Archaeology Test 3

Barren Land Bridge

how homo sapiens got to the Americas; walked over from Siberia 12,000 YA, older dates further north, known as Clovis People

Artificial selection

humans choose traits

Competition Hypothesis

Brian Hayden; gain power and influence through competitive feasting; have a party with lots of food to impress others and gain respect; competing with others to have more/different food to gain more power; signs of pottery suggest storage of food and thus competitive feasting

Gatecliff Shelter, Nevada

Archaic site; activity area; lots of big horn sheep bones (processing sheep after hunting); took best cuts of meat back to village; fire places, projectile points

First Intermediate Period of Egypt

2134-2040 BC; last great pharaoh of Old Kingdom was Pepi II (2246-2152 BC); central power starts to decrease; local leaders became more independent in ruling their own provinces, decline in monarchy and power of kings

Leanne Burial, Wilson Leonard, Texas (site)

11,000 ya; buried in a flex position; heavily worn groundstone tool (mano) was by her side; limestone slab was then placed over burial; named Leanne because that was the name of the soil; one of the earliest burials

Clovis People and Tools

11,500 BP to 10,500 BP, clovis fluted point tradition throughout North America; original assumption was that they crossed the Bering Land Bridge about 12,000 ya

New Kingdom

1550-1070 BC; 1550 BC a prince from Thebes sails down the Nile and attacked Hyksos strong holds along the way

Second Intermediate Period

1640-1550 BC; egypt comes under control of a line of Hyksos kings, a group of ASiatics who took control of Lower Egypt

Old Kingdom Period of Egypt

2680-2134 BC, 3rd to 6th dynasties; investing more wealth into temples suggesting increasing power of rulers

Archaic Period of Egypt

2920-2680 BC

Collapse of Indus Vally Civilization

2000BC; looks like river shifts position, deforestation, soil erosion and then a bg flood; Harappan civilization reached peak at 2300 BC and by 2000 Harappa and Mojenho-daro were in decline

Middle Kingdom

2040-1640 BC; marked by reunification of upper and lower Egypt under a new dynasty from Thebes in upper Egypt

Gerzean

3500-3000 BC phase in ancient Egypt; period of rapid change with abundant evidence of contact with southwest Asia; standardized pottery forms; several forms of high quality luxury goods

Devil's Lair

38,000 BP, one of the oldest dates of human occupation in AU

Amratian

4000-3500 BC; Egyptian time period; large more prosperous sites; nine small oval houses at one site; see continuity from Bavarian phase but also the appearance of more developed craft industries and larger number of people with more widespread distribution of settlements; Hierakonpolis/Nekahn starts to become important

Badarian

4300-4000 BC; simple, semi-sedentary in Upper Egypt; no certain evidence of house structures so people thought to live in skin tents or huts made of mats; cemeteries located in desire behind settlements- oval or rectangular pits; little evidence for wealth distinctions; mixed agricultural and hunting/fishing economy

Lake Mungo, Willandra Lakes

46,000 BP, one of the oldest dates of human occupation in AU; Lake Mungo found kangaroo bones, Mungo Man

Predynastic Foundations of Egypt

5000-2929 BC; flooded over the years; hunting and gathering cultures dominated archaeology from the end of the Pleistocene when wetter climate prevailed; difficult to document early sites because of Nile flood pattern; chronology of predynastic settlement in Upper Egypt is better than that of Nile delta

Ubaid Culture

5500-4200 BC, settlement of southern mesopotamia; extended family households; agriculture based upon floodplain irrigation; main crops of barely, einkorn, heath and date palm; cattle were principal domesticated animal; each extended family household specialized in production of crafts like pottery, leather goods or textiles to have goods to exchange for necessary imports

Upper Swan Bridge

Australia; 39,500 BP, one of the oldest dates of human occupation in AU

Sedentary Hypothesis

Carl Sauer; similar to oasis hypothesis but less extreme

Monte Verde Site

Chile; radiocarbone dates that average 12,500 years; remains of a community whose ancestors and entered New World before 12,500 BP; water logged so well preserved; mastodon skin tents suggested by wood tent stakes with fiber cord ties; found wishbone shaped structure, thought to be remains of a medical hut, remains of chewed cuds of seaweed, it was a different shape than other structures

Coevolution Hypothesis

David Rindos; similar to readiness hypothesis

Sedentism and Population Growth Hypothesis

Donald O. Henry; once you become sedentary, population grows; more babies, less infant mortality, longer lives

Dump Heap Hypothesis

Edgar Anderson; throwing trash away allows plants to then grow (compost and discarded seeds)

Hapi

Egpytian god associated with the Nile

Demographic Hypothesis

Ester Boserup; more people living together so you need more food

Chavin de Huantar

Highland Ceremonial site; located at base of eastern slopes of Cordillera Blanca; uniform style of artifacts; Temple architecture was u-shaped form with sunken circular plaza similar to coastal architechtural design

Uruk Temples

Inanna, goddess of Limestone temple and female deity of fertility and sexuality; White Temple dedicated to sky god Anu

Incan quipu

Incan system of knot tying, more economic in nature

Akhenaten

King tut's father; created a new version of the sun god, new version of religion, new city (Armana), new imagery (sun imager) but after his rule it goes back to what it was

Marginal Habitat Hypothesis

Lewis Binford/ Keny Flannery; settled in rich areas but too many people force you to move outwards and thus away from food sources

Star Carr, England

Mesolithic site; area where people lived; lots of hunting, lots of animal bones; suggests changing diet; used antlers to make hunting weapons; lots of charcoal next to lake (burned reeds to create better access to lake)

Vedbaek, Denmark Site

Mesolithic site; graveyard, 22 individuals buried; men buried with knives women buried with shell jewelry; lots of fish bones, reptiles, birds, mammals; cemetery site suggests awareness of more permanence of landscape (making an area designated and separate from households)

Mount Sandel, Ireland

Mesolithic site; hut site located near coast; worn artifacts of arrow heads; lots of different animal bones (smaller animals)

Narmer's Palette

Narmer claimed to have inherited the power of village shaman that were thought to have authority over the Nile; claims of the elite; palette shows how he united Egypt; one side has him with just the upper egypt crown and other has him with the double crown

NAGPRA

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act; federal law passed in 1990; provides a process from museums and federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural items to lineal descendants and culturally affiliated Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian orgnizations; applies to federal and tribal lands; includes human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects or objects of cultural patrimony

La Venta

Olmec site; 900 BC; earthen mound; lots of alters and olmec style artifacts

Readiness Hypothesis

Robert Braidwood; plants humans and animals have all come to evolve together; we all rely on each other and each evolved to allow for agriculture

Eridu

location of temple for Ubaid culture; houses of elite are centered near temple with poorer living on outskirts

Arlington Springs Man

actually a woman; found in 1959 dated to 13,000 ya; found in Arlington Canyon, Santa Rosa island; oldest human in North America; suggests a coastal migration

Mesolithic

after end of Paleolithic and before Neolithic; in Europe and Israel begins with end of Ice age and ends with beginning of farming/agriculture ; dates vary from 10-7,000 ya (depends when Ice Age ended and farming began in that location)

Carrier Mills, Illinois

archaic site; aka Black Earth site; suggested living area with lots of trash; because of all the organic material it is darker and kinda greasy; 57,000 pieces of animal bones; 77 species of mammals fish reptiles and nuts; cemetery of 154 burials; 21% infants, buried in shallow pits; men with hunting tools and women with cooking tools (suggests gender roles)

Koster site, Illinois

archaic site; shows variable diet of plants and animals; burial of the dog; signs of domestic dog and caring for the dog rather than eating it

Paleoindians

big game hunters of the late Pleistocene; may contribute to extinction of animals; lived in New World

Abydos

burial place of the first two dynasties (3100-2680 BC); royal tombs, burial chamber of King Aha, and graves of individuals sacrificed

Harappa

city has different urban layout than Mojenho-daro; cluster of walled mounds and a "lower town"; sections blocked off for craft specialities--associated with complex state level society

Heirakonpolis

city in ancient Egypt during Amratian/Gerzean phase; known as the city of the Falcon so lots of falcon imagery; ruled by Narmer; wall around the city

Mojenho-daro

city of Indus Valley; largest Harappan 296 acres; population estimates range from 3500-40000 people; citadel on west of the site with fortification, public buildings, baths as well as a complex network of at least partially planned streets; state level society;

Hydraulic hypothesis of complexity

civilization occurs out of the need to control water systems; in order to create canals you would need a crew of workers to figure out the system; once in its place, it wouldn't be hard to continue building things

Solutrean Route

controversial hypothesis suggesting migration across Atlantic; not supported by DNA; Solutrean Laurel Leaf Point as a source of Clovis Points (maybe?); soulageant point comes from France 22,000-18,000 ya; look could have inspired Clovis Points

Olmec

cultural motifs; famous for giant stone heads, looks like they are wearing a helmet, puffy faces with turned down mouth, thought to represent a ball player/maybe a ruler; also used the were-jaguar in imagery; crosswind motif; first unifying group

Jehrico

early mesopotamia site; area of first signs of complex life, earliest farming and agriculture of wheat and barely

Mehrgarh

early site of Indus Valley; not big site; signs of dental drilling

Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA

evidence for pre-clovis occupation; three layers of dates, with the oldest being 19,600-13,230 BP which is pre-clovis; 11 of the earliest dates at the site are all pre-clovis; found lots of stone tools

Cactus Hill, VA

evidence for pre-clovis; charcoal associated with Clovis points in layers dates to 10,290 BP; pre-clovis radiocarbon dates of 16,670 BP were associated with a cluster of blades; some believe the blades were in secondary context, but further dating said age was accurate

Topper Site, SC

evidence for pre-clovis; found tools dating 20,000-16,000 BP

Environmental determinism

explanation for rise of complexity; if the environment is too harsh, you can't develop because you are too focused on surviving environment; if the environment is too easy there is no incentive to evolve or move; we know this isn't true because we see complexity it various types of environments

Indus Valley

fertile flood plans of Indus river; settlement of indus floodplain required development of flood control mechanisms; sites extend farming villages back to ca. 5000 BC

Hatshepsut

first female pharaoh; 1479-1458 BC; became ruler when her husband died; ruled with their young son but declared herself official ruler; after she died her son took over an destroyed many of her statues

Characteristics of Complexity

food and labor surplus controlled by an elite; labor specialization; social stratification; a formal government; monumental public work; densely populated settlements; system of record keeping

Valesquillo Reservoir, Puebla, Mexico

found bones of extinct animals with simple, unifacial tools (worked on one side rather than both); probably with dating--no charcoal but dates on shell at 22,000 BP; but is the shell really associated with the tools?

Kennewick Man

found on banks of Columbia River near Kennewick, WA; found by accident and people thought it was a crime scene, had police investigate it; found clovis point in skeleton and realized he was older; long narrow skull (different from Paleoindians), described as being caucasoid; 40-55 years old man 5'8 tall 170 lbs; skeleton is 90% complete; lots of injuries; thought to most likely descend from Japan based on skull shape; lots of legal issues because of Native American rights and issues

Clovis Skeleton in Montana

found with clovis tools; between 1 year and 18 months old; 12,600 ya;

Oasis Hypothesis

hypothesis for origin of agriculture; V. Gordon Childe; oasis of plants water and animals and then areas that were lacking because of changing environment; b/c environment was nicer people would stay there longer

unilinear evolution

idea that you have to go through different stages

Mesopotamia

land between two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates

Shaduf

lever system to get water from the Nile--irrigation innovation

Menes

may be the first pharaoh; may just be the same person as Narmer

Neolithic

means new stone age as new stone is the ground stone used with farming

Vaenget Nord, Denmark

mesolithic site; island that served as a place to go and do things; pits, hearths, processing animals; creating stone tools and woodworking

King Tutankhamun

most famous resident of the Valley of Kings; tomb was never raided; treasures of gold and gold inlay tomb furniture accompanied the king; died around 17-19; mummification may have been done incorrectly causing embalmed body to combust; recently found undiscovered entrances to rooms

Armana

new capital city of Egypt created by father of King Tut in 1353 BC; sun god was main god--sun god was promoted on lands not previously associated with a deity; houses at site, workshops for faience (tin glazed pottery) production

Uruk city-state

often claimed to be first city of Mesopotamia; settled around 4200 bC but major changes around 3700 BC; growth of the walled settlement's population shortly after to about 10,000 as two formerly serape communities coalesced

Hoyo Negro, Mexico

oldest most complete skeleton found in the Americas in May 2014; dates to 12,000-13,000 YA, skeleton named Naia; teenage girl wo feel 100 ft to death inside water filled cave; signs of tooth decay and osteoporosis; features of Paleoindians and tDNA that is similar to Native Americans; considered a modern homo sapien; but her skull shape is associated with African or South Pacific populations rather than Siberian

Las Limas figure

olmec figure; baby is a were-jaguar; theory that elite married within, which increases genetic defects and early death; ruling class would explain it by saying baby was a were-jaguar, not a defect, and its a chosen god-like creature

Gault Site, TX

one of the highest density of Clovis points in North America; found around 300,000 clovis pieces; preliminary analysis suggests artifact cluster below Clovis layers date to 15,000 ya

Wilson Leonard, Texas

paleoindian excavation 13,500 ya; burned rock ovens, net weights for fishing

Ice Free Corridor

pathway to get to the America's; up the side of Alaska coming from Russia; similar to Bering Land Bridge

Ur

rival city to Uruk and Uruk falls Ur gains more power; known for its massive burial center; 1982 excavations by british archaeologist; over 1500 burials and only 16 belong to royalty; Pu Abi's tomb was for a queen with high status

Ancient Egypt

riverine civilization, closely linked to agricultural potential of Nile River; seasonal floods of Nile; length of the Nile facilitated communication and transportation of goods; boats using sails, such as felucca, were used by 3500 BC; the Nile defined ancient Egypt as a territorial state

Recognizing Domesticated plants

seed size (humans like bigger); seed coat thickness (humans like thinner, sprout faster); seed dispersal mechanisms and terminal clusters (humans want tighter attachment, and terminal clusters bc easier to pick a lot at once); geographic distribution (plants go to new areas because humans migrate)

Caral

site in south America; huge pyramid with smaller pyramids; residential complexes, one of the earliest sites showing social stratification

Channel Islands, CA

site to help see when people came to the Americas; found projectile points, crescent shaped arrow heads and other artifacts dated between 11,400 to 12,200 ya; points were not clovis; ranged in size; suggests a Pre-Clovis seafaring culture; found an early individual that goes back to 13,000 ya (Arlington Springs Man)

Marxism idea of complexity

specialization leads to concentration of wealth; government and complexity developed out of wealthy wanting to keep wealth

ziggurats

step towers/temples

Early Dynastic Egypt

time when great cultural traditions of egypt are born: public works, taxation, increasing emphasis on religion, increasing importance of state symbols and ceremonies

Mastaba

tombs of royal officials; rise of elaboration of funerary cult; raised tombs

Nagada Site

upper egypt; Badaian times and dates to 4000 BC; see series of hamlets that were about a mile apart; estiamted that each hamlet grew enough grain to support 76-114 people per square kilo;

Archaic

was first proposed as second major period in human occupation in Americas; associated with changes at end of Ice age and beginning of farming; dates vary across Americas but range between 9,000-3,000 ya

Circumscription idea of complexity

when a group is bounded by geographically; needs a system to allow you to grow and thus take over other people; or limit population growth through govt. or build upward

Queen Nefertiti

wife of Akhenaten; images show her killing enemies; performed rituals with husband; statues equal size to husband's; considered second only to pharaoh; show increase in the role of the wife