APUSH Vol. 1 to 1877 Ch. 16 The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

The liberator

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)

Ardent abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper that advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves. In 1833, Garrison founded the American Anti-Slavery Society, which became the largest abolitionist organization in the North, counting more than 250,000 members by 1838.

Martin Delany (1812-1885)

Black abolitionist and advocate of relocating freed blacks to Africa, even visiting West Africa's Niger Valley in search of a suitable location in 1859.

David Walker (1796-1830)

Black abolitionist and author of the incendiary Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.

Sojourner Truth (1799-1883)

Black abolitionist, preacher, and women's rights activist, who worked tirelessly on behalf of slaves and freed blacks.

Nat Turner (1800-1831)

Black slave who led an ill-fated rebellion in Virginia in 1831. The deeply religious Turner sought a violent overthrow to the sinful institution of slavery. Before they were apprehended, Turner and his followers murdered more than sixty whites, sending a shockwave throughout the South.

William Wilberforce (1759-1833)

British politician who championed the abolition of the slave trade, and later slavery itself. An evangelical Christian, Wilberforce delivered rousing speeches on the floor of the House of Commons, galvanizing public support for the abolitionist cause.

West Africa squadron

British royal navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.

Responsorial

Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South.

Emancipation proposals were passed in the Virginia legislature in 1832. True False

False

The Free-Soil Party appealed to nonslaveholding southern whites. True False

False

Theodore Dwight Weld (1803-1895)

Fervent abolitionist and author of American Slavery as It Is, an antislavery tract that dramatized the horrors of slave life.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Incendiary abolitionist tract advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a southern-born free black.

Mason-Dixon line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

Gag Resolution

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by proslavery southerners, the Gag Resolution passed every year for eight years and was eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

American Colonization Society

Reflected the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a west-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

Black belt

Region of the deep south with the highest concentration of slaves. It emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

Breakers

Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.

Amistad

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

By 1860, nearly all slaves were native-born African Americans. True False

True

Defenders of slavery often pointed to the poor working conditions of laborers in northern factories. True False

True

Southern planter aristocrats were interested in expanding cotton production to the West. True False

True

Nat Turner's rebellion

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass.

Liberia

West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860's.

The abolitionist movement, especially the radical viewpoint, was slow to gain support in the North. Which reason best describes northern resistance to this movement? a. Northerners revered the Constitution, including the bargained clauses involving, slavery. b.Northern economic interests depended on taxing the slave trade. c. Northerners believed in the Biblical explanation of the racial superiority of whites.

a. Northerners revered the Constitution, including the bargained clauses involving, slavery.

Those in the North who opposed the abolitionists believed that these opponents of slavery a. were creating disorder and havoc in America that threatened the nation's constitutional fabric. b. were defending the American way of life. c. had fully and reasonably considered the economic implications for the North of the virulent opposition to slavery in the South. d. had turned their backs on religion and moral values. e. were undermining fundamental American beliefs.

a. were creating disorder and havoc in America that threatened the nation's constitutional fabric.

Slaves were denied an education because a. their labor did not require literacy or math skills. b. masters believed that reading brought new ideas that might lead to their discontent. c. it would take time away from their work in the fields and households of white masters. d. the cost of education was far more than masters would want to spend on slaves. e. previous efforts by some masters to educate slaves failed completely because of their high rates of illiteracy.

b. masters believed that reading brought new ideas that might lead to their discontent.

The agitation in the North against the spread of slavery into the new territories in the 1840s and 1850s a. considerably improved the economic and social status of northern free blacks in the 1840s and 1850s. b. reflected the fact that white northerners often professed to like the race but disliked individual blacks. c. often grew out of race prejudice, not humanitarianism. d. allowed for many free blacks to become prominent business leaders. e. often resulted from the fact that anti-black feeling was in fact frequently stronger in the North than in the South.

c. often grew out of race prejudice, not humanitarianism.

Many northern free blacks were especially hated by Irish immigrants because a. free blacks were identified with the hated Yankee Republican Party. b. free blacks were allowed to vote at a time when immigrants were forbidden to vote by nativists. c. free blacks often adopted English customs of speech and dress. d. free blacks competed with the Irish for menial jobs. e. the Irish sympathized with the South as an oppressed nation.

d. free blacks competed with the Irish for menial jobs.

In opposition to William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass believed that slavery should be ended through a. organizing guerrilla groups to conduct military raids into the South. b. federal purchase of all slaves in the south. c. persuading southerners that slavery was morally wrong. d. organizing an anti-slavery political party. e. persuading the North to secede from the slaveholder-controlled United States.

d. organizing an anti-slavery political party.

Proslavery whites defended the institution of slavery in all of the following ways except a. Slaveholders claimed that master-slave relationships resembled a family. b. they said that slaves toiled under better working conditions than factory workers and hired hands in the North. c. they claimed slavery was supported by the Bible. d. they claimed that slaves were set free once they reached old age. e. slaveholders said slavery lifted Africans from the barbarism of the jungle and gave them Christian civilization.

d. they claimed that slaves were set free once they reached old age.

All of the following were true of the mountain whites of the southern Appalachians except a. they were generally hostile both to slavery and to the black slaves. b. these mountain whites had little in common with the whites of the flatlands. c. they lived under spartan frontier conditions. d. they ultimately played a significant role in supporting the Confederacy. e. they looked upon the impending strife between North and South as "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight."

d. they ultimately played a significant role in supporting the Confederacy.

The American Colonization Society established a home for freed American slaves in the African nation of a. Congo. b. Ethiopia. c. Egypt. d. Nigeria. e. Liberia.

e. Liberia.

In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners a. aligned themselves with leading European intellectuals. b. were in opposition to the North but on the side of the Western world. c. took the same position of the overwhelming majority of Americans living in the West. d. allowed considerable dissent in the South. e. placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.

e. placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.

Eli Whitney's cotton gin transformed the cultivation of cotton in the South to a system of _____ farming. The move to a single-crop economy favored _____. The primary agricultural area shifted from the Old South to the _____.

wide-scale planter aristocrats Deep South