APWH - Unit 6: M/C Exam Study Guide
A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful?
African accounts of converting to Christianity
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements?
Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa.
Which of the following scientific concepts had the greatest role in providing a justification for imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century?
China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.
CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific The photograph best supports which of the following inferences about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880s?
Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians.
Which of the following facilitated European expansion in Asia in the nineteenth century?
Europe's development of new military technologies
"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to
European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following?
European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 The founding of "the Australian nation," as alluded to in the passage, was part of which of the following processes?
European states' establishment of settler colonies
Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century?
Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy
"Extraterritoriality" can best be described as which of the following?
Exemption of foreigners from the laws of the country in which they live
Map 1: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1533 - 1894 Map 2: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1870 - 1942 The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms
Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700?
India
Courtesy of the KITL V/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies The photo above, showing skin-tone evaluation performed on an Indonesian inmate in a Dutch colonial prison in 1933, most clearly exemplifies which of the following?
Influence of scientific theories on race
Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 work On the Origin of Species?
It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.
Nobuyasu, The Japanese Army Assults Newhang, Philadelphia Museum of Art: Gift of Mr. Peter Benoliel, 1976. In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the
Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing
"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The letter's reference in the third paragraph to the claims of "our doctors and scientists" is best understood in the context of which of the following late-nineteenth-century processes?
Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans.
"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies?
Social Darwinism
Map 1: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1533 - 1894 Map 2: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1870 - 1942 The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following?
The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India
AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, 1770-1796 (oil on canvas), Brunias, Agostino (1728-96) / Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA / Gift of Mrs. Carll H. de Silver in memory of her husband, by exchange and gift of George S. Hellman, by exchange / Bridgeman Images The artist's perspective on the subject of the painting was most likely influenced by which of the following?
The Enlightenment
Map 1: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1533 - 1894 Map 2: GROWTH OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1870 - 1942 During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1 ?
The United States
POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778-1878 * 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994 Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878?
The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations
"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following?
The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India
CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image?
The scramble for Africa
"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word 'emancipation' enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever-growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone." Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899 Which of the following best explains Kartini's familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter?
The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories
"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 The disputes over women's social status alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies?
The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights
"I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled 'Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?' In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man's strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization." Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894 Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's view in the third paragraph about the status of women in "modern civilization"?
The urban middle class
"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following?
The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states
© BnF, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. Ethiopia's cultural traditions reflected in the painting had which of the following effects on Ethiopia's interactions with European colonial empires in the late nineteenth century?
They provided Ethiopians with an additional rationale for resisting European encroachment.
AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, 1770-1796 (oil on canvas), Brunias, Agostino (1728-96) / Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA / Gift of Mrs. Carll H. de Silver in memory of her husband, by exchange and gift of George S. Hellman, by exchange / Bridgeman Images Which of the following best describes the artist's likely purpose in painting this particular subject?
To argue for the respectability of free people of color
CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following best describes the likely purpose of the photograph?
To reassure the French public of the civilizing effects of colonial rule and the loyalty of colonial populations
In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in BOTH Africa and China was characterized by
competition among imperialist powers
"Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than 'supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.' The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible." *a poisonous substance "Remarks on the Opium Trade," letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836 A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade
shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China
Data adapted from David Wilkinson, "Cities, Civilizations, and Oikumenes," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992-1993 The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of
the Industrial Revolution
