APUSH - Units 1 & 2
U1(1.3) What was the aftermath of Spanish & Portuguese explorers?(make sure to bring up the impact of Columbus's discoveries on Spanish & what lands the Spanish & Portuguese gained)
- The Spanish explorers in the New World began to consider the source of wealth - Because of Columbus's discoveries, the Spanish claimed for themselves most of the New World, except for today's Brazil(which was occupied by Portugal) - By the end of the mid-16th century, Spain established a substantial American Empire)
U1(1.3) How did Columbus describe the Caribbean islands & its inhabitants in his letter?
- He said that the inhabitants did not wear clothes - Columbus also said that the native peoples were "fearful and timid" due to their lack of weapons - Columbus claimed that the Native people lacked a religion/faith - However, he also described them as being generous - He still believed that he was in Asia
U1(1.3) *Other European Explorers Who was Vasco de Balboa? What was his motive(s)? Was he successful? How was he a significant European explorer Who was Explorer Prince Henry the Navigator? What was his motive(s)? Was he successful? How was he a significant explorer? What happened after his death? Who was Ferdinand Magellan? What was his motive(s)? Was he successful? How was he a significant explorer? Who was Bartholomeu Dias? What was his motive(s)? Was he successful? How was he a significant explorer? Who was Vasco de Gama? What was his motive(s)? Was he successful? How was he a significant explorer? Who was Pedro Cabral? What was his motive(s)? Was he successful? How was he a significant explorer?
a) - Another Spaniard, Balboa fought his way across the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 - Balboa was the first European to see the great ocean which separated America from China & the Indies b) - Prince Henry the Navigator's principal interest was not in finding a sea route to asia, but in exploring the western coast of Africa - The Portuguese explorer dreamed of establishing a Christian empire in Africa & to aid his country's wars against the Moors of Northern Africa. - Prince Henry did not achieve his dreams, but some of Henry's mariners went as far south as Cape Verde, on Africa's west coast After Henry the Navigator's death: - Spain & Portugal divided Portugal's "Heathen Islands" of the New World w/ Spain - Spain secured Columbus's discovery for Spain in the Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494. - Most of the New World went to Spain, & Portugal recieved lands in Africa & Asia, as well as the title to lands that would later be Brazil in South America. c) - Magellan, employed by the Spanish found the strait that bears his name at the southern end of South America - The strait of Magellan is named after Ferdinand Magellan in South America d) - In 1486, Bartholomeu rounded the southern tip of Africa in the Cape of Good Hope e) - In 1497 to 1498, Vasco de Gama proceeded all the way in the cape to India f) - In 1500, the next fleet of explorers were bound for India - They were under the command of Pedro Cabral & the fleet was blown off the coast & ended up on the coast of Brazil
U1(1.2) Give context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491-1607. Who were the first peoples to arrive in the Americas? How did they arrive in the Americas? When did this migration take place? Where did early migrants come from? Where did they settle in the Americas?
a) - Diverse Indian societies in the Americas - Innovations in agriculture - Social Structure(very strong) - Complex societies(some were matrilineal) b) - Scholars believe that all early migrations into the Americas crossed the Bering Strait - Migrations came from humans crossing the Bering Strait, today the Bering Strait, located in Alaska - These migrations took place approximately 11,000 years ago c) - Land based migrants are thought to be of Asian descent from near modern day Siberia - Some migrants came from Asia & settled in Chile & Peru
U1(1.3) Who was Christopher Columbus? What the goal of his voyage? Where did Columbus end up in his voyage? What were the names of his 3 ships? Where did Columbus think he was? What did he call the land & its people? What did Columbus do to conquer new land for Spain in the Caribbean?(3 things) What groups did these actions affect? Where is the island of Hispaniola located today? How was/is Columbus viewed after his death?
a) - He was an ambitious & adventurous explorer from Genoa, Italy - Columbus was seeking a new trade route to Asia b) - Columbus set sail in August 1492 & after 6 weeks of sailing he ended up in present-day Bahamas on the Nina, Pinta, & the Santa Maria c) - Columbus thought he had reached Asia or "The Indies" - Columbus called the native inhabitants, Indians, & the islands, West Indies d) 1. He claimed the islands for Spain & explored more Caribbean islands 2. Columbus demanded a tribute from the local Taino, Arawak, & Carib peoples 3. Columbus left 40 men on the island of Hispaniola & returned to Spain *Hispaniola is an island shared today by the Dominican Republic & Haiti e) - Columbus's celebrated accomplishments made him a popular hero for a long time, but his life ended in obscurity - Finally, the US named Columbus Day a federal holiday on October 12 in 1934 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt
U1(1.2) What were the characteristics of the Indians located east of the Mississippi River? What were their name(s)? (bring up aspects of culture where they were located) What were the 5 distinct modern nations of the Iroquois? What were the Mohawks & Tuscaroras like?
a) - Indians east of the Mississippi River had common linguistic roots - Largest language groups was the Algonquian - Dominated Canada to Virginia - Iroquois were centered in upstate New York b) - Seneca - Cayuga - Onondaga - Oneida - Mohawk c) - Mohawk Indians also had links to the Cherokees - The Tuscaroras were farther south in the Carolinas & Georgia
U1(1.2) What was special about the early civilizations in the South?(make sure to bring up what they built/invented) What were the two main groups that occupied the South/Central of the Americas? Describe them & where were they located? Where was the Mayan civilization located? What was special about the Mayans(what did they create/invent)? How were the connected with the rest of the continent?
a) - Most elaborate early civilizations in South & Central America & today, Mexico - The South had large trading networks based on corn(maize) & other grains grown in the Mississippi River Valley b) 1. In Peru, the Incas had the largest empire in the Americas 2. The Meso-Americans, are the peoples in today's Mexico & Central America c) They covered all of the Yucatan Peninsula as well as modern-day Guatamala & parts of southern Mexico d) - Mayans created a written language, a numerical system, which was compared to Arabic numerals, & an accurate calendar - The Mayans also had an advanced agricultural system - They established important trade routes into other areas of the continent
U1(1.3) Were there any wanderers that arrived in the New World before the 15th century? Who were they? When did they arrive? Why were Europeans unable to explore & expand into the Americas before the 15th century? What were the two main motivations of exploration for Columbus(& some European countries)? How did Spain's attitude & role towards maritime exploration change?
a) A few wanderers, such as Leif Erikson(an eleventh century Norse seaman), had crossed the Atlantic to the New World b) After the 15th century, new technologies, & conditions allowed for exploration & growth c) 1. For religious convictions, Columbus was fulfilling a divine mission 2. Columbus was also interested in geography & trade d) - Spain devoted greater resources to maritime exploration - Spain replaced Portugal as the land seafaring nation
U1(1.3) What advancements in technology helped the Europeans navigate sea travel? What is a sextant? What was the other advancement that allowed the Europeans to sail across the Atlantic? What did it do? When & who(what country & explorer) brought about this advancement?
a) Advances in technology such as the sextant helped the explorers navigate sea travel b) A sextant is an instrument used for determining longitude & latitude c) - Ships, called caravels, were able to sail the Atlantic from Europe to the Americas - Caravels allowed early explorers to sail w/ the wind - By 1450, Portuguese mariners overcame obstacles & developed a caravel
U1(1.1) What was the Columbian Exchange? How was it significant? What caused it? Who benefitted from the Columbian Exchange?(i.e. what was exchanged between the Americas & Europe?) How does contact & the Columbian Exchange fit into the broader history of the world/America?(Thematic/Contextualization)
a) Columbian Exchange was a process of bringing in new crops & new sources of mineral wealth to Europe from the Americas b) - The bringing in of new crops & sources of mineral wealth from the Americas facilitated in the European shift from feudalism to capitalism c) - These contacts among Europeans, various Indian societies, & Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange?(contact caused it) d) Products that went from Europe to North America: coffee beans - peaches - pears - bananas - onions - grains rice - wheat - oats - barley What livestock went from Europe to North America: - cattle - horses - pigs - sheep What diseases went from Europe to North America: Smallpox, Influenza, Measles, Typhus, just to name a few... What went to Europe from North America: - pumpkins - turkeys - tobacco - sweet potatoes - pineapples - beans - tomatoes - peanuts, just to name a few... e) In their interactions, Europeans & Indians(Native Americans) asserted divergent world views regarding issues such as: - Religion - gender roles - family - land use - power The contact shapes the development of America & fosters the regional diversity in the Americas or the New World
U1(1.3) Were Europeans aware of the existence of the Americas before the 15th century? What events happened that caused the renewed interest in overseas exploration by the Europeans?(there are 5 main ones) What was the historical development that began the European efforts to explore & conquer the world?
a) Europeans were almost entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas before the 15th century b) - Bubonic plague had decimated Europe, killing more than a third of Europe - Advances in navigation - Shipbuilding made long distance travel more feasible - Explorers were looking for & finding new markets - Opening new trade routes that were rapidly increased w/ new technology c) European nations' efforts to explore & conquer the New World began w/ new technology
U1(1.2) What were the Native groups in the Southwest like?(make sure to bring up what they built/invented) How did corn(maize) manage to change the Americas? What major impact did corn(maize) have on the Indigenous peoples?
a) In the Southwest, the Native groups in the region built an elaborate system of large irrigation systems to allow farming on dry land? b) Cultivation of corn(maize) spread across the Americas from the Mexican heartland c) Corn began to transform nomadic hunters into settled agricultural villagers
U1(1.2): What time period does the term "Archaic Period" refer to? What were the Americas like during the Archaic Period? What were the 3 most important crops in the Americas?
a) Scholarly term associated w/ the period of 5000 BCE & beginning in 8000 BCE b) - Hunting & gathering in this region of the Great Plains(land west of Mississippi & east of Rocky Mountains) - Throughout much of the Americas, agriculture was based on corn(maize) - Squash & beans were also important crops in the Americas
U1(1.3) What were some other historical developments that motivated explorers? Which country began exploration & conquest overseas? Which country was the first to begin conquests into the Americas? What was their role in the African Slave Trade? When did they begin expanding overseas? Describe the 16th century incursions(make sure to bring up what happened, the country & those who were in charge of it, their motive for starting the explorations, & the explorer involved)
a) Stemmed from a search for new sources of: - Wealth - Economic competition - Military competition - Desire to spread Christianity (CED, pg. 40) b) - Beginning around 1400, the Portuguese expanded overseas - Spain undertook Europe's first conquests in the Americas - Portugal took the leading role in the African Slave trade c) - Portuguese traders traveled south & east - Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon & Isabella I of Castile financed Columbus into the Caribbean - Ferdinand & Isabella sought trade & building their empire by subsidizing the voyages of Christopher Columbus
U1(1.2) What was the Muskogean(also bring up what made them unique)? Where were they located? What tribes/groups was it comprised of? Did the Muskogean tribes unite in opposition against Europeans?
a) The Muskogean was the third largest language group b) Muskogean included tribes in the southernmost region of the eastern seaboard: - Chickasaws - Choctaws - Creeks - Seminoles c) Rarely did tribes unite in opposition from Europe
U1(1.2) What were the civilizations/tribes in Northern America like? What resources/ways of life did they rely on?
a) The Northern tribes had complex civilizations b) The tribes had hunting, gathering, & fishing
U1(1.2) What was civilization in the North like?(make sure to bring up what they built/invented) What did the Great Plains have to offer? How did nomadic tribes use the land? Where were the Woodland Indians located? What resources & activities did Woodland Indians rely on? What made them special?(make sure to bring up what they built/invented) What was the major civilization of Woodland Indians? When did they peak? Where were they located? Describe what they had.
a) They constructed towns that had centers of trade, crafts, religious, & civic rituals b) - The Great Plains had sedentary farming for corn(maize) & other grains - There were also small nomadic tribes that had buffalo hunting c) Woodland Indians lived in the Eastern third of the United States d) The Woodland Indians had great farming, hunting, gathering, & fishing e) - In Cahokia, near present day East St. Louis, Illinois had a peak of 1200 AD - It had a population of about 10,000 & contained a great complex of large earthen mountains