APUSH UNIT ONE VOCAB
Middle Passage
The voyage between West Africa and the New World slave colonies. Slaves were not treated well. Put in bottom of ship on shelves 6 ft long by 2 1/2 feet wide. Floor looked like a slaughter house. 1 out of 6 men perished on the way.
Protestant ethic
part of Puritanism in the Bay Colony; involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits
Enlightenment
produced a new climate of thought in which people believed that god had created humans and their world and that god had provided humans with powers of observation and reason.
Toleration Act- impact on New England
providing protection for Catholics while at the same time representing a nod in the direction of the English government, which in 1649 and for a dozen years thereafter was firmly under the control of the English Puritans.
Columbian exchange
refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
Iroquois confederacy
the league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution.
John Robinson
was the pastor of the "Pilgrim Fathers" before they left on the Mayflower. He became one of the early leaders of the English Separatists and is regarded (along with Robert Browne) as one of the founders of the Congregational Church.
Rhode Island (Roger Williams, 'liberty of conscience)
(December 21, 1603-April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state, and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay. He is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America.
English, Germans and Scots-Irish-Migration patterns and identity
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Georgia, have for debtors, buffer against Spain
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Reformation
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Restoration colonies
1 man or group of men owned all the land, parceled it out to tenants and demanded quitrents, and controlled the government.
John Winthrop
1629 He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.
Model of Christian Charity
1630 sermon by Puritan layman and leader John Winthrop, who delivered on board the ship Arabella while en route to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It is best known for applying the phrase "City upon a Hill" to the founding of America, subsequently used to describe American exceptionalism. Although known by reputation and preserved in contemporary manuscript copy held by the New-York Historical Society, the sermon was not published until the 1830s.
Bacon's rebellion
1676 Nathaniel Bacon (from backcountry) and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
Pennsylvania, William Penn
1681 He received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.
Maryland (catholic Haven) Lord Baltimore
1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.
Backcountry
1720s- First great pioneer treck that took pioneers into continental interior. Many had no legal tie to land they had. Rising population created much violence during the 18th century. Men were warriors and women were domestic workers.
New France
17th Century- French came up with a way to monopolize northern fur trade. This place was exclusively catholic. By using Indian farming techniques, this place was able to develop a modest export economy. Looked west toward continental interior.
Connecticut, Thomas Hooker
A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.
Plymouth
A colony established in Massachusetts by the Pilgrims, who arrived on the Mayflower and later held the first Thanksgiving celebration.
Powhatan's Confederacy
A group of seven Indian tribes that controlled Virginia. It was led by Powhatan and was an agricultural group. They allowed the original English Settlers to survive
Anne Hutchinson
A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.)
Salem witch trials
A series of hearings before locals followed by county court of trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts
Slave Codes
A series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the lat 17th century- early 18th century to defend the status of slaved and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them.
Slave Society
A society where the fundamental class conflict is based on the division of people into masters and slaves, with slaves being the dominant producing class, and ownership over this complete commodification of the human being controlled by masters.
Southeast (creek, cherokee)
Cherokee, North American Indians of Iroquoian lineage who constituted one of the largest politically integrated tribes at the time of European colonization of the Americas. Their name is derived from a Creek word meaning "people of different speech"; many prefer to be known as Keetoowah or Tsalagi. They are believed to have numbered some 22,500 individuals in 1650, and they controlled approximately 40,000 square miles (100,000 square km) of the Appalachian Mountains in parts of present-day Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and the western Carolinas at that time.
Powhatans
Algonquian-speaking tribe. Traded foodstuffs and furs in exchange for metal tools, European copper, European glass beads, and other stuff.
Pueblo (Pope's) Revolt
An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers.
Calvinism, Predestination, the 'elect'
Calvinist theology of predestination: Belief that god has predestined certain individuals to be saved and others to be damned. Calvin's term for those destined for salvation, regardless of what actions they may commit during their mortal life on earth.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Colony led by John Winthrop, established near Boston in 1629; heavily Puritan.
Pequot war of 1637
Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut.
King Philip's War
Conflict in New England(1675-1676) between Wanpanoags, Narragansetts, and other Indian people against English settlers; sparked by English intrusion on native lands.
Puritans (non-sparatists)
Congregationalists, tried to purify church from within
Spanish in the Americas
Exploration, conquest, settlement and political rule over much of Western Hemisphere. Motivations for colonial expansion were trade, and the spread of christian faith through the natives. One century after Columbus, the Spanish created a huge and wealthy empire. Created system where a small minority of the settlers controlled the loves and labor of millions of Indian and African laborers.
James Oglethorp
Founder and Governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that he was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and ___ to lose his position as governor.
European motivations in the new world
Gold, Glory, and God. Discover new land, expand empires, find gold and riches, and spread there religion.
Maryland Act of Toleration, 1739
Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians (Catholics in particular)
Stono Rebellion, 1739
In 1739 A groups of salves from Charleston, South Carolina made a run to freedom in Mexico after stealing guns, weapons, and other supplies. This was one of the first slave rebellions in history.
Encomineda
In the spanish colonies, the grant to a spanish settler of a certain number of Indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor.
New York
New York was established in 1626 by Peter Stuyvesant, or the Duke of York and he landed on Manhattan Island. Many Puritans left Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut to stake out farms on Long Island. Manhattan was also known for being culturally diverse later on after its establishment.
Pueblo
North American Indian peoples known for living in compact permanent settlements known as pueblos. Representative of the Southwest Indian culture area, most live in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.
Charter colony
One of the three British colonies in America (Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island) governed by royal charter without direct interference from the crown.
"A city upon a hill"
Phrase from John Winthrop's sermon in which he challenged his fellow Puritans to build a model, ideal community in America
Halfway covenant
Plan adopted in 1662 by New England Priests to deal with the problem of declining church membership, allowing children of baptized parents to be baptized whether or not their parents had experienced conversion.
Roanoke
Present day North Carolina. 16TH- Queen Elizabeth attempted to establish a permanent english settlement.
Congregational Church
Protestant Chirstian churches, in which each church runs its own affairs, and do not connect with one another, Many of the churches have Protestant theories of unity. They were established the the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and later in New England
Quakers, Pacifism
Protestant reformers who believe in the equality of all.
Proprietary Colonies
Puritan common wealth, established after death of King Charles 1. King Charles the 2nd took interest in north America and created many colonies in Maryland. A colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals who became "lords proprietor."
First Great Awakening (Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield)
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
John Rolfe
Served as secretary and recorder general of Virginia and as a member of the governor's council. He was the first to to cultivate marketable tobacco. He married Pocahontas, who was the daughter of the chief of Powhatan Indians.
Pilgrims (separatists)
Settler of Plymouth colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers.
Black Slavery
Slavery started becoming common in the New World after the discovery of Tobacco and the Tobacco plantations. Black slaves were imported from Africa to work on the European's plantation.
Tobacco
Smoking became popular in 1610s. This returned investment to Virginia Company. This product took up little space and was a hot item. It required a great deal of hand labor and drained soil of its nutrients,
Carolina, Plantations
South Carolina was founded by the Europeans in 1663. It was a southern colony. It started in Charleston in 1670. It was mainly run by wealthy planters. A lot of their colonist came from Barbados. The slave codes were enacted because there were so many slaves in the south due to the large plantations. The slave codes stated that if a slave was born into slavery they were a slave for life. It also says that it was a crime for a slave to learn how to read and write. The last of which was that even if they were converted into Christianity that did not grant them freedom. The slaves usually worked on rice plantation because that was the Carolina's cash crop.
Deism
The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwords he left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
Chesapeake: Virginia & Maryland
The Chesapeake colonies were located in the Britain Colonies of Maryland and Virginia. They had so many diseases including Typhoid, Malaria, and Dysentery.
Anglican church
The Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. Also called Anglican Communion.
Fundmental Orders, 1649
The Fundamental Orders were basically Connecticut's order of the government set up by the Connecticut River towns by setting its structure and powers. They were written/encouraged by Thomas Hooker. It was the first constitution of the western hemisphere. The fundamental orders also were the 1st modern constitution as well as established democracy ran by the wealthy.
Iroquois
The Iroquois Confederacy, made up of six Nations, was formed in about 1575. The Iroquois Nation includes the Onondaga, the Oneida, the Senecca, the Mohawk, the Cayuga, and the Tuscarora. The Iroquois are from New York State. Near their pallisaded villages which were often surrounded by moats, the Iroquois planted maize, squash, and beans--the Three Sisters. They hunted deer and bear, caught fish, tapped the sugar maples, and gathered a variety of plant foods. They lived in large bark longhouses, each house holding as many as sixty people and headed by a clan mother.
New England Confederation
The New England Confederation was a group formed in 1643 between Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. It was created to provide a united defense against the Dutch, French, and Native Americans along with settling boundary disputes. This united defense was to play an important role in defeating the Wampanoag's during King Philip's War in 1675. The government of the New England Confederation consisted of two representatives from each colony with the goal of dealing with other colonies and groups in common. However, each colony was to remain independent. The Confederation was dissolved in 1684. It was significant because it was the first colonial attempt to unify.
Perfectionism
The belief in the 1830s that through individual reformation and social reform, society could be made ready for the Second Coming of Christ -the millennium.
Mayflower Compact
The first document of of self-government in North America.
King George's war
The third Anglo-French war in North America (1744-1748), part of the european conflict known as the Austrian succession.
House of Burgesses
The legislature of colonial Vriginia. First organized in 1619, it was the first institution of representative government in the English colonies.
Church of England
The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas
Salutary Neglect
Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War; , british colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government
Royal charter
a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities.
Joint Stock Company
a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king
Jamestown, Virginia company
Virginia Company: A group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay in 1607.
John Smith
Was an English adventurer, solider, and one of the founders of the Jamestown, Virginia settlement. Was Jamestown's leader. Led expeditions exploring Chesapeake Bay and the New England Coast. Was captured by the Chief of the Powhatan Indians, but was saved by the chief's daughter.
Native American Civilization in North America
a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)
Townhall Meetings
an early form of direct democracy in the Massachusetts colony, where local issues would be debated and decided in by majority rule. It also shows the limited vision of democracy in Massachusetts, because only adult male church members were allowed to participate, the ministers decided which adult males qualified as church members.
Navigation Laws; Mercantilism, enumerated goods triangular trade.
aws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Harvard College
he first American college, established in 1636 by Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. The school was named for John Harvard, a Charleston minister, who had left it his library and half his estate
Indentured servitude
in return for free passage, indentured servants promised seven years' labor, after which they received their freedom, and sometimes a small piece of property.
Massachusetts school of law
irst public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.
Yeoman
man or farmer owning small estate; middle-class farmer
Great Plains (sioux)
member of any of the Native American peoples inhabiting the Great Plains of the United States and Canada. This culture area comprises a vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and from present-day provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada through the present-day state of Texas in the United States.
Cotton Mather
minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a sholar, one of first americans to pemote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem
Leisler's Rebellion
small New York revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between landlords and merchants
Headright system
used as a means to attracting new settlers to the region and to address the labor shortage created by the emergance of tobacco farming. A headright was a tract of land that was granted to colonists and potential settlers. People could accumulate land by the passage of indentured servants, gaining a headright for each servant they passed.
New Amsterdam, Dutch East Indian Company
was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Neatherland. It was later renamed by British colonial settlement as New York City. The settlement, outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Neatherland territory (1614-1664), and was a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic as of 1624. Situated on the strategic, fortafiable southern tip of the island of Manhattan, the fort was meant to defend the Dutch West India Company's fur trade operations in the North River (Hudson River). Fort Amsterdam was designated the capital of the province in 1625. The 1625 date of the founding of New Amsterdam is now commemorated in the official Seal of New York City.
