APUSH Vol. 1 to 1877 Ch. 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824

George Canning (1770-1827)

British foreign secretary who proposed what would later become the Monroe Doctrine, a declaration issued by James Monroe warning European powers to refrain from acquiring new territories in the Americas.

Isaac Brock (1769-1812)

British general who helped stave off an American invasion of upper Canada during the War of 1812. Brock successfully captured Detroit from American forces in August of 1812 but was killed in battle later that year.

Adams-Onís Treaty

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

Which of the following was not a cause of the War of 1812? a. Indian aggression against continued American westward settlement. b. Growing sectionalism in New England states. c. British impressment of American sailors.

b. Growing sectionalism in New England states.

The principles of noncolonization and nonintervention in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 were a. mostly a symbolic gesture of goodwill to the Latin American republics. b. aimed at British efforts to gain control over Cuba. c. most immediately diplomatic responses by the U.S. government to the apparent territorial designs of Russia on Alaska and Oregon. d. applicable only to Central and South America. e. included in the doctrine only over the opposition of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.

c. most immediately diplomatic responses by the U.S. government to the apparent territorial designs of Russia on Alaska and Oregon.

In the 1820s, Americans were particularly worried about the fate of republicanism in the New World because the a. Supreme Court had suspended all meetings of Congress until the presidential election of 1920. b. new Latin American countries were establishing authoritarian dictatorships. c. reactionary monarchies of Europe were actively seeking to crush republican and democratic ideas. d. British were attempting to establish new colonies in formerly Spanish Latin America. e. slave revolt in Haiti and British abolitionism threatened slavery in the United States.

c. reactionary monarchies of Europe were actively seeking to crush republican and democratic ideas.

William Henry Harrison

9th president of the United States who died days after elected into office; gained national fame for leading US forces against American Indians in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811; general in the War of 1812, his most notable contribution was the victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Francis Scott Key (1779-1843)

American author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner"—now the national anthem—purportedly while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained. United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote "The Star Spangled Banner"

Thomas Macdonough (1783-1825)

American naval officer who secured a decisive victory over a British fleet at the Battle of Plattsburg, halting the British invasion of New York.

Oliver Hazard Perry (1785-1819)

American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Cohens v. Virgina

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

Florida Purchase Treaty, 1819

Concluded in 1819 between the United States and Spain. Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and the two nations agreed on the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain retained the territory from Texas to California while abandoning its claims to the Oregon country.

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Congress of Vienna Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Hartford Convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Fletcher v. Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Tallmadge amendment

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri Territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Representatives of the Hartford Convention successfully petitioned Washington for a number of constitutional amendments, including one to allow presidents to serve two consecutive terms. True or False

False

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. A protective tariff that helped American industry by raising the prices of British goods which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those of the U.S.

Russo-American Treaty, 1824

Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri Territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the panic of 1819.

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

The Start Spangled Banner

National anthem of the US; lyrics come from "Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key after witnessing bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

loose construction

Legal doctrine that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30'. 1820, The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line (36,30) across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe.

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Battle of New Orleans

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812. January 8, 1815; Final major battle of the War of 1812; Major General Andrew Jackson and his American Forces defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired in the Louisiana Purchase

James Monroe (1758-1831)

Revolutionary War soldier, statesman, and fifth president of the United States. As president, he supported protective tariffs and a national bank but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally funded internal improvements. Though Monroe sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by bitter partisan and sectional conflicts.

panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sow-ing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy. Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Rush-Bagot agreement

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Anglo-American Convention, 1818

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana Territory, and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Monroe Doctrine

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. 1823, A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Suit over whether New York could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Dartmouth v. Woodward

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. In 1810, this further expanded the meaning of the contract clause of the Constitution. After the Republicans gained control of the New Hampshire government, they tried to revise the Dartmouth College charter, to make it a public school instead of private. Daniel Webster defended the college, he argued that the charter was in fact a contract that was protected by the same doctrine that the court had already upheld in Fletcher v. Peck. The Court ruled for Dartmouth, proclaiming the corporation charters such as the one the colonial legislature had granted the college were contracts and this inavidable. This decision placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations.

Constitution and Guerrière, 1812

The Guerrière was heavily outweighed and outgunned, yet its British captain eagerly—and foolishly—sought combat. His ship was destroyed. Historian Henry Adams later concluded that this duel "raised the United States in one half hour to the rank of a first-class Power in the world." Today the Constitution, berthed in Boston harbor, remains the oldest actively commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy.

North American Review

Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition in the 1820s, significantly as the nation's first writers of importance to use American scenes and themes. School textbooks, often British in an earlier era, were now being written by Americans for Americans. In the world of magazines, the highly intellectual North American Review began publication in 1815—the year of the triumph at New Orleans. Even American painters increasingly celebrated their native landscapes on their canvases.

Burning of Washington

When the British attacked and burned the Capitol, forcing the president to flee the cit

peculiar institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the nineteenth century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

sectionalism

a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole, ultimately led to the Union's worst crisis: civil war between the North and the South in the early 1860s

The jagged red line that travels east from the Pacific Ocean represents the Adams-Onis Treaty. The relatively straight line to its north was established by which of the following agreements? a. Anglo-American Convention of 1818 b. Russian Treaty line of 1824 c. Rush-Bagot agreement

a. Anglo-American Convention of 1818

The primary reason that American strategy in the War of 1812 focused on invading and conquering Canada was a. Britain was weakest and most vulnerable there. b. the United States expected support from France, which hoped to recover its lost colony of Quebec. c. the United States considered complete control of the Great Lakes the key to the future of North America. d. the Canadians were already in rebellion against British rule. e. the United States had little confidence its inexperienced navy could reach Britain's far-flung territories.

a. Britain was weakest and most vulnerable there.

Which of the following was not a contributing factor to continued westward expansion? a. Greater prosperity leading out of the embargo years b. The siren song of cheap land c. Land exhaustion in older tobacco states

a. Greater prosperity leading out of the embargo years

The majority of Florida remained under Spanish rule until the enactment of the Adams-Onis Treaty. In what year and under what circumstances did this occur? a. In 1819, after Andrew Jackson launched an ardent campaign on a shaky pretext. b. In 1812, when Congress ratified a successful American invasion two years prior. c. In 1813, as a result of lengthy and peaceful negotiations between Spain and the United States.

a. In 1819, after Andrew Jackson launched an ardent campaign on a shaky pretext.

Which of the following was not a component of Henry Clay's American System? a. free homesteads for western settlers on federal land b. a strong national banking system and currency c. a network of federally financed and controlled roads and canals d. easy and abundant credit provided by banks. e. high tariffs to protect American manufacturing

a. free homesteads for western settlers on federal land

The resolutions enacted by the delegates at the Hartford Convention a. helped to cause the death of the Federalist party. b. called for southern secession from the union. c. resulted in the resurgence of states' rights activism in the South. d. supported use of state militias against the British. e. called for the West to join the War of 1812.

a. helped to cause the death of the Federalist party.

New England suffered great discredit at the end of the War of 1812 because a. its antiwar dissent led to a flirtation with disloyalty and secession in the Hartford Convention. b. it failed to support President Madison for re-election. c. peace terms had dictated that a Canadian force keep the peace in Vermont until 1850. d. its soldiers and sailors performed so poorly in battle. e. it demanded that the war be continued until the British menace in Canada was removed.

a. its antiwar dissent led to a flirtation with disloyalty and secession in the Hartford Convention.

The terms of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, provided that a. the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war. b. the United States would acquire western Florida in exchange for guaranteeing British control of Canada. c. there would be a buffer Indian state between the United States and Canada. d. Britain would acquire American colonies in the Caribbean. e. Britain would stop impressment of American sailors.

a. the two sides would stop fighting and return to the status quo before the war.

Washington Irving and James F. Cooper

an American author, essayist, biographer, and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and Rip Van Winkle. Cooper was a profilic and popular American writer of the early 19th century who wrote numerous sea-stories and historical novels known as the the "Leatherstocking Tales"

Clay's "American System"

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

At the time it was issued, the Monroe Doctrine was a. universally acclaimed in Britain as a great act of statesmanship. b. incapable of being effectively enforced by the United States armed forces. c. greeted with enthusiasm and gratitude in Latin America. d. opposed by both the Whigs and the Democratic-Republicans. e. welcomed with relief by European powers who feared British power in the Western Hemisphere.

b. incapable of being effectively enforced by the United States armed forces.

All of the following were true of the political unity and good will of the Era of Good Feelings except a. it was sharply interrupted by the controversy over slavery in Missouri. b. the acute issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were set aside. c. the vanquished Federalist party was gasping its dying breaths, leaving the field to the triumphant Republicans and one-party rule. d. it coincided with the election of James Monroe. e. it was something of a misnomer.

b. the acute issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were set aside.

The new spirit of nationalism reflected in American literature found strong expression in the work of a. Thomas Paine and Richard Almanack b. Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Jackson. c. Louisa May Alcott and Lyman Beecher. d. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. e. Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

d. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper.

All of the following were true of the Panic of 1819 except a. it brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses, known as debtors' prisons. b. it was the first national financial panic since Washington had been president. c. much of the goodness went out of the good feelings in 1819. d. the Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had no role in overspeculation in frontier lands. e. many factors contributed to the catastrophe of 1819, especially overspeculation in frontier lands.

d. the Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had no role in overspeculation in frontier lands.

By 1814, the British forces a. had retreated to their base in Canada. b. were not a factor in the war. c. focused increasingly on controlling the territories of New England. d. were called away to defeat Napoleon's forces in Europe. e. were invading the United States on three fronts: in New York, the Chesapeake region, and Louisiana.

e. were invading the United States on three fronts: in New York, the Chesapeake region, and Louisiana.

Invasion of Canada, 1812

instead of capturing Montreal, the center or population and transportation, Americans tire themselves out with the three-pronged invasions of 1812 --> trio invading forces setting out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all beaten back shortly after they had crossed the Canadian border --> several more invasions fail in 1813 --> Americans turn to naval fighting

Second Bank of the the US

national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy. The Bank proved to be very unpopular among western land speculators and farmers, especially after the Panic of 1819