two-thirds of the population lived in rural areas D) rising farm prices were causing a migration to the West E) immigration had not impacted the population increase
B) for the first time, the majority of Americans lived in urban areas
Jacob Riis's 1890 book How the Other Half Lives shocked middleclass Americans with its sensational description of A) all of the answers below B) lower-class slums C) middleclass bigotry D) upper-class decadence E) the meat-packing industry
B) lower-class slums
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) advocated A) all of the answers below B) strikes C) social chaos D) the abolition of capitalism E) prohibition of alcohol
B) strikes
Labor made few real gains during the last decades of the 1800s because of all the following circumstances except A) labor did not succeed in organizing a significant number of workers B) the unions were comprised of primarily unskilled workers C) the American workforce was too mobile D) tensions existed among different ethnic and racial groups E) several key strikes did not go well for workers
B) the unions were comprised of primarily unskilled workers
The new method of management called "Taylorism" led directly to all of the following techniques except A) the assembly line B) vertical integration C) scientific management D) mass production E) subdivision of labor
B) vertical integration
The Knights of Labor was A) a fraternal organization that sought short-term benefits for labor, such as shorter working hours and pay increases B) highly selective in its membership and refused admission to women and blacks C) by definition open to anyone who "toiled" D) an extremely powerful labor union whose membership reached over 1 million by 1920 E) a union that emphasized traditional values and collective bargaining The Knights of Labor was
C) by definition open to anyone who "toiled"
The strike of 1892 was significant to the future of American labor because it A) was a successful strike by the United Mine Workers and caused a vast increase in its membership B) influenced Congress to pass a bill on labor's right to collective bargaining C) crippled the power of the steel workers to unionize D) was the last successful case of management's use of violence to break a strike E) showed that a cooperative strike could succeed
C) crippled the power of the steel workers to unionize
Andrew Carnegie rose "from rags to riches" by A) concentrating on only one aspect of his industry B) diversifying his investments among many industries C) cutting costs and prices for his products D) using political pull to get government subsidies E) refusing to hire any union laborers
C) cutting costs and prices for his products
In Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward, "nationalism" is defined as A) devotion to one's country B) excessive, narrow, and militant patriotism C) government control and distribution of economic resources D) a rigid, one-party political system E) military control of foreign lands
C) government control and distribution of economic resources
The initial development of the steel industry was most significantly aided by the A) development of city skyscrapers B) emergence of the petroleum industry C) invention of and open-hearth processes D) rapid expansion of the railroads E) significant increase in defense spending
C) invention of and open-hearth processes
During the last half of the 1800s, the dramatic industrial growth of the was caused by all of the following factors except A) an abundance of raw materials B) new steel production techniques C) low tariffs on imports D) a large labor force E) an expanding domestic market
C) low tariffs on imports
The philosophy of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that A) all of the answers below B) left to itself, society would decay C) only the fittest individuals survived in a free marketplace D) the natural course of social evolution dictated the need for government intervention E) wealthy industrialists needed to make charitable donations
C) only the fittest individuals survived in a free marketplace
Despite the problems of rapid urban growth, the city of the late 1800s continued to grow because A) federal legislation was favorable to urban growth B) the urban areas of the country had a high rate of natural increase C) the cities were becoming the economic hub of the country D) the traditional values of rural were deteriorating E) drought caused severe decline in the rural economy
C) the cities were becoming the economic hub of the country
After the Civil War, the emergence of the modern corporation was aided by all of the following developments except A) the legal concept of limited liability B) the selling of stock to the public C) the success of pool arrangements among various companies D) the rise of the middle manager E) new managerial techniques
C) the success of pool arrangements among various companies
The steel industry emerged in
C) western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio
The groups that migrated to the cities after the Civil War included large numbers of all of the following groups except A) Southern blacks B) foreign immigrants C) eastern farmers D) Southern whites E) young rural women
D) Southern whites
As an alternative to Social Darwinism, Henry George's 1879 book Progress and Poverty proposed A) fraternal cooperation to replace competition B) the creation of a socialist utopia C) a new social order based upon a workers' army D) a tax on land that would distribute wealth more equitably E) a violent revolution against capitalism
D) a tax on land that would distribute wealth more equitably
The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same business, such as the merging of many different petroleum drilling companies into one company, is an example of A) diversification B) amortization C) vertical integration D) horizontal integration E) Taylorism
D) horizontal integration
In the 1870s, efforts by the labor unions to gain bargaining power were unsuccessful primarily because A) labor unions were not willing to use active forms of resistance such as strikes B) most unions tended to organize by industry instead of crafts and thus reduced their total membership C) many of the union leaders accepted payoffs from management D) many Americans feared the tactics of the unions and considered them too radical E) the Socialist party was favored by most workers
D) many Americans feared the tactics of the unions and considered them too radical
In its efforts to help workers, the American Federation of Labor sought A) the acceptance of women into the labor force B) unions organized by industry, with unskilled workers included C) national legislation regarding collective bargaining D) short-term gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions E) the gradual evolution of cooperative socialism
D) short-term gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions
Social Darwinism is the A) biological theory that species change gradually over long periods of time because only those members who can adapt to nature survive B) sociological theory that humans can survive best by cooperating with one another to help all survive C) reform movement that holds that Christian values require people to provide needed services to the less fortunate D) sociological theory that humans can progress only if left free to compete with one another, with the finest surviving and the unfit perishing E) economic philosophy of capitalism controlled by governmental regulation
D) sociological theory that humans can progress only if left free to compete with one another, with the finest surviving and the unfit perishing
After the Civil War, the growth of railroads was aided by A) all of the answers below B) a lack of monopolies in the industry C) strong government regulation of the industry D) subsidies from local, state, and federal governments E) group ownership between workers and owners
D) subsidies from local, state, and federal governments
During the 1880s, when Southern blacks immigrated to the cities, A) most of them found work in sweatshops B) black men usually found employment in industry C) many of them entered the professional occupations D) they generally moved into the middle class E) black women found work more often than did black men
E) black women found work more often than did black men
John D. Rockefeller and other captains of industry engaged in the attempt to create monopolies through all of the following methods except A) pools B) consolidation C) trusts D) holding companies E) conglomerates
E) conglomerates
The idea that a rich person should be merely a trustee of wealth and should seek to use those funds for the good of the community is known as A) socialism B) progressivism C) Social Darwinism D) Taylorism E) the Gospel of Wealth
E) the Gospel of Wealth
The purpose of the Bessemer-Kelly process was to A) increase the percentage of gold extracted from the poorer ores B) burn the impurities out of iron by blowing air through it C) increase the speed on assembly lines D) refine oil for use as a lubricant E) create plastics from petroleum by-products
B) burn the impurities out of iron by blowing air through it
In the late 1800s, the "new" immigrants to eastern cities tended to come from A) northern and western B) southern and eastern C) Central and D) and E) South America and
B) southern and eastern
During the late 1800s, immigrants to the tended to become A) skilled laborers B) western farmers C) urban professionals D) unskilled workers E) industrial foremen
D) unskilled workers