APWH Study Guide Review Overall

How long will it take Hitler to conquer France in 1940?

-6 weeks

Bay of Pigs, 1961

-CIA takes Cuban people and trains them, then sends them back to Cuba -The invasion failed

Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)

- Mao Zedong launched a program of heavy industrialization -He called for large collective state owned farms to feed everyone (communes) -26,000 comunes by 1958, each one over 125,000 acres and supported thousands of people -Very strictly living -people encouraged to learn how to smelt their own iron -Horrible disaster and lead to the Great Famine

What will be the response of other world powers to Japanese aggression? Why?

-Because of the depression and military aggression in Europe, they did little to respond to Japanese aggression until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, which the U.S. responded to

The Sinatra Doctrine (1980s)

-Countries in the USSR had the right to go their own way -put in place by Gorbachev -Poland, Czech, Slovakia, etc... go away from communist

What famous Allied offensive took place on June 6, 1944?

-D-day: Battle of Normandy

What areas will Italy invade prior to the start of WWII?

-Ethiopia

Why was the Soviet Union the "ultimate target" of Hitler? What role will weather play in this invasion?

-Jewish, Slacs, and Bolsheviks could be expelled and Germans could be resettled there -in 1941 the Germans invaded Russia, but the Winter (very cold) prevented the Germans from taking Moscow, the soldiers suffered frostbite,

Why will President Truman make the decision to use atomic weapons?

-He made the decision because Japan did not surrender and he thought it would save many more years of war with Japan and U.S. lives from not having to invade Japan

What was Germany's initial strategy to defeat England? Was it successful?

-He tried to bomb them endlessly, it did not work

What was the Rape of Nanking?

-Japanese conquest and destruction of the Chinese city of Nanjing in the 1930s -They killed 100,000s and raped 1,000s of people

When communist gain control of China in 1949 who was their leader? How would you characterize China's relationship with Moscow in teh 1950s?

-Mao Zedong (communist) gained control of China -China's relationship with Russia became strong (needed each other for economy, etc...) -USA freaked out because this is the first Democratic loss since China became Communists and we supported the nationalists (created the Red Scare in USA) -

Why will 'crack' emerge in the Soviet-Chinese relationship? What was an "unanticipated outcome" of this rift?

-Mao and Khrushchev disagree on policies (China doesn't like agreements Russia made with U.S.) -leads to split between Soviets and communists -This leads to many newly independent country turning away from picking sides (The Non-Alignment Movement, India, Egypt, etc...)

Why will Ronald Reagan refer to the Soviet Union as the 'Evil Empire'? What will Reagan advocate as the way to defeat the Soviets?

-Says they are the bad guys -began to fund the rebels in Afghanistan that were fighting against the USSR (Osama bin Laden) -he wanted to defeat them by increasing U.S. military during peacetime -Stealth Technology (almost invisible airplanes) -SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)

What areas will Hitler acquire from 1935-1938?

-Sunderland (W Czech), moved forces into the Rhineland, later invades Poland and the rest of Czechoslovakia

Why will Japanese leaders view war with the USA as a "lesser of two evils"?

-The Japanese did not want to stop invading China or stop being apart of the Axis powers (if they gave into U.S. they would have to give these up)

Why was the Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) held? What did Hitler receive? Why?

-The Munich Conference was held so that the British, French, Italian, and German governments could discuss the aggressive expansion of the German government without going into war. The British and French kept appealing to the German government -The British and French made Hitler promise that if he kept the Sunderland that he would take no more territory

Why was the Battle of Midway (June 1942) the turning point of the war in the Pacific?

-The allies after winning the battle, the allies took to island hopping which was an effective tactic, and the U.S. gradually took back the islands in the Marianas and the Philippines and then Iwo Jima and Okinawa (near Japan)

Why did the French and British "appease" Hitler and Mussolini at this time?

-They wanted to avoid war as much as possible (after WW1 and the Great Depression)

Saddam violated Sanctions

-UN economic sanctions against Iraq -UN weapons inspections -"No Fly Zone" -Saddam violates them all

What event will bring about the start of WWII?

-When Hitler invades Poland (sept 1 1939)

Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989)

-allow some private ownership -open up trade with the west -still trying to control people

Gorbachev Reform

-allowed people to own private business (small)

Why were civilian death tolls so high during WWII?

-because there war widespread bombing of civilian populations -Concentration and extermination camps

What actions will the USA take to help the Allies prior to becoming involved in the war?

-cash-and-carry policy -lend lease program (lended old warships to allies)

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

-decreases troops in Vietnam

Tiananmen Square (April 1989)

-happened around a time when communism was falling -started with the death of Hu Yaobang (pop. with young people) -Students memorize him in Tiananmen Square (they were afraid his death would lead to more corruption in government) -Lead to protest for more rights -the largest display of PEACEFUL protest in China in years -Tens of thousands of troops shoot into and injure hundreds of citizens

Invasion of Iraq 1991 (AKA Gulf War or Desert Storm)

-invade Kuwait to remove Iraq forces -Desert Storm -U.S. wins

Why was the Berlin Wall built? What was its 'cost'? How did it become the greatest symbol of the cold war?

-its was built to split up the Russian part of Germany with the British, American, and French side (cut off refugees from crossing) -Russia cut off supplies and access to W Berlin -U.S. flew everything (supplies and daily needs) in to W Berlin (Berlin airlift) -This was a big success (airplanes flew in every 63 seconds) -The cost of the wall was that is was very embarrassing to the communists (Had to keep people in) -Becomes a symbol for how bad communism is -Many people died trying to escape from E Berlin to W Berlin

Who gained control of the government in Japan during the 1930's?

-militarist position dominated, civilians lost control of the government and the military

Israeli Independence (1948)

-resulted in 6 Arab states declaring war -Israelis win (better military)

UN Plan for Palestine (1947)

-they divided one states for the Palestinians and one state for the Jewish people

What TWO military alliances will be created after WW2? What did these alliances 'signal'?

1. NATO (first peacetime military alliance in US history) 2. Warsaw Pact (Soviet Union) -this split up Europe into 2 parts

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Six Days War (1967)

1967 clash between Israel and the Arab world; Israel was victorious

August coup (1991)

1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt by members of the Soviet Union's government to take control of the country from Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev -'Hard lin" communist take over government -The coup backfired and lead to the end of the USSR -Gorbachev came back to power and Russia became a Republic -all of the other countries in the USSR established their own independent countries

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia. He also promoted coexistence with Capitalism

Marshall Plan (European Economic Recovery Plan)

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (we GAVE money to European countries to help them out) (1948-1952)

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists in the USA

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Domino Theory (1954)

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence

9/11/2001

Attack on the twin towers and pentagon carried out by Al Qaeda (Saddam involved)

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.

The Belfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews help in WWI

What does Castro do after the Bay of Pigs invasion?

Castro becomes buddies with the USSR -they trade -allies They are building missile silos that can launch Nuclear Warheads

Cultural Revolution (China) (1966-1976)

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. -Mao Zedong says it is up to the young people to save China -Calls the young people the Red Guard -tells them to go after counter revolutionists (old people, skilled educated people) -shipped off to 're-education centers' -Mao Zedong wrote his 'little red book' -Mao Zedong's death led to the end of this

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

What did the Korean conflict "encourage"?

globalization of the containment policy

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Yuri Gagarin (1961)

First man in space (Russian)

Sputnik (1957)

First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear because of the strong rockets that put it there. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

General Francisco Franco, rose against the left-wing Republican government in Madrid. Aided by Mussolini and Hitler, Franco undertook to overthrow the Loyalist regime, which was assisted by the Soviet Union

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Soviets invade Afghanistan 1979

Imposed economic and political sanctions against USSR, put SALT II in danger -Cold war continued...

Why was the United Nations created? How was it an improvement over the old League of Nations?

It is an international organization designed to promote peace It is an improvement because: -U.S. in it -has a security council (China, Russia, U.S., France, Great Britain major 5) has the power to send peace troops

Revisionist Powers

Japan, Germany, and Italy wanted to overthrow the terms of Post-WWI peace by remilitarizing and conquering useful territories

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people (happened in East Germany when many people snuck into West Berlin)

Fall of Saigon (1975)

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

The Great Famine

Millions of people died in China due to low food production, pest infestation, etc... result of the Great Leap Forward

Veitnamization

Nixon's policy involving the gradual withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam while the South Vietnamese army took over the full military effort.

Truman Plan

President Truman's promise to give aid (military funds and supplies) to nations struggling against communist nations (so they had a choice not to turn to communism)

Lyndon Johnson (1963-1968)

President during the Vietnam War after JFK was shot -US involvement in Vietnam increases

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Prague Spring (1968)

Reformist Alexander Dubcek was elected and attempted to expand civil rights to the people of Czechoslovakia, wanted some private ownership, elections. The members of the Warsaw pact invaded with tanks and occupied the country until 1990.

Islamism

Returning to traditional Islamism, returning to sharia law and turning away from Western influences

SALT Talks (1972-1979)

SALT I signatories agreed to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles SALT II set a ceiling of 2,250 bombers and missiles for Americans and Soviets, placed limits on warheads, and established new weapons systems

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Nelson Mandela

South African revolutionist and politician who fought the Apartheid system until its end in 1994. He became the first black president of S. Africa (1994-1999)

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. -The U.S. puts a blockade against Cuba -eventually Khrushchev backs down and takes missiles out of Cuba

What new US foreign policy did both the Truman Plan and the Marshall PLan illustrate?

The U.S gets away from its isolationist policy, and it becomes containment(stopping the spread of communism)

Invasion of Iraq 2003

The goal of this invasion was to remove Saddam Hussein from power because he was holding WMDs. (Weapons of Mass Destruction) -USA successful

Apartheid in South Africa

The system of S. African "separateness" that kept the black population subordinate (1948) -laws passed that separated Africans, made ti so they could not be educated, could not marry other people from other races

Arms Race (Cold War)

US and USSR compete for technological and nuclear supremacy -people scared because nuclear war was possible between US and USSR possible

Anschluss

Union of Austria and Germany 1938

Pearl Harbor, 1941

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

What does the term 'Velvet Revolution" mean? What nation is associated with this? Could this term also be applied to the fall of the Berlin Wall? Why/ Why Not?

Velvet Revolution:A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia and the split of Czech Republic and Slovakia into 2 countries -The Berlin wall fell down

Korean War (1950-1953)

began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively), but the conflict soon became international when, under U.S. leadership, the United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea. The war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel. The Korean War was an example of the U.S. Cold War policies of containment and militarization, setting the stage for the further enlargement of the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia (Vietnam)

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

deal between Russia and Germany that split Poland in half; Germany takes west and Russia takes east (if Russia stay neutral)

What was detente? What two visits became symbolic of this period?

detente-better relations between us and the communists -Nixon visits with Mao Zedong and goes to Russia

Iranian Revolution of 1979

rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and overthrow of the Shah of Iran, leader was Khomeini

Battle of Britain (1940)

series of air strikes on Britain by Germany from August to November of 1940 in an attempt to gain air supremacy.

The Non-Alignment Movement

started in India of countries that did not want to be on either side of the Cold War; irony in Cuban's membership shows its uselessness

The Holocaust

the near destruction of European Jews and many other peoples by Nazi Germany

Joseph Stalin

the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.

African National Congress (ANC)

the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party

Comfort Women

women forcibly recruited by the japanese army to serve in military brothels