APWH Unit 7 Artifact
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
32nd U.S. President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII.
Harry S. Truman.
33rd U.S. President - Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.
New Deal Coalition.
A coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.
Trench Warfare.
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Western Front.
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.
Holocaust (1941-1945).
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled as these peoples were blamed for the failure of Germany in WWI.
Triple Entente.
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding WWI.
Totalitarianism.
A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.
New Deal.
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Stock Market (Wall Street) Crash of 1929.
A severe downturn in stock prices that occurred in October of 1929 in the United States, and which marked the end of the "Roaring Twenties." Despite a few attempts at recovery, the stock market continued to languish, eventually falling almost 90% from its peak in 1929. It took over 25 years for the stock market to get back to the highs of the 1929 market, as the U.S. economy suffered through the Great Depression. Major new legislative and regulatory changes (New Deal) were enacted in an effort to prevent the same situation from happening again.
Total War.
A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.
Munich Pact (Appeasement).
An agreement in 1938 that attempted to prevent large-scale war by granting Hitler his demand for control over the Sudetenland, a German-populated region bordering Czechoslovakia. Instead it verified Hitler's theory that the West would not interfere in eastern Europe, gave him time to rebuild an army, an emboldened him to continue the invasions - beginning with Czechoslovakia just months later - that led to WWII.
Triple Alliance.
An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding WWI.
Fascism.
An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.
Schlieffen Plan.
Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schlieffen, lightning-quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.
Adolf Hitler.
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).
Joseph Stalin.
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.
Russia's.
By 1917, which country's army morale and home-front effort were collapsing because of the strains of total war?
Great Depression.
Concretely started with collapse of the U.S. stock market in 1929, this was a period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WWI contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe.
Pearl Harbor.
December 7, 1941 - A surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, this attack destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American casualties were 3000 and Japanese casualties were less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
Yes, Russia was mobilizing its forces against Austria-Hungary and Wilhelm II of Germany would go to war with Russia if they attacked Germany's ally, Austria-Hungary. Such competing alliance systems among the great powers of Europe were directly responsible for bringing about the First World War.
Did the formation of alliances between countries and the avid choosing of sides greatly influence the start of WWI?
Yes, certainly. Specifically, new mass media such as radio greatly expanded the reach of governments' mobilization efforts.
Did the new technologies present help to aid in the spread and flow of communication globally during periods of world war?
New Deal Programs (ABC Programs).
FDR's plan to help the US during the great depression. Included programs such as the; CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), NRA (National Recovery Act), WPA (Works Progress Administration), PWA (Public Works Administration), AAA (Agriculture Adjustment Act), SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) , and FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation).
Yalta Conference (1945).
FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.
Benito Mussolini.
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
Good Neighbor Policy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.
U-boats.
German submarines that were used in World War I.
Reinforce the idea to the German people that past injustices required Germany to continue its military buildup and engage in future territorial expansion.
Hitler continually pushed this broken narrative to anyone who would listen?
New WWI weapons and technologies.
Machine guns, poison gas, planes, tanks, gas masks, submarine boats, and barbed wire.
Zimmerman Telegram.
March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to the German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the U.S. if the U.S. goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the U.S.). In return, Germany would give back Texas, New Mexico, Arizona etc to Mexico.
Gavrilo Princip.
Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary.
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass).
Mobs ransacked more than seven thousand Jewish shops and synagogues, 91 Jewish people died, and 30,000 more were sent to concentration camps.
Jewish Resistance
Movements led by Jews to rebel against the Nazis, spiritual and militant, such as the Bielski Brothers, Warsaw Ghetto uprising, all the while they continued to practice religious traditions and customs.
League of Nations (1919).
Part of Woodrow Wilson's plan for lasting peace, it was the first international organization founded to promote world peace and cooperation but was weakened when the U.S. refused to join. The organization failed to stop aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s, but laid the foundation for the creation of the UN after WWII.
Leon Trotsky.
Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin.
Black Hand.
Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.
Extremist groups using propaganda to target specific minority populations.
The "Hutu Ten Commandments" is best explained as being part of what continuity in twentieth-century history?
Tsarist Russia.
The Tsarist Empire in parts of Asia and Eastern Europe; they were overthrown by the Russian Revolution in 1917.
Axis Powers.
The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
Allied Powers.
The alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.
Lost Generation (WWI).
The generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, a high proportion of whose men were killed during those years.
Paris Peace Conference (1919).
The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Clemenceau (France), and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
Laissez-faire.
The idea that the government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929).
The official name for the day when the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom.
Bolshevik Revolution (1917).
The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.
Treaty of Versailles.
The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans, devastating their economy and livelihood.
Yes, true.
Was the Tsarist regime that governed Russian an autocracy?
Absolute power, government run in a centralized and dictatorial way, controlled citizens, and nationalistic propaganda.
What are the characteristics of a totalitarian nation?
They (the Russians) started a process that eventually led to a communist revolution.
What best characterizes the significance of the events in Russia in the winter of 1917?
Both the Tutsi and Jews were persecuted based on ethnic prejudice.
What best explains the similarity between Hutu views of the Tutsi in the "Hutu Ten Commandments" and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany?
Russia was acting in support of Serbia, which was facing an imminent Austro-Hungarian attack following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
What event that preceded the outbreak of the First World War best explains why Russian troops were being mobilized against Austria-Hungary?
New concepts of timekeeping, encounters with modern transportation technology, and the adoption of European hygiene concepts.
What three elements of European science and technology contributed to cultural change in Nigeria?
Imperialist aspirations contributed to motivating and advancing the policies of fascist states.
What were fascist states led by dictators like Adolf Hitler motivated by?
Intense nationalism, fueled by mass media, often forced the hand of military and political leaders.
What were some issues that arose in the outbreak of the First World War?
Over production of goods, U.S. foreign policy of protection and tariffs, and bank failures.
What were the main causes for the global depression in the 1930's?
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, mutual defense alliances, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism.
What were the main causes of WWI?
The Tutsi were heavily favored and promoted to positions of power under European colonial rule, while the Hutu were not.
What would best explain how the attitudes expressed in the "Hutu Ten Commandments" were a reaction to past developments in Rwandan history?
Atlantic Charter (1941).
World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization.
