APUSH Vol. 1 to 1877 Ch.11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic, 1800-1812

Embargo

a government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port

$15 million

Price paid by the U.S. for the Louisiana Purchase

Writ

a formal legal document ordering or prohibiting some act

Jefferson focused his military construction policy primarily on

building several hundred small gunboats

The new naturalization law passed by Congress in 1802 replaced the unreasonable terms of the: a. Judiciary Act of 1801 b. Judiciary Act of 1789 c. Alien Act

c. Alien Act

The Republicans' failure to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase established the principle that

impeachment should be used only for "high crimes and misdemeanors" and not as a political weapon

Precedent

in law and government, a decision or action that establishes a sanctioned rule for determining similar cases in the future

Besides creating a pan-Indian militart alliance against white expansion, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the prophet) urged American Indians to

resist white ways and revive their traditional culture

One federalist policy that Jefferson quickly overturned was

the excise tax

Secession

the withdrawal, by legal means, of one portion of a political entity from the government to which it has been bound

Cede

to yield or grant something, often upon request or under pressure

Meriwether Lewis (1744-1809)

American soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806. After briefly serving as governor of upper Louisiana Territory, Lewis died in an apparent suicide in 1809.

Navy

Branch of military service that Jefferson considered least threatening to liberty and the most neccessary to suppressing the Barbary states.

Mr. Madison's War

Derisive federalist name for the the war of 1812 that blamed it on the republican president

T or F. The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that the president could appoint but not remove Supreme Court justices.

False

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American navy and the North African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

William Henry Harrison

Military leader who defeated Tecumseh's brother, "the Prophet," at the Battle of Tippecanoe

Thomas Jefferson

Strong believer in strict constitution, weak government, and anti militarism who was forced to modify some of his principles in office.

T or F. After the Chesapeake affair, Jefferson could easily have declared war on Britain with the enthusiastic support of both Federalists and Republicans

True

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

T or F. The most explosive issue between Britain and the United States was the British blockage of American shipments to Europe.

False

The new Congress that met in 1811 contained a large number of members who believed that a. America should concentrate on expanding westward rather than battling for freedom of the seas. b. the United States should remain safely isolationist until it could build up a large army and navy. c. recent struggles in foreign policy made it clear a new constitution was needed. d. Britain should be vigorously confronted and the Indian threat to the West eliminated. e. there should never be another embargo and that trade with Europe was essential.

d. Britain should be vigorously confronted and the Indian threat to the West eliminated.

Haitian Revolution War

Haitian Revolution War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

Excise Tax

Hamiltonian Economic Measure repealed by Jefferson and Gallatin

Which of the following statements best describes Madison's address to Congress?

He makes a case for declaring war against Britain. He briefly describes the events of the previous decade that have led to such tension with Britain.

Impressment

Impressment Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"-the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. Precedent-setting supreme court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.

Marbury

Individual that brought forth a law suit for not receiving a job he was previously promised

Toussaint L'Ouverture (1743-1803)

("The Opener") Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising and helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. In 1802, L'Ouverture was captured by a French force sent to reestablish control over the island. Shipped back to France and imprisoned for treason, he succumbed to pneumonia in 1803. Gifted black revolutionary whose successful slave revolution indirectly led to Napoleon's sale of Louisiana

Tenskwatawa (1775-1836)

("The Prophet") Shawnee religious leader, also known as "the Prophet," who led a spiritual revival, emphasizing Indian unity and cultural renewal and urging Indians to limit contact with Americans. The Prophet lost his following in 1811 after he and a small army of followers were defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement.

Pardoned

Action Jefferson took toward Republican "martyrs"" convicted under the Federalist Sedition Law

Impeachment

Action voted on by the House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

John Marshall (1755-1835)

Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, Marshall strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review. During his tenure, the Court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states. Federalist supreme court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review, the federalist party lived on though this man.

Chesapeake Affair

Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. American Ship fired on by British in 1807, nearly leading to war between the two countries. British attack on American sailors that aroused angry demands for war

William Clark (1770-1838)

Explorer who joined Meriwether Lewis in leading the expedition of Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806. After the expedition, Clark played a key role in shaping America's Indian policy, seeking to strengthen American relations with the Indians through trade. Young army officer who joined Jefferson's personal secretary in exploring the Louisiana purchase and Oregon country.

T or F. Jefferson's deepest doubt about the Louisiana Purchase was the price of $15 million was too high.

False

T or F. The "Revolution of 1800" involved a radical transfer of power from the Federalist merchant class to farmers and urban artisans and craftsmen.

False

T or F. The Jeffersonian Republicans showed their hostility to the Federalist Supreme Court by trying to impeach Chief Justice John Marshall.

False

T or F. The War of 1812 was promoted largely by New Englanders angry over British violation of American freedom of the seas.

False

Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

Revolutionary War soldier and vice president under Thomas Jefferson, Burr is perhaps most famous for fatally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. In 1806, Burr led a failed plot to separate the trans-Mississippi West from the United States. Narrowly acquitted of treason, Burr fled to France, where he tried to convince Napoleon to ally with Britain against the United States. Former Vice President, killer of Alexander Hamilton, and plotter of mysterious secessionist schemes, found not guilty for treason.

Tecumseh

Tecumseh (ca. 1768-1813) Accomplished Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes selling land to the United States, arguing that the land belonged to all the native peoples. After 1811, Tecumseh allied with the British, fighting fiercely against the United States until his death in 1813. Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation against U.S. expansion.

Although greatly weakened after Jefferson's election, the Federalist party's philosophy continued to have great influence through: (a) the propaganda efforts of Federalist agitators (b) the Federalist control of the U.S. Senate (c) The Federalist judicial rulings of John Marshall (d) Federalist sympathies within the U.S. army and navy

the Federalist judicial rulings of John Marshall

The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that

the Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation

The case of Marbury v Madison established the principle that: (a) the Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation. (b) federal laws take precedence over state legislation. (c) the president has the right to appoint the federal judiciary. (d) the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the federal judiciary.

the Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation.

A crucial foreign policy goal for many "war hawks" in the War of 1812 was: (a) the end of all Spanish colonization in the Americas (b) the capture and annexation of Canada (c) the conquest and settlement of Texas (d) the destruction of the British navy

the capture and annexation of Canada

A crucial foreign policy goal for many "war hawks" in the War of 1812 was

the destruction of the British Navy

One Federalist policy that Jefferson quickly overturned was: (a) funding and assumption. (b) the excise tax. (c) the Bank of the United States. (d) the protective tariff.

the excise tax.

Commission

the official legal authorization appointing a person to an office or military position, indicating the nature of the duty, term of office, chain of command, and so on

The most "revolutionary" development in the critical election of 1800 was

the peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent

The most "revolutionary" development in the critical election of 1800 was: (a) the nasty campaign smears against Jefferson (b) Jefferson's radical proposals for overturning the existing political system. (c) the peaceful transition from one political party to its opponent (d) the electoral statement between Jefferson and his running mate, Burr

the peaceful transition of power from one political party to its opponent

Jefferson was forced to reverse his strong opposition to substantial military forces because of: (a) growing French intervention in Santo Domingo and Louisiana. (b) the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states. (c) the threat to America posed by the British-French wars. (d) the political attacks by his Federalist opponents.

the plunder and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states.

Jefferson was forced to reverse his stron opposition to substantial military forces because of

the plundering and blackmailing of American shipping by North African states

Broadside

the simultaneous firing of all guns on one side of a ship

Embargo Act of 1807

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting its European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809. Jefferson's policy of Forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the U.S.; hurt American lower class.

Pickney Treaty

The treaty that was violated when spain sold Louisianna to france.

Jefferson's greatest concern in purchasing Louisiana was

whether the purchase was permissaible under the constitution

Jefferson's greatest concern in purchasing Louisiana was: (a) whether it was in America's interest to acquire the territory. (b) whether the cost was excessive for his small-government philosophy. (c) whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution. (d) how to defend and govern the territory once it was part of the United States.

whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution.

Sally Hemings (1773-1835)

One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves on his plantation in Monticello. DNA testing confirms that Thomas Jefferson fathered Sally Hemings's children.

Orders in Council

Orders in Council Edicts issued by the British crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

Non-Intercourse Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships, ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

James Madison (1751-1836)

Principal author of the Constitution, co-author of The Federalist, and fourth president of the United States. A leading advocate of a strong national government in the 1780s, Madison later joined Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans in advocating a more limited role for the federal state. As president, Madison inherited the conflict over trade with Britain and France, which eventually pushed him to declare war on Britain in 1812.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet," at the hands of William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States. Battle in 1811 where General Harrison Defeated the indian forces under tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Samuel Chase

Samuel Chase (1741-1811) Federalist Supreme Court justice who drew the ire of Jeffersonian Republicans for his biting criticism of Republican policies. In 1804, the House of Representatives brought charges of impeachment against him but failed to make the case that his unrestrained partisanship qualified as "high crimes and misdemeanors." Acquitted by the Senate, he served on the Court until his death. Federalist supreme court justice impeached by the house in 1804 but acquitted by the senate.

Albert Gallatin (1761-1849)

Secretary of the Treasury from 1801 to 1813 under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, Gallatin sought to balance the federal budget and reduce the national debt. Swiss Born treasury secretary who disliked national debt but kept most Hamiltonian economic measures in effect.

Sacajawea (1788-1812)

Shoshone guide who led Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their exploration of the American West.

Santo Domingo

Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L'Ouverture's slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon's dreams of a vast New World empire.

Corps of Discovery

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West.

Oregon Country

Territory beyond Louisiana, along the columbia River, explored by Lewis and Clark

Judicial Review

The principle, established by chief justice marshall in a famous case, the supreme court can declare laws unconstitutional

The greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana Purchase was: (a) Thomas Jefferson (b) Aaron Burr (c) the Federalist party (d) Napoleon

Thomas Jefferson

The greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana purchase was

Thomas Jefferson

Most Indian military resistance east of the Mississippi River was effectively crushed in the two battles of

Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend

Most Indian military resistance east of the Mississippi River was effectively crushed in the two battles of: (a) the Thames and Lake Erie (b) Fort McHenry and New Orleans (c) Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend (d) Plattsburgh and Bladensburg.

Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend

T or F New Englanders overcame the effects of the embargo by conducting illegal trade with Canada and developing more domestic manufacturing.

True

T or F. Aaron Burr's various conspiracies to break apart the United States demonstrated the fragility of the American government's control of the trans-Appalachian West.

True

T or F. An unexpected deadlock with Aaron Burr meant that Jefferson had to be elected by the House of Representatives.

True

T or F. Jefferson and his Treasure Secretary, Albert Gallatin, kept in place most of the Federalist financial policies.

True

T or F. Jefferson cut the size of the United States Army to twenty-five hundred men because he believed that a large standing army was a threat to liberty and economy.

True

T or F. Jefferson's embargo badly hurt southern and western farmers as well as Federalist New England.

True

T or F. Jefferson's envoys to Paris initially intended to buy only New Orleans and the immediate vicinity.

True

T or F. The Lewis and Clark expedition demonstrated the viability of an overland American route to the Pacific.

True

According to Madison, why would taking a different course of action be in Britain's best interest?

Warfare threatens the British market's health and growth. Ensuring the free operation of the international market benefits Britain.

Consulate

a place where a government representative is stationed in a foreign country, but not the main headquarters of diplomatic representation headed by an ambassador

What happened during the Chesapeake affair of 1807, leading to a dramatic increase in tension between the United States and England? a. A British warship fired on a French vessel protected by a neutral harbor in the Chesapeake Bay. b. A British warship fired on the Chesapeake, a U.S. frigate, killing three and wounding eighteen. c. British pirates captured the Chesapeake, a U.S. frigate, and ransomed the sailors.

b. A British warship fired on the Chesapeake, a U.S. frigate, killing three and wounding eighteen.

The Columbia and Snake Rivers are located in which geographical region designated on this map? a. original United States by Treaty of 1783 b. Oregon Country c. New Spain

b. Oregon Country

One way in which Jefferson clearly departed from previous Federalist practice was a. dismissing almost all public servants to be replaced by loyal Jeffersonians. b. permanently committing the United States to maintaining a tiny army and navy. c. overturning Hamilton's policies of funding and assumption. d. refusing to add territory or citizens to the United States through foreign purchase. e. establishing a simple and informal style in presidential entertainment and relations with Congress.

e. establishing a simple and informal style in presidential entertainment and relations with Congress.

Pasha of Tripoli

north african leader who fought an undeclared war with the US from 1801 to 1805

Although greatly weakened after Jeferson's election, the Federalist party's philosophy continued to have great influence through

the Federalist judicial rulings of John Marshall

Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813)

American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801 to 1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803. American minister to paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent deal to purchase Louisiana when they only initially intended to purchase New Orleans.

Jefferson's Embargo Act provide that: (a) American would not trade with Britain until it ended impressment (b) American goods could be carried only in American ships (c) America would sell no military supplies to either warring nation, Britain or France (d) America would prohibit all foreign trade

American would prohibit all foreign trade

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier. Militantly nationalistic western congressmen eager for hostilities with the Indians, Canadians, and British

Midnight Judges

Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act. Derogatory republican term for federalist judges appointed at the last minute by Adams

The term "midnight judges" refers to: (a) Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams at the last moments of his administration. (b) federal judges who held late-night court sessions to hear controversial cases. (c) judges like William Marbury who sued to have their late-night appointment commissions confirmed. (d) states' rights judges appointed by President Jefferson moments after his inauguration.

Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams at the last moments of his administration.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

French emperor who waged a series of wars against his neighbors on the European continent from 1800 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In 1803, having failed to put down the Haitian rebellion, Napoleon relinquished France's remaining North American possessions by selling Louisiana Territory to the United States. french ruler who acquired Louisiana from Spain only to sell it to the US.

James Wilkinson (1757-1825)

Military governor of Louisiana Territory who conspired with Aaron Burr to separate from the United States and ally with Spanish-controlled areas of the Americas.

As strict constructionist, Thomas Jefferson attempted to reconcile his desire for American expansion and: a. The unconstitutionality of a president negotiating treaties to incorporate new territories into the Union. b. The wish to placate New England merchants by promoting transatlantic trade. c. The fear that the political fallout from this acquisition would harm his chances of reelection in 1804.

a. The unconstitutionality of a president negotiating treaties to incorporate new territories into the Union.

Thomas Jefferson's failed attempt to impeach and convict Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase for "high crimes and misdemeanors" meant that a. judicial independence and the separation of powers had been preserved. b. an unfortunate precedent had been established. c. no federal judge could ever be removed from office. d. Jefferson's political support had ebbed and he was likely to lose reelection in 1804. e. the judiciary had now become a more powerful and influential part of the federal government than the executive branch of government.

a. judicial independence and the separation of powers had been preserved.

One of the greatest problems that John Adams and the Federalists faced in the election of 1800 was a. George Washington's opposition to Adams's reelection as president. b. Adams's refusal to take the country to war against France. c. Adams's efforts to get America involved in a war with France. d. the stories circulating about Adams's relationship with a slave woman. e. increased public debt brought on by war preparations.

b. Adams's refusal to take the country to war against France.

An increase in incidences of British impressment fueled what outcome? a. A British government order to prohibit commerce in and out of its ports. b. The forcible enlistment of approximately 6,000 U.S. citizens onto British naval ships between 1808 and 1811. c. The issuance of a series of Orders in Council designed to close all ports under American control.

b. The forcible enlistment of approximately 6,000 U.S. citizens onto British naval ships between 1808 and 1811.

Jefferson focused his military construction policy primarily on: (a) building large naval frigates like the Constitution (b) building several hundred small gunboats (c) building up coastal forts and defense works (d) constructing light and medium artillery capable of use on land or sea

building several hundred small gunboats

John Marshall, as chief justice of the United States, helped to strengthen the judicial branch of government by a. overriding presidential vetoes. b. asserting the doctrine of judicial review of congressional legislation, giving the Supreme Court the power to determine constitutionality. c. applying Jeffersonian principles in all of his decisions. d. listening carefully to and heeding the advice of lawyers arguing cases before the Supreme Court. e. increasing the number of justices on the Supreme Court.

b. asserting the doctrine of judicial review of congressional legislation, giving the Supreme Court the power to determine constitutionality.

The Congressional war hawks of 1812 were especially eager to sponsor an American invasion and conquest of a. the Oregon country. b. Florida c. Canada. d. the West Indies. e. Ireland.

c. Canada.

Pacifist

characterized by principled opposition to all war and belief in nonviolent solutions to conflict

In addition to increasing awareness of regional Native American groups, the Lewis and Clark expedition: a. Explored the headwaters of the Mississippi River b. Explored the southern portion of the Louisiana Territory c. Demonstrated the possibility of an overland route to the Pacific Ocean.

c. Demonstrated the possibility of an overland route to the Pacific Ocean.

Between 1805 and 1807, Zebulon Pike passed through all of the following forts and missions in Spanish territory except: a. San Antonio b. El Paso c. Santa Barbara

c. Santa Barbara

Conscription

compulsory enrollment of men and women into the armed forces

The greatest impact of the Revolution of 1800 was in a. outlawing the Federalist Party. b. confirming that American government would continue to follow the lead of the French Revolution. c. capturing President Adams and imprisoning him in the American Bastille. d. demonstrating that even a bitterly contested American election could result in the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another. e. permanently establishing one-party rule in the United States.

d. demonstrating that even a bitterly contested American election could result in the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another.

The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that a. the president may only serve two consecutive terms. b. the Supreme Court has the right to determine the constitutionality of legislation. c. federal laws take precedence over state legislation. d. the president has the right to appoint the federal judiciary. e. the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the federal judiciary.

d. the president has the right to appoint the federal judiciary.

All of the following were true of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa except a. they were Shawnee brothers. b. their warriors forswore alcohol, the better to fight a last-ditch battle with the "paleface" invaders. c. they began to weld together a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. d. they embraced whites' concept of ownership. e. their followers gave up textile clothing for traditional buckskin garments.

d. they embraced whites' concept of ownership.

The Republicans' failure to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase established the principle that: (a) the Supreme Court had the power to declare laws unconstitutional. (b) presidents could appoint but not remove federal justices. (c) impeachment should be used only for "high crimes and misdemeanors" and not as a political weapon. (d) the constitutional power of impeachment was in effect impossible to carry out.

impeachment should be used only for "high crimes and misdemeanors" and not as a political weapon.

Besides creating a pan-Indian military alliance against white expansion, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) urged American Indians to: (a) resist white ways and revive their traditional culture (b) demonstrate their legal ownership of the lands that whites were entering (c) adopt the whites' culture and technology as a way of resisting further expansion (d) declare independence and form and alliance with Spain

resist white ways and revive their traditional culture

Which of the following was not among the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase? (a) the geographical and scientific discoveries of the Lewis and Clark expedition (b) the weakening of the power of the presidency in foreign affairs (c) Former Vice President Aaron Burr's attempt to break off the West from the United States. (d) a strengthening of national unity and the decline of the Federalist party

the weakening of the power of the presidency in foreign affairs