Arch Exam 5
What are some of the factors driving the global spread of multinational practices?
---idek---
How was modern design assimilated and adapted in various countries around the world, and what are examples of buildings or projects that embody those adaptations? Consider, for example, the work of Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil or Juan O'Gorman and Luis Barragán in Mexico.
--Niemeyer- Brazil, Ministry of education, classic slab lifted on pilodi, one glass wall, worked with ceramicists and landscapers; also ministries esplanade, new capital, abstract movement and sculptures --Juan, mexico, central library of UNAM, incorporate mexican traditions like colors with modernist arch., facade painting --Luis, mexico, Barragan House, wall elements treated as individual planes, tradition of colors, glass hall looking on dense lanscape
What is Art Nouveau design and what are its primary features?
-Art Nouveau, style of art that flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States -crafted by craftsmen with new materials -clients are people who identify with progression causes and social reform -Western Europe, exposed new and traditional materials -Emphasis on dynamic linear designs and flowing curves, "whiplash" curves; sinuous lines (many curves and turns)
Modern design from the 1960s onwards has often been described as Late Modern, an attempt to take fundamental modern principles in new directions or to develop more emphatic forms. These diverse and divergent efforts were variously called Brutalist, High -Tech, Structural Expressionism, and so on. What are their key influences, their respective traits, and what buildings can stand as exemplars of their key principles? How do they fit in with or diverge from their built contexts?
-Brutalist buildings are characterized by their massive, monolithic and 'blocky' appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. -High-tech architecture focuses on creating adaptable buildings through choice of materials, internal structural elements, and programmatic design. Ex: Center Georges in Pompidou Paris, shows the guts on the outside of the building
According to Adolf Loos, what should be the primary tenets of modern design?
-Developed radical aesthetic purism, which made him a zealous foe of Art Nouveau -pushed for smooth and clear surfaces in contrast to the lavish decorations -Loos' stripped-down buildings influenced the minimal massing of modern architecture, and stirred controversy -He explored the idea that the progress of culture is associated with the deletion of ornament from everyday objects, and that it was therefore a crime to force craftsmen or builders to waste their time on ornamentation that served to hasten the time when an object would become obsolete
What are some of the tensions in various examples of an emerging modern architecture?
-Factories became negative because of the abuse. -Takes away all the skill and pleasure because of the machines. -Value taken away from the laborer -The products created were way too overdone because the machines could do so much. -Contrasts- Pugin; parallel between 14/15th century buildings and buildings of the 1800s; main point is not architecture but that there is a morality to building; the way a society builds and takes care of its poor is not just an architectural and utilitarian question, it's a moral question
What are some of the traits of Frank Lloyd Wright's "Prairie Style" houses that allow us to characterize it as modern? For Wright, what are the key principles of modern design?
-Has the functions express themselves on the outside of the building; like Arts and Crafts -the house should fit the nature of the landscape -He says the horizontal is the most important for this house A series of horizontal bands -Wright has a rural vision
How have different nations (like China and Japan) responded to global trends in architecture, whether in terms of resistance or adaptation?
-In Japan, Nahgoya City Hall is tokyo rebuilding itself; Yamanashi press and broadcast center, brutalist building which design spreads across the world-muscular expression of concreet, peers are circulation centers, in 1930s japan rejects modernism and expressed imperialism calling on more traditional architecure; Astana in Asia; Heydar Cener in Baku; competition for tallest skyscraper
What are some of the traits of Otto Wagner's designs for the Vienna Stadtbahn that exemplify emerging ideas about modernism?
-Modernity-all the new conditions that create a new way of living; new technology changing people's work, relationships, living conditions and rejection of classical inspiration and traditions in favor of working with new materials; nothing ornamental, more simple -Effort to take new materials, work them into the design, make them visible, and think in a new way about what architecture is in the first place -Steel framed building -Gritted character -No additional ornament -You immediately see the frame of the building, so you can see exactly how it was built -Granite, rough texture at the base At the top is just a stenciled floral design
At the same time that industrialized building practices and modern architectural design principles spread around the world, many architects turned to traditional construction practices and vernacular forms that addressed matters of climate and lifestyle. What are some examples of these works?
-New Gourna Village in Egypt draws from vernacular architecure traditions but modernize them, refuses benefits of modern world like running water -Barragan house in mexico brings together traditional approach with modern ideas; colors -Central Library UNAM-creates facade with huge painting of traditional mexican culture but very modernist architecture -Phillips Exeter academy in NH, traditional brick building, Pantheon design, powerful goemetry -National Assembly building
What are some of the ideas that influenced the formation of modern architecture?
-Rejection of classical inspiration and traditions in favor of working with new materials -new technology changing people's work, relationships, living conditions -Bauhaus:architecture reduced to this rigid structure and than anything can happen from their on, Walter Gropius-proposes new way of education designers, circle curriculum -Pilodi:columns, lift up so that ground plane can be used for cars or the earth -5 points of architecture -less is more -free plan, free facade and roof garden, NOT free structure -industrialization
In what ways are local forms and traditions incorporated into modern architecture?
-The Gamble House made by Greene and Greene tried to make use of local tradition including Japanese woodwork -UN after ww2 wants to make use of local materials and conditions but still participate in modernism -Kaufmann House (Fallingwater), Mill Run, PA 1935-37 made use of local stones -Villa Mairea, Noormarkkhu, Finalnd, Alvar Aalto, 1937-38 used local pine -National Commercial Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, SOM, 1983 recognized local cultural differences which is hard to do in a skyscraper but do so in decor/design at the top of it -local people participate in creating New Gourna Village in Egypt -Magney House in Australia and Burton Barr Central Library in Phoeinz-deisgners trying to work sustainably and be sensitive to local functions/people -Petrona Towers in Malaysia, want to make international skyscraper local in some way
What are the core principles of deconstructivist architecture? What are its leading formal aspects, what ideas enliven it, and what was it supposed to achieve?
-appeared in the 1980s. It gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building. It is characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry. -Cardboard furniture -Gehry House, rejection of order and stability -Guggenheim museum, looks constantly in motion -modifies complex curves, bilbao effect- a phenomenon whereby cultural investment plus showy architecture is supposed to equal economic uplift for cities down on their luck -seattle public library
What are the meanings of phrases such as "form follows function," "the house is a machine for living," "less is more, and "International Style" and how can exemplars of these phrases be identified?
-form follows function means that the purpose of a building should be the starting point for the design -house is a machine means the house is a tool that helps provide necessities of life and no more, decorations and extra frills are not needed -less is more means that less decoration and more focus on simple structure has more impact than a lot -international stye is the style of architecture after ww1 until 1970s, lightweight, volume over mass, mass-produced materials, rejection of ornament, use of glass
What are some of the ideas regarding modern life that underpin and inform modern architecture?
-industrialization caused issues in the workforce so arts and crafts and Art Nouvea were sort of social reforms to show the actual handwork from the architect/carpenter/etc -technology development...like trains and ways to get around quicker --signifies growth and progress, with a rising middle class, we are building things much faster with more materials
What are leading formal attributes of modern architecture, and what specific buildings or projects embody them? That is, what are seminal traits of, say, the Villa Savoye or the Barcelona Pavilion?
-minimal efforts, abstract, new materials, far from traditional, based on rational use of modern materials -Villa: lifted on Pilodi, roof garden, no indicators of traditional house, 5 points of architecture, rigid column grid, movement as a theme, independence of space from structure -Barcelona: raised on platform, series of abstract planes, minimalism and abstract, independent of space and structure, dematerializing, less is more
What are the design principles that underpin a new and modern way of conceiving architecture?
-minimal efforts, abstract, new materials, far fromm traditional, based on rational use of modern materials, kinda of utilitarian- showing how the building is made (like showing the steel and the guts on the outside)
What are the core principles of postmodern architecture? What are its leading formal aspects and what was it supposed to achieve? How does it relate to populist movements of the 1960s and after, and to the rise of the preservation movement?
-post-modernism makes up for the lack of variety in modern architecture -high tech; emphasis on technology; push modern ideas as far as possible, express the systems that go into the building like ventilation, heating, AC, guts pulled outside -open floor plan with flexibility, maintenance is also part of design (window washing structures) -architecure is political -starchitects -money making propositions, branded grand buildings -place marketing...like Opera House in Sydney
How does New Urbanism embody postmodernist ideals as they relate to site planning principles? How is Seaside, Florida, an example of New Urbanism?
-walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces. In other words: New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled urban design. -seaside florida, commerical center, picture perfect town, egalitarian, no ribbon windows, human scale, walkways, -new urbanism is still postmodern -housing and shopping in close proximity, accesible public spaces, human-scaled urban design -Truman movie
What are some examples of early skyscraper construction and what were their primary features? How does the exterior of some early skyscrapers express features of their construction?
First skyscraper is Home Insurance Building in Chicago built by William Le Baron Jenney in 1885, mostly steel framed, flexibility in joints allowing the building to move; Also Reliance Building in Chicago and Wrainwright buiding in St. Louis; Mies Van Der Rohe's skyscraper project in 1922, Barcelona Pavillion; Seagram Building, NY; heating, ventilation, telephone, electric light, elevator; more glass than solid material
How did modern architecture change from an early period (1910s -1920s) through subsequent periods such as the 1930s-1940s and the 1950s-1960s?
In the early 1910s-1920s, Art Nouvea really wanted to make use of these new materials and also show the labor that went into the creation of buildings. Functionalism was very important: the function of materials used to create the building were exposed and emphasized. During 1930s and 1940s local materials were used often and big spaces were important for movement.
What were the terms of the various critiques leveled against modern architecture and how were those perspectives incorporated in architectural form? What buildings stand as examples of a critique of modernism?
Pruitt-Igoe Housing, St. Louis, Minoru Yamasaki, 1951:Gets demolished in 1973 -critique of all glass on skyscraper -La MeMe, medical facility, critique that modernism is too much, Kroll and students built and designed medical center at Catholic University -Paris, Corbusier planned to flatten it and put up towers, death to the street -Demolition of Penn Station, NY 1963
What are good examples of buildings or projects that illustrate these different phases of twentieth-century architecture?
Tassel House, Barecelona Pavillion, Villa Savoye
What are the factors that gave rise to skyscrapers? Where did this happen, and who were the primary agents of high- rise construction?
booming economy of the 1920s encouraged the financing of dozens of skyscrapers in New York and Chicago (first one ever and it was by William Jenney) ; plan is just a column grid, structurally innovative and spatially anonymous; Mies Van Der Rohe; Cass Gilbert; Louis Sullivan; Burham and Root
How do Sullivan's skyscraper designs reflect his stated design principles?
design should have a beginning, middle and end in three parts vertically; organic; push upward rather than outward; form follows function; high quality decoration to emphasize the structure of the building; he drew from earlier precedents
How do contemporary media affect the production and reception of architecture today?
designs created in order to be photogenic and attract global attention; appear well in global media; global competion, place marketing, these buildings are being made to become icons of the place in which they are built and the image is spread through media
How's does Robert Venturi's "Nonstraightforward Architecture" essay exemplify the critique of modern architecture as well as set up foundational tenets of postmodernism?
embracing the complexity of architecture and dismissing simplicity and order.; "less is a bore";negative opinion on simple or the oversimplification of architecture; in this modern world, people are complex and don't move through life in a simple manner. As people and society grow in complexity, we must acknowledge the need for complex architecture
What are some examples of buildings that presaged modern design principles?
i dont think presaged is even a freaking word
How have local factors (cultural traditions, exigencies of climate, local construction capabilities, etc.) been addressed (or not addressed) in multinational practices such as those of SOM, Cesar Pelli, Frank Gehry, or Norman Foster?
uh the simpsons for Gehry whats som
According to Louis Sullivan, what are some of the key aspects of skyscraper design?
wants the sense that it is rising into the air; high speed elevators; a below-ground story containing boilers and engines, power plant; 5th floor=attic with tanks, pipes, mechanical; lofty
