ARCH 2600 Final
Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture
1. Pilotis 2. Free design of the ground floor 3. Free design of the facade 4. Horizontal windows 5. Roof Garden
6 POINTS FOR AN ARCHITECTURE OF RESISTANCE
1. Resistance to Universal Modernism 2. Cultural and Geographic Context 3. Tectonics and Material Expression 4. Poetics and Phenomenology 5. Regional Identity 6. Universal Dimensions
BARBICAN CENTRE
- 1950s: The Barbican concept emerges as part of post-World War II reconstruction efforts to address housing shortages in London. - 1963: Architectural firm Chamberlin, Powell, and Bon is chosen to design and lead the Barbican project. - 1965: Construction of the Barbican begins in the heart of the City of London, on a site heavily bombed during World War II. - 1982: The Barbican Centre officially opens its doors as a multifunctional complex, including the Barbican Arts Centre, a residential estate, a public library, and more. - 2001: The Barbican undergoes a major renovation, improving facilities and the arts center. - 2007: Barbican Estate is granted Grade II-listed status, recognizing its architectural and historical significance. - 2010: The Barbican's 50th anniversary is celebrated with various events and exhibitions. - Ongoing: The Barbican continues to be a prominent hub for arts, culture, and residential living, hosting numerous events and exhibitions, and it remains an architectural landmark in London.
Factors influencing Vernacular Architecture
- Climate - Materials available.-Construction techniques. -Labors -Culture and tradition of the society ( customs and beliefs) -Historical background of the region ( including wars-invasions )
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IS SUSTAINABLE
- Designed by the people for the people - Designed to respond to an immediate need. -Its often economically sustainable
CHARACTERISTICS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
- Specific to the place - The traditional knowledge is shared locally -It is spontaneous-Craftsmen and ordinary people are the decision makes and the executers -Materials are local sourced and often low carbon emissions, hence it is friendly for the environment.
TIMELINE OF FATHER OF MA
-1887- Born in Switzerland as Charles Edouard Jeanneret - 1917: Co-founds the journal "L'Esprit Nouveau," advocating for modernist architecture. - 1923: Publishes "Toward a New Architecture," a seminal architectural treatise. - 1927: Completes iconic works - Villa Stein and Villa Savoye - showcasing the "Five Points of Architecture." - 1931: Proposes the influential urban planning concept "The Radiant City." - 1950s: Expands internationally, working on projects around the world. - 1958: Collaborates on designing Chandigarh, a pioneering modernist city in India .- 1965: Le Corbusier passes away, leaving a lasting impact on modern architecture. - 2016: Several of his works designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Main principles of Modern Architecture.
1. Clean lines 2. Use of glass 3. Flat roofs 4. Open floor plans 5. Modern materials
CRITICAL REGIONALISM KEY ELEMENTS.
1. Contextual Sensitivity 2. Tectonic Expression 3. Cultural Relevance 4. Universal Themes
The principles of the Art Deco Architecture
-Geometric Shapes -Symmetry -Ornamentation -Exotic Materials -Sunburst and Zigzag Motifs -References to Ancient and Non-Western Cultures -Luxury and Opulence -Modern Technology and Industry
the 10 principles BAUHAUS
-No border between artist and craftsman -The artist is an exalted craftsman -Form follows function -Gesamtkunstwerk or the 'complete work of art' -True materials -Minimalism -Emphasizes on technology -Smart use of resources -Simplicity and Effectiveness -Constant development
Main Point of a New architecture
1.Rejection of Historical Styles 2.The Five Points of Architecture 3.Functionality and Efficiency 4. The Machine Aesthetic 5. Standardization and Mass Production 6. The Modern Spirit 7. Urban Planning 8. The Poem of the Right Angle 9. Rethinking Urban Density 10. Advocacy for New Materials 11. Human Scale
Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM)
28 leading European architects founded in La Sarraz, near Lausanne in Switzerland,the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), the International Congresses of Modern Architecture in June 1928. The founding statement from CIAM I in the summer of 1928 included the following key statements: Building is an elementary activity of man Architecture should express the spirit of an era The transformation of the social and economic structure needs a corresponding trans-formation of the architecture Architecture has an economic and sociological task in the service of people The dissolution of the organization was announced at the last conference in 1959.
The women of the BAUHAUS
Anni Albers, Gertrud Arndt, Irena Bluhova, Otti Berger, Marianne Brandt, Lilly Reich
Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French Arts Décoratifs, is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design, that first appeared in France in the 1910s and flourished mainly in the United States and Europe during the 1920s to early 1930s "Art deco design is all about creating a sense of luxury and sophistication."
BAUHAUS
Bauhaus (Staatliches Bauhaus), school of design, architecture, and applied arts that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. It was based in Weimar until 1925, Dessau through 1932, and Berlin in its final months "Form Follow Function"
The luminaries and the guru
Breuer-Kandisky-Itten; Marcel Breuer, Wassily Kandisky, Johannes Itten
BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE
Brutalist architecture is a style of building design developed in the1950s up to the 70s in the United Kingdom following World War II. With an emphasis on construction and raw materials, the aesthetic evolved as reconstruction efforts were underway in the post-war era.
The father of Modern Architecture
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret aka Le Corbusier.
Cultural heritage as the wellspring of creativity
Creation draws on the roots of cultural tradition, but flourishes in contact with other cultures. For this reason, heritage in all its forms must be preserved, enhanced and handed on to future generations as a record of human experience and aspirations, so as to foster creativity in all its diversity and to inspire genuine dialogue among cultures.
THE CRITICAL REGIONALISM
Critical Regionalism in architecture is a design approach that seeks to strike a balance between embracing local or regional architectural traditions and responding critically to the broader influences of globalization and modernity. It advocates for the creation of buildings that reflect a deep connection to their specific geographic and cultural contexts while avoiding simplistic historicism.
Cultural diversity as a factor in development
Cultural diversity widens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of the roots of development, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as ameens to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence.
From cultural diversity to cultural pluralism
Cultural pluralism is crucial in diverse societies to promote harmonious interactionamong diverse cultural identities and encourage citizens to participate. Policies pro-moting inclusion and participation ensure social cohesion, civil society vitality, andpeace. Cultural pluralism fosters cultural exchange and creative capacities, sustaining public life and promoting a democratic framework.
Cultural rights as an enabling environment for cultural diversity
Cultural rights are an integral part of human rights, which are universal, indivisible and inter- dependent. All persons have therefore the right to express themselves and to create and disseminate their work in the language of their choice, and particularly in their mother tongue; all persons are entitled to quality education and training that fully respect their cultural identity; and all persons have the right to participate in the cultural life of their choice and conduct their own cultural practices, subject to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Cultural diversity: the common heritage of humanity
Culture encompasses diverse identities across time and space, fostering exchange, innovation, and creativity. It is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature, and should be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present and future generations. Cultural diversity is a common heritage of humanity.
Laurie Baker
Expression in Bricks
Francis Kere
Gando Primary school, THE XYLEM PAVILLION,
The directors of the BAUHAUS
Gropius-Meyer-Mies; Walter Gropius, Hannes Meyer, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
Modernism
In the fine arts, a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following World War I.
B.V Doshi
India- Aranya housing
Ibuku
Indonesia
Geoffrey Bawa
Kandalama Hotel Sri Lanka
Francis Kere
Lycee Schorge School
Freddy Mamani
Neo-Andean Architecture
Star System People
Norman Foster, Bjarke Ingels, Zaha Hadid
Daniele Regis
Paraloup
Brutalist Architecture People
Paulo Mendes da Rocha- Brazilian Museum of Sculpture, São Paulo Kenzō Tange-Kagawa National Gymnasium Safdie Architects- Habitat 67, Montreal Chamberlain, Powell and Bon-BARBICAN CENTRE
POSTMODERNISM
Postmodernism can be seen as a reaction against the ideas and values of modernism, as well as a description of the period that followed modernism's dominance in cultural theory and practice in the early and middle decades of the twentieth century. The term is associated with scepticism, irony and philosophical critiques of the concepts of universal truths and objective reality.
Post Modernists
Robert Venturi- "Less is a Bore" Vanna Venturi House ALDO ROSSI-Bonne fanten museum La Conica-teapot RicardoBofill-La Muralla Roja The factory
Brutalist Architecture Examples
Soviet Bus Stops
THE STAR SYSTEM
Starchitect is a portmanteau used to describe architects whose celebrity and critical acclaim have transformed them into idols of the architecture world and may even have given them some degree of fame among the general public. Celebrity status is generally associated with avant-gardist novelty. Developers around the world have proven eager to sign up "top talent" (i.e., starchitects) in hopes of convincing reluctant municipalities to approve large developments, of obtaining financing or of increasing the value of their buildings.[1] A key characteristic is that the starchitecture is almost always "iconic" and highly visible within the site or context.
Glenn Murcutt
THE MARIE SHORT HOUSE
Peter Zumthor
THE THERME VALS
THE BILBAO EFFECT
The "Bilbao Effect" is a term used to describe the positive transformation of a city or region through the construction of a remarkable architectural landmark or cultural institution. This effect typically in-volves increased tourism, economic growth, and international recognition, resulting from the attraction and attention generated by the new architectural icon. It is named after the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, whose construction and success in revitalizing the city of Bilbao, Spain, served as a prominent example of this phenomenon
WHAT WAS THE RADIANT CITY
The concept of Radiant City or Ville Radieuse was an urban design project for the center of Paris, which the architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, aka Le Corbusier, first present-ed in the Parisian Salon d'Automne in 1922.
Human rights as guarantees of cultural diversity
The defence of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect for human dignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular the rights of persons belonging to minorities and those of indigenous peoples. No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upon human rights guaranteed by international law, nor to limit their scope.
Modern Architecture
The term "Modern architecture" describes architecture designed and built within the social, artistic, and cultural attitude known as Modern-ism. It put an emphasis on experimentation, the rejection of predetermined "rules," and freedom of expression in art, literature, architecture, and music. Advancements in engineering, building materials, social equality, health, and industry converged, while past historical styles were rejected. This created a perfect storm that allowed architecture to enter a new era of design. Modern architecture also attempted to help solve a practical problem: a boom in the urban population.
Art deco and the world
USA-Eritrea-Italy; Empire State Building, THE JARDIN MAJORELLE, American Radiator Building, Asmara, Little Rome, Miami, Galleria San Federico,
The Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali
This design creates a forest of ninety massive rectangular pillars that span the interior prayer hall and severely reduce the field of view. The small, irregularly-positioned windows on the north and south walls allow little natural light to reach the hall's interior. The floor is composed of sandy earth. The replastering, or remodeling, has preserved the structure but also, over time, subtly altered it, rounding and softening its contours, giving it a molten, biomorphic look.
Renzo Piano
Tjibaou Cultural Center
WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE RADIANT CITY
To provide efficient communication networks. To ensure the enlarged, vast areas of greenery throughout the city. To increase access to sun. To reduce urban traffic.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Vernacular architecture is a type of regional or local construction that makes use of common materials and resources found in the area where the structure is located. Asa result, this architecture is deeply entwined with its surroundings, sensitive of their distinctive geographic and cultural traits, and profoundly influenced by them. Due of their geographical uniqueness, they have even emerged into methods of establishing identity.
Wang Shu
Wencun Village
Chris Cornelious
Wiikiaami
