AR Exam 1

(b) Imagination and creativity.

Creating art is a two-step process that involves both: (a) Self confidence and training. (b) Imagination and creativity. (c) Wealthy patrons and praise from art critics.

(a) True

Edouard Vuillard briefly served as a war artist during World War I. He later died while trying to escape from the Nazi invasion of Paris during World War II. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Edouard Vuillard was perhaps best known as an artist for his ability to give viewers an intimate look into the interior lives of the people in his paintings. His domestic scenes revealed a world behind closed doors, a private world that others may seldom see. This is how Vuillard came to be called an "intimiste" painter. His most powerful art works are done in this style. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Surrealism was a 20th century art movement that was interested in depicting people's inner psychological states in response to what was happening in their environment. Kathe Kollwitz and Edvard Munch are examples of Surrealist artists. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

The art movement known as Surrealism sought to reveal the reality behind outward appearances, especially in a psychological sense, and drew heavily on Freudian theories about the unconscious, dreams, irrationality, and fantasy. Because of this, symbolism and dream imagery are central to these art works. (a) True (b) False

Subject-matter:

is the literal, visible, images that a work of art depicts (exactly what you see).

Content:

is what a work of art expresses (what it might possibly mean).

(b) False

A retrospective exhibition features an artist's most recent works. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party prohibited modern art and wanted to inflame public opinion against the artists who created it. In 1937, they held a public art exhibition in Munich titled "Degenerate Art" in which they displayed and ridiculed the works of artists (like Kathe Kollwitz) which did not exalt the government "values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience." (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Aesthetic Criticism or Critique involves looking at works of art and analyzing them aesthetically to determine how and why they were created, what they might mean, and what sort of value they might possess in terms of an artistic statement or their aesthetic appearance (example: discussing works of art in an art appreciation class). (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. Aesthetic objects can evoke a response inside us because they have qualities of beauty or the power to make us think or feel. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

As children, Rene Magritte and his brothers loved going to the cinema and watching silent films. Later, the cinema character Fantomas (an evil genius who could pass through matter and who left no trace of his crimes) would appear as a symbol in some of Magritte's art works. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Engraving is incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting lines into it. Engravings may be used to decorate metallic or glass objects, or to print images on paper by using a printing plate made of copper. Historically, engraving was an important method of producing images on paper and for illustrating books and printed materials. The artist William Blake often used watercolor paint to add color to his engravings. (a) True (b) False

(b) False

Expressionism was a 20th century art style whose imagery is believed to stem from unconscious, irrational sources (such as the world of dreams). Expressionism was heavily influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud regarding human sexuality and the unconscious mind. Expressionist artists tried to show viewers the truths that lie hidden beneath the surface of everyday life. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Fresco is a mural painting technique in which paint is applied on top of the dry plaster on walls or ceilings. (a) True (b) False

(b) Marie Vuillard and her oldest daughter took jobs in a tile factory to try to make enough money for Edouard to attend art school. He had to switch schools several times when they ran out of money.

In regard to the artist Edouard Vuillard and his painting Mother and Sister of the Artist (1893), which of the following statements is false? (a) Edouard Vuillard was born in a tiny French town near the Swiss border. At age nine, he moved with his family to Paris. Edouard's father, a retired army officer, died several years later, leaving his wife Marie with 3 children and only a small income. (b) Marie Vuillard and her oldest daughter took jobs in a tile factory to try to make enough money for Edouard to attend art school. He had to switch schools several times when they ran out of money. (c) While studying at the Academie Juilian, Vuillard became friends with the artist Ker-Xavier Roussel, and they joined a small group of dissident art students who called themselves the "Nabis" (Hebrew for "prophet").

(b) Fuseli met and fell in love with a woman named Hannah Burke, but she married someone else. In The Nightmare, Hannah is pictured lying beneath an ugly demon that is forcing her to commit suicide.

In regard to the artist John Henry Fuseli and his painting The Nightmare (1781), which of the following statements is false? (a) Born the son of a portrait painter, John Henry Fuseli was pressured to become a priest by his father. He trained for the priesthood, but never practiced this profession. (b) Fuseli met and fell in love with a woman named Hannah Burke, but she married someone else. In The Nightmare, Hannah is pictured lying beneath an ugly demon that is forcing her to commit suicide. (c) Fuseli was encouraged to study art by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was the President of Britain's Royal Academy of Art. Fuseli trained himself as an artist by spending about 8 years in Italy studying the works of master artists, especially Michelangelo's works in the Sistine Chapel.

(c) A few years after being accepted into the Royal Academy of Art, a fierce rivalry developed between Fuseli and his former mentor, Sir Joshua Reynolds. The two men grew to hate each other and their feud became so public that it was ridiculed by political cartoonists of the time period.

In regard to the artist John Henry Fuseli and his painting The Nightmare (1781), which of the following statements is false? (a) Fuseli moved to Britain, and painted The Nightmare in 1781. This shocking image alluded to demonic sex and captured the imagination of viewers, helping Fuseli gain admittance into the Royal Academy of Art, where he later became a teacher and curator of their art collection. (b) The demon depicted in The Nightmare was a mara, or crushing demon, that could sit on sleepers, paralyzing them and inducing nightmares. Later, this demon became known as an incubus (from the Latin word incubare, meaning "to lie on"), and it was believed that it could attack sleeping women and force them to have sexual intercourse against their will. (c) A few years after being accepted into the Royal Academy of Art, a fierce rivalry developed between Fuseli and his former mentor, Sir Joshua Reynolds. The two men grew to hate each other and their feud became so public that it was ridiculed by political cartoonists of the time period.

(a) After Fuseli's relationship with Hannah Burke failed, he went on to marry the early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. Their relationship was not a happy one, and she had a daughter (Mary Shelley) with another man while she was married to Fuseli.

In regard to the artist John Henry Fuseli, which of the following statements is false? (a) After Fuseli's relationship with Hannah Burke failed, he went on to marry the early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. Their relationship was not a happy one, and she had a daughter (Mary Shelley) with another man while she was married to Fuseli. (b) At Britain's Royal Academy of Art, Fuseli became friends with a young artist named William Blake. Blake made engravings of Fuseli's work for him and Fuseli had a huge influence on Blake's art work. (c) Fuseli expressed powerful emotion in his art works, and was known as a forerunner of the Romantic movement in art. About 100 years later, the Expressionist and Surrealist art movements would be influenced by Fuseli's work.

(c) Kathe Kollwitz was a Surrealist artist who fled Germany prior to World War II and lived in Switzerland for several years until it was safe for her to return to Berlin. Most of her art works utilized lots of color. Death Seizing a Woman was one of the few black and white pieces that she did.

In regard to the artist Kathe Kollwitz and her graphic work Death Seizing a Woman (1935) which of the following statements is false? (a) Kathe Schmidt Kollwitz was a German Expressionist artist and the first woman to gain full admittance to the Prussian Academy of Art. She was married to a physician named Karl Kollwitz who set up his medical practice in a slum area of Berlin. They saw around them each day the suffering of the German people. (b) Kathe and her husband Karl lost their son Peter (and later their grandson Peter) to the wars that the German government engaged in. This led Kathe to become a pacifist, and she used her art to criticize the government for focusing on war while ignoring the suffering of the German people. (c) Kathe Kollwitz was a Surrealist artist who fled Germany prior to World War II and lived in Switzerland for several years until it was safe for her to return to Berlin. Most of her art works utilized lots of color. Death Seizing a Woman was one of the few black and white pieces that she did.

(a) In this art work, the artist has used the technique of placement to emphasize objects in the picture that have special significance. Examples of this would include the shelf of books near the man's head and the portrait of a woman hanging high above on the wall.

In regard to the artist M.C. Escher and his graphic work Hand with Reflecting Globe (1935), which of the following statements is false? (a) In this art work, the artist has used the technique of placement to emphasize objects in the picture that have special significance. Examples of this would include the shelf of books near the man's head and the portrait of a woman hanging high above on the wall. (b) If we place this art work into context, we discover that the theories of Sigmund Freud were very popular during this time period and may have influenced this work. If so, the man sitting in the chair could be a psychiatrist analyzing himself. (c) The content of this work is a man sitting inside a room surrounded by objects that seem to have no symbolic meaning. The subject matter is a representation of the mental pressure and stress upon persons who have intellectually challenging jobs, such as criminal lawyers and judges.

(b) Rene and Georgette married, but their relationship was troubled because her stepfather was furious that they had gotten back together. Francois Berger had friends in Brussels and used these contacts to prevent Magritte from getting local art galleries to display and sell his art.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Georgette and Rene were thrilled to be reunited in Brussels, and Georgette became Rene's sole artist's model from that point on. This is why most of the women in Magritte's paintings bear a strong resemblance to Georgette. (b) Rene and Georgette married, but their relationship was troubled because her stepfather was furious that they had gotten back together. Francois Berger had friends in Brussels and used these contacts to prevent Magritte from getting local art galleries to display and sell his art. (c) After marrying Georgette, Magritte's serious paintings weren't selling, so he began doing commercial art work to support them financially. He designed posters and took a job in a wallpaper factory painting flowers on rolls of paper.

(c) In 1965, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York had a showing of Magritte's most recent works. Magritte wanted to attend the exhibition, but was unable to put aside his fear of flying in order to travel to the show. He died in a Belgian hospital a few months later from leukemia, a disease he'd battled for the last three years of his life.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Magritte lived in Paris for a time and was friends with Andre Breton, leader of the Surrealist movement in France. During this time period, Magritte contributed to Surrealist publications. Rene and Georgette returned to Brussels after he became disillusioned with the aims of the Parisian surrealists and their dependence on drugs, dreams and magic for content for their art. (b) Magritte's works gained fame during the 1950's and he received a large commission to paint wall murals for the casino at Knokke-le-Zoute. Magritte's designs for the casino walls became known as The Enchanted Realm. (c) In 1965, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York had a showing of Magritte's most recent works. Magritte wanted to attend the exhibition, but was unable to put aside his fear of flying in order to travel to the show. He died in a Belgian hospital a few months later from leukemia, a disease he'd battled for the last three years of his life.

(c) In 1940, five days after the Germans occupied the country of Belgium, Georgette left Magritte and went to France to live with Pierre Bourgeois. Magritte stayed in Brussels alone for over a year, before following Georgette to Paris and reconciling with her. Because of this betrayal, Rene and Pierre were bitter enemies for the remainder of their lives.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Magritte's art was influenced by seeing The Song of Love by artist Giorgio de Chirico. Magritte was inspired by the way that Chirico and the Italian Metaphysical artists manipulated reality and made meaning visionary rather than literal. This gave Magritte the idea to use familiar objects in unfamiliar ways in his art works so that viewers would be forced to examine reality and think about what is "real." (b) Magritte and other artists, writers, and composers formed a group in the 1920's that became known as the Belgian Surrealists. Magritte has also been called a "magic realist" because his paintings looked so real (despite having impossible subject matter). (c) In 1940, five days after the Germans occupied the country of Belgium, Georgette left Magritte and went to France to live with Pierre Bourgeois. Magritte stayed in Brussels alone for over a year, before following Georgette to Paris and reconciling with her. Because of this betrayal, Rene and Pierre were bitter enemies for the remainder of their lives.

(b) Magritte never took any art classes as a child, but after working in a bakery in Brussels for three years after his high school graduation, he realized that he wanted to attend the art academy there.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Magritte's inspiration to become an artist may have occurred when he and a little girl were playing in the underground vaults of an old cemetery and they saw an artist painting on the cemetery grounds. (b) Magritte never took any art classes as a child, but after working in a bakery in Brussels for three years after his high school graduation, he realized that he wanted to attend the art academy there. (c) Magritte's mother committed suicide by drowning herself when he was 14 years old. She walked out of the house in the middle of the night wearing her nightgown and threw herself off a bridge into the Sambre river.

(a) Rene Magritte created a painting of a pipe and wrote the words "This pipe can kill" beneath the image of the pipe. He may have done this to caution people against the dangers of smoking since his own father had recently suffered a painful death from throat cancer.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Rene Magritte created a painting of a pipe and wrote the words "This pipe can kill" beneath the image of the pipe. He may have done this to caution people against the dangers of smoking since his own father had recently suffered a painful death from throat cancer. (b) Rene Magritte felt that viewers should approach works of art with a childlike sense of wonder and really question what they are seeing, rather than just making quick, surface assumptions about what the works of art mean.

(c) Rene renewed his relationship with Georgette Berger when he and Pierre Bourgeois went into a nightclub in Brussels where they found her working as a dancer.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Rene Magritte studied art at the Academy Royal des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. While in Brussels, Magritte met other artists, poets, and philosophers and took part in his first art exhibition. (b) While he was studying art in Brussels, Rene became best friends with the young poet Pierre Bourgeois. They became interested in Cubism and the work of the Italian Futurists and this influenced Magritte's art. (c) Rene renewed his relationship with Georgette Berger when he and Pierre Bourgeois went into a nightclub in Brussels where they found her working as a dancer.

(b) Rene was the youngest of the four sons of Leopold and Adeline Magritte.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) Rene Magritte was born in Lessine, Belgium. (b) Rene was the youngest of the four sons of Leopold and Adeline Magritte. (c) Magritte's father Leopold was a tailor and merchant, and his mother Adeline was a hat maker prior to her marriage.

(c) As teenagers, Rene and Georgette Berger's relationship ended when her stepfather found out she was secretly dating the older boy and prevented her from seeing him anymore.

In regard to the artist Rene Magritte, which of the following statements is false? (a) When Adeline Magritte's body was recovered from the water after her suicide, her nightgown was wrapped around her face. This may have led Magritte to use images of people with covered faces as symbols in his art. (b) In 1913, when Magritte was 15, he met 12 year old Georgette Berger at the annual street fair and they fell in love with each other. (c) As teenagers, Rene and Georgette Berger's relationship ended when her stepfather found out she was secretly dating the older boy and prevented her from seeing him anymore.

(c) William Blake was known as an Expressionist artist because his art works tried to show the hidden truths and evil that lie just beneath the surface of everyday life. Art historians believe that Blake's disturbing art works may have originated from childhood abuse by his parents.

In regard to the artist William Blake and his painting The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed by the Sun (1805-1810), which of the following statements is false? (a) William Blake was a visionary artist, book engraver, poet, and writer. He believed that "true" artists would receive visions from God and were supposed to interpret these visions in their art works. (b) The figures in The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed by the Sun are taken from the book of Revelation in the Bible and could also serve as archetypal symbols of a battle between good and evil. (c) William Blake was known as an Expressionist artist because his art works tried to show the hidden truths and evil that lie just beneath the surface of everyday life. Art historians believe that Blake's disturbing art works may have originated from childhood abuse by his parents.

(a) True

In the first part of the 20th century, perception (optical illusion) drawings like My Wife and My Mother-in-Law and Vases/Faces excited psychologists and researchers because they demonstrated the psychological and physiological differences in human perception. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Kathe Kollwitz created a sculpture called Grieving Parents that stands in Flanders Field. It honors her son Peter, as well as all the lives that were lost during the wars. Kathe's art works still speak powerfully to us today about loss, grief, poverty, injustice, war, and death. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Marcy Borders became known as the "Ash Woman" of 9/11 after an iconic photograph was published of her, stricken with fear and covered in ashes as she tried to escape from the World Trade Center during a terrorist attack in New York on September 11, 2001. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Once an art work is created, it can influence works of art that other artists create, both during the time that the work was created and in future years to come. Art works by William Blake continue to influence popular culture today, as evidenced by the contemporary writer Thomas Harris using Blake's painting of The Great Red Dragon as a key element in the plot of his book Red Dragon (which was later made into a movie). (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Placement: An artist may show the special significance or importance of certain images or objects within a work of art by placing them high above other the images; placing them in a prominent spot in the art work; or locating them in a specific position in relation to other significant objects in the art work to emphasize meaning. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Placing a work of art into context means finding out about the historical, personal, and cultural experiences and influences that surrounded and shaped the artist and their art throughout their life—especially during the time period in which they created the art work that you are looking at. Researching context can give you clues about the meaning of an art work because the influences upon the artist may be reflected in the images found in their art. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Romanticism was a complex intellectual, artistic, and literary movement that originated in the late 18th century. Romanticism expressed and emphasized emotion, placed importance upon the individual and creativity, and rebelled against purely scientific thought. (a) True (b) False

(a) True

Sleep paralysis is a medical condition that occurs when someone is falling asleep or is just waking up and they suddenly experience an inability to speak, move, or react. Sometimes, the person may experience frightening hallucinations (like thinking an intruder is present) while they are paralyzed and unable to defend themselves. People in earlier times might have explained this disorder as being caused by a "crushing" demon sitting atop sleepers. (a) True (b) False

(b) Imagination is the ability to bring a visual art work into being by using technical skills, materials, tools, and techniques so that it is visible to other people.

Which of the following definitions is false? (a) Art works that have universal themes contain images and feelings that are common to all human beings. These artworks deal with emotions and life experiences that most human beings have during their lifetimes. (b) Imagination is the ability to bring a visual art work into being by using technical skills, materials, tools, and techniques so that it is visible to other people. (c) Division is when an artist uses line or color to divide the same art work into more than one part. This allows the artist to show you more than one image or idea within a single work of art.

(a) Michelangelo's painting The Last Judgment depicts Adam and Eve being expelled from the garden of Eden by an angel holding a sword.

Which of the following statements about Michelangelo Buonarrotti is false? (a) Michelangelo's painting The Last Judgment depicts Adam and Eve being expelled from the garden of Eden by an angel holding a sword. (b) Michelangelo always considered himself to be a sculptor instead of a painter. His creative urge was so powerful that when he went to the stone quarries and laid his hands on the blocks of marble he could see the art within and hear it crying out for him to release it. (c) Michelangelo was an Italian Renaissance artist who was so talented that he was given the nickname "Il Divino" (the divine one) by his contemporaries in the art world.

(c) Van Gogh's painting The Potato Eaters was done in the light, airy style of Impressionism that was the current trend. Tragically, it is now believed that Vincent died from a gunshot wound inflicted during a quarrel with his friend Paul Gauguin over money.

Which of the following statements about Vincent van Gogh is false? (a) Before becoming a painter, Van Gogh worked briefly as an art dealer and trained to become a preacher. He was unsuccessful in his theological pursuits, but spent some time as a missionary in a poor area of Belgium. (b) Vincent van Gogh was unsuccessful in selling his art works and was supported financially and emotionally by his younger brother Theo, who sent him money for painting supplies, food, and lodging. Much of what we know about Vincent comes from letters that he wrote to Theo. (c) Van Gogh's painting The Potato Eaters was done in the light, airy style of Impressionism that was the current trend. Tragically, it is now believed that Vincent died from a gunshot wound inflicted during a quarrel with his friend Paul Gauguin over money.

(c) Art is unable to transcend barriers of time, place, culture, race, and gender.

Which of the following statements about art is false? (a) Art is a visual form of self-expression that comes from within. (b) Art can be a visual language with the power to communicate without words. (c) Art is unable to transcend barriers of time, place, culture, race, and gender.

(b) An artist may emphasize the dominance of certain images or objects within an art work by making them seem less visually powerful than the images surrounding them. Dominance can be created by making an image smaller or hiding it among a group of background images.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) An aesthetic response is an internal, psychological response that can occur within viewers when they are looking at an artwork. (b) An artist may emphasize the dominance of certain images or objects within an art work by making them seem less visually powerful than the images surrounding them. Dominance can be created by making an image smaller or hiding it among a group of background images. (c) Symbols are visual images or even colors within a work of art that viewers may recognize and associate with specific meanings.

(c) Subject matter is what a work of art expresses or means.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) In Taoism, the "beginner's mind" is a perfectly blank mental slate from which spiritual enlightenment can occur during meditation. It's impossible for us to have this type of "blank slate" when we see an art work for the first time because our life experiences influence the way we see, interpret, and respond to works of art. (b) If we look at famous masterpieces of art and don't experience any internal psychological or emotional response inside, then we didn't truly "see" the image in terms of actually appreciating art. (c) Subject matter is what a work of art expresses or means.

(b) Content is exactly what you see (the literal, visible images that are depicted) when you first look at an art work. Content helps us determine the subject matter of a work.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) Individual Life Experiences determine how a person will respond to a work of art. Everyone "sees" differently because their perception is filtered through their own individual life experiences. Each of us will respond to art individually and see it through the lens of our own life experiences. (b) Content is exactly what you see (the literal, visible images that are depicted) when you first look at an art work. Content helps us determine the subject matter of a work. (c) In AR170, we want to psychologically "wash" the dirty windows of our senses and cleanse our perceptions so that we can truly "see" art in a meaningful way.

(b) Shelia Legge was the wife of Pablo Picasso. She and Picasso divorced after she had an affair with the Surrealist artist Salvador Dali.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) Magritte's painting The Black Flag was an homage to Picasso's monumental painting about war called Guernica that depicted the German bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937. (b) Shelia Legge was the wife of Pablo Picasso. She and Picasso divorced after she had an affair with the Surrealist artist Salvador Dali. (c) In 1925, Magritte painted his first utterly personal work titled The Lost Jockey. The realistic—yet disconcerting--images in this painting would characterize Magritte's style for most of his life.

(b) When looking at a work of art, you should always ask someone else what they think about the work first. Afterwards, you can form your own personal response to the work.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) Mass Perception can alter people's perceptions so large numbers of people will see things in a similar way. (b) When looking at a work of art, you should always ask someone else what they think about the work first. Afterwards, you can form your own personal response to the work. (c) There is much we can learn a lot about seeing perceptively from a conversation that takes place between the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr. Watson in a story written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle entitled A Scandal in Bohemia.

(c) Seeing is a factual process. When a visual event occurs, everyone will see it in the same way because they're looking at exactly the same thing.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) Over a period of time, sensory overload from the environment can cause us to gradually become desensitized to the world around us and diminish our ability to truly "see." (b) People may have physiological differences in visual perception (example: color blindness). (c) Seeing is a factual process. When a visual event occurs, everyone will see it in the same way because they're looking at exactly the same thing.

(c) The prehistoric cave painting The Scene of the Pits is unable to communicate with viewers today because it was created thousands of years ago in a very different, primitive culture.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) Renoir's Lady with Cat and Jacob Lawrence's Largest Race Riot, St. Louis are examples of art works that have a universal theme. (b) By painting the woman in Black Magic blue on top and realistically colored on the bottom, the artist Rene Magritte found a way to show us the difference between her internal reality (quite possibly hidden sadness) and the way that she appears outwardly (normal) to other people in her life. (c) The prehistoric cave painting The Scene of the Pits is unable to communicate with viewers today because it was created thousands of years ago in a very different, primitive culture.

(b) The public approved of Eric Fischl's sculpture about 9/11 because it was a such a powerful expression of the human loss and suffering that took the terrorist place during attack in New York in 2001. Several additional copies of the sculpture were swiftly created and placed at various locations around the city so that more people could see it.

Which of the following statements is false? (a) The artist Eric Fischl wrote a poem and created a controversial sculpture in response to the horrific terrorist attacks that took place in our country on September 11, 2001. This is an example of art being used to express human emotions and experiences (in this case shock and grief). (b) The public approved of Eric Fischl's sculpture about 9/11 because it was a such a powerful expression of the human loss and suffering that took the terrorist place during attack in New York in 2001. Several additional copies of the sculpture were swiftly created and placed at various locations around the city so that more people could see it. (c) Eric Fischl's Tumbling Woman reflected the horror of 9/11, and may have been symbolic of the persons who chose to jumped from the towers of the World Trade Center and die on the sidewalks below (in front of terrified people watching on the ground) rather than be burned alive in the buildings they couldn't escape from.

(b) A skillfully executed work of art with powerful content that communicates meaningfully to viewers, even over the passage of time.

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a masterpiece of art? (a) A painting that sells for an incredible sum of money when it goes to auction. (b) A skillfully executed work of art with powerful content that communicates meaningfully to viewers, even over the passage of time. (c) A work of art that is easily understood by viewers.

(b) Inside of each of us are judgments that we (and others) have made about ourselves and our creative abilities. If the judgments are negative, they can prevent us from fully using our creative powers, and even cause us to stop creating altogether.

Which of the following statements is true? (a) If we don't have a lot of natural talent, we shouldn't bother trying to use our creative abilities. (b) Inside of each of us are judgments that we (and others) have made about ourselves and our creative abilities. If the judgments are negative, they can prevent us from fully using our creative powers, and even cause us to stop creating altogether. (c) If we stop creating in childhood, it is impossible to recover our creative abilities in adulthood.

Context:

refers to the influences (cultural norms, historical events, personal experiences) surrounding the artist at the time an artwork was created or important events from their past that shaped and influenced their work. Context could include the artist's childhood, relationships with significant people, artistic training, and what was happening in their town, society, or in the world (culturally, politically, religiously, etc...).