ARH 1010 midterm 1

1 Temple Complex of Amen-Re 2 18th Dynasty pharaoh's Thutmose & Hatshepsut 3 began c.1400s BCE 4 new kingdom 5 Karnak, Egypt rises from earth as sacred mound rose from water at beginning of time. built to honor many gods: Amen-supreme god, Re-sun god. pylon temple is bilaterally symmetrical along axis through colonnaded court, a characteristic of much of egyptian architecture (similar to pyramids and hatshepsut's temple). monumental facade. massive columns w/ sharp lines.

II. E.

1 Gudea Seated with lap tablet 2 Gudea 3 c. 2100 BCE 4 Mesopotamian, Neo-Sumerian 5 Girsu, Iraq Lap tablet is a plan of a new temple he erected for Ningirsu. Cunieform writing around base Gudea is central figure of neo-sumerian age, was known for "granting gods their due" by building statues in diorite, an expensive and hard-to-carve black stone and placed them in temples he also built. often shows himself in statues with a long dress leaving one shoulder/arm exposed.

III. A.

1 White Temple 2 3 c. 3200 BCE 4 Mesopotamia, Sumerian 5 Uruk, Iraq built several centuries before egyptians built pyramids. built it without stone, a challenge -very strong desire to worship dieties. temple formed city's monumental nucleus. one of few fully surviving mesopotamian temples. temples were raised up off of flat geography (such as the northern landscape from which they came). sits above high platform ziggurat on a bent-axis plan. very different from egyptians linear approach.

III. B

1 Nanna Ziggurat 2 King Ur-Nammu 3 c. 2100 BCE 4. Mesopotamia, Neo-Sumerian 5 Ur, Iraq One of largest ziggurats in mesopotamia built by sumerians. ziggurat "step pyramid" walls slope slightly convex. a mountain as if to unite heaven and earth/realm of gods and citizens. symbolic of a diety coming down the mountain to be with humans

III. C

1 Citadel & Palace Complex of Sargon II (reliefs from) 2 Sargon II 3 c. 720 BCE 4 Mesopotamia, Assyrian 5 Khorsabad, Iraq Assyrians were war-focused in art/architecture. Assyrian kings showed selves as merciless to anyone who opposed them - palaces were fortified citadels. ramps high & wide enough to accomodate chariots. Lamassu (man-headed winged bull) shown in motion were colossal limestone monsters guarding the gate to ward off enemies. Sargon II in war-chariot also appears: staged hunting scenes, also have some construction scene reliefs.

III. D

1 Babylon 2 King Nebuchadnezzar 3 rebuilt c. 575 BCE 4 Mesopotamia/Neo-Babylonian 5 Babylon, Iraq Built an enclosed, fortified, walled city on either side of the euphrates river for easy access to water, and to be able to control it. "hanging gardens" and "impregnable walls". mud-brick city with blue-glazed bricks facing most important monuments. one of ancient world's greatest cities & had two of 7 wonders.

III. E

1 Babylon-Ishtar Gate 2 King Nebuchadnezzar 3 rebuilt c. 575 BCE 4 Mesopotamia/Neo-Babylonian 5 Babylon, Iraq Arch-shaped opening in front of towers that feature glazed blue bricks with reliefs of real and imaginary animals (lions, dragons, bulls). its ceremonial nature was reinforced by its decoration

III. E. a.

1 Persepolis 2 successors of Cryus, Darius I, Xerxes 3 c. 520 BCE 4 Persian/Achaemenid 5 Persepolis, Iran Citadel situated on a high plateau -"Gate of All Lands" with assyrian-inspired colossal man-headed winged bulls flanking the entrance. Apadana audience hall featured stone columns w/tall bases with ring of palm leaves, fluted shafts, and capitals w/double vertical volutes. 64 ft columns inspired by greek, egyptian, mesopotamian models. the capitals of the columns showed griffins, bulls, lions, etc to show the persian king captured the fiercest animals to hold up the palace roof. reliefs on walls showed 23 nations bringing tributes to persian king (submission). reliefs forms more rounded & project from background (assyrian and greek influences)

III.F

1 Temple of Knossos 2 3 ca. 1450 BCE 4 Aegean, Late Minoan 5 Crete, Greece Largest Cretan palace was home of King Minos. Layout features central court surrounded by residential and admin units. mazelike plan (labyrinth) seems like a confused jumble of rooms, but settled around a rectangular court used as a primary space the rooms were built around. also north-south corridor and east-west corridor separate different types of rooms. complex 3-story elevation around a central court. sturdy structure - large blocks of cement/ashlar, column shafts similar to greek doric order but go from wide on top to narrow on bottom, opposite of egyptian and greek columns. Bull-Leaping fresco - depicts young men grabbing bull horns and vaulting onto its back. women have light skin, man have dark skin (ancient convention for distinguishing gender), used sweeping lines to form funnel of energy & animated human figures , curving lines show moving/living beings.

IV. A.

1 Mural Paintings from Akrotiri and Thera 2 3 c. 1650 BCE 4 Aegean, Minoan 5 Akrotiri, Thera The frescoes decorated walls of houses, not just palaces, also much better preserved because of volcanic explosion burying everything in ash. focused on nature Landscape with Swallows: spring Fresco, painted wet with vivid colors and undulating lines in wraparound landscape capturing essence of nature. largest prehistoric example of landscape paintings, representative of most mural paintings found in Akrotiri. not realistic- but the essence. Crocus Gatherers: the peacocks

IV. B.

1 Temple of Hera I (Basilica) 2 3 c. 550 BCE 4 Greek Archaic 5 Paestum, Italy Premier example of early greek efforts at Doric temple design. Shrine to goddess Hera. plan is different from most greek temples - the central row of columns dividing the cella into two aisles, and to make up for the interior columns, there had to be odd number columns on facade. would have been well suited for two statues, but not for one. heavy, closely spaced columns with bulky capitals are characteristic of archaic greek architecture.

V. A.

1 Temple of Hera II 2 3 c. 460 BCE 4 Greek, Early Classical 5 Paestum, Italy Doric temple modeled closely on the Olympian shrine of Zeus. Plan: columns more spread out and symmetrical- even number of columns on the short ends, two colums in antis, two rows of columns in two stories inside the cella. Statues filled both pediments, narrative reliefs adorned metopes over the doorway.

V. B.

1 Temple of Artemis 2 3 c. 560 BCE 4 Greek, Archaic 5 Ephesus (Turkey)/Corfu, Greece Large doric temple in honor of Artemis, lavishly embellished with sculpture such as reliefs. Medusa and two panthers serve as guardians to the temple and decorate the pediment, in the tradition of the guardian lions at Mycenae. Huge diversity of scale in the Gigantomachy (battle of gods and giants) that was a popular theme in greek art & was a metaphor for the triumph of reason and order over chaos.

V. C.

1 Sanctuary of Apollo 2 3 c. 6th -3rd centuries BCE 4 Greek, Archaic-Late Classical 5 Delphi, Greece many poleis expressed civic pride by erecting temple-like structure for nonreligious uses.

V. D.

1 Acropolis 2 3 c. 450 BCE 4 Greek, High Classical 5 Athens Under Pericles, athenians reconstructed Acropolis after Persian sack in 480 BCE. the open space allows views of all buildings (especially Parthenon) from the Propylaea. mixture of doric and ionic features characterizes the buildings of the acropolis as a whole. mostly Doric order on outside exterior facade and Ionic order on inside, more hidden.

V. E.

1 Treasury of the Siphnians 2 3 c. 530 BCE 4 Greek, Archaic 5 Delphi, Greece Gem of Archaic Ionic order architecture. Treasuries were small buildings set up for safe storage of votive offerings. Caryatids found in the porch instead of fluted ionic columns and sculptures in the pediment and the continuous sculptured frieze on all 4 sides of the building.

V.D.a.

1 Treasury of the Athenians 2 3 c. 530 BCE 4 Greek, Archaic 5 Delphi, Greece Doric columns in the porch and sculpured metopes in the frieze

V.D.b.

1 Parthenon 2 Iktinus & Callicrates 3 c. 447 BCE 4 Greek High Classical 5 Athens Long building in the back right side of Acropolis, first to be erected. Ideal solution to greek architect's quest for perfect proportions in Doric temple design. Well spaced columns w/slender shafts is the ultimate refinement of the bulging and squat Doric columns and compressed capitals of the archaic Hera I temple. Symmetrical proportions were ruled by numerical ratio x=2y+1. uses also Ionic elements in the back room w/ 4 tall and slender Ionic columns, the inner frieze was also Ionic.

V.E.a.

1 Propylaea 2 Mnesicles 3 c. 437 BCE 4 Greek High Classical 5 Athens The grand new western gateway to the Acropolis. Squarish building in front entrance of Acropolis, second to be erected. Not entierly symmetrical, but will appear so, has ideal qualities but not necessarily an ideal building. Had eastern and western sections to disguise the change in ground level, both which resembled Doric temple facades. Space between central pair of columns were enlarged to allow chariots and animals through the ramp. the interior roof was supported by tall, slender ionic columns.

V.E.b.

1 Palette of Narmer 2 3 c.3000 BCE 4 early dynastic Egyptian 5 Hierakonpolis, Egypt earliest labeled work of narrative art. symbolises the unification of upper and lower egypt under Pharoah Narmer. established basic principles of Egyptian representational art for next 3000 years

II. A.

1 Funerary Complex of King Djoser 2 Imhotep 3 c. 2630 BCE 4 Early Dynastic 5 Saqqara, Egypt Imhotep is first artist whose name is recorded in history and is earliest master of monumental stone architecture. The structure is a series of stacked mastabas of diminishing size.

II. B.

1 Great Pyramids at Giza 2 Khufu (oldest & largest), Khafre, Menkaure 3 c.2520 4 old kingdom 5 Gizeh, Egypt during first golden age of egyptian architecture. egyptian architecture often influenced by religion, with emphasis on afterlife. 3 pyramids were emblems of the sun on whose rays the 3 pharaohs ascended to heaven when they died. oldest of 7 wonders of ancient world

II. C.

1 Temple of Hatshepsut 2 Hatshepsut/Senmut 3 c. 1470 4 middle kingdom 5 Deir el-Bahri, Egypt Hatshepsut was first recorded great female monarch. rises from valley in tree colonnaded tarraces connected by ramps. was well integrated into limestone cliffs with long horizontals and verticals of the colonnades w/light and dark streaky pattern.

II. D.

1 Citadel of Mycenae 2 3 c. 1300 BCE 4 Aegean, Mycenaean 5 Mycenae, Greece Their closed off, heavily fortified defensive structure shows character opposite from open Cretan palaces. Lion's Gate: Two lions above the entrance greet and ward off visitors. bodies in profile and head turned outward to stir up fear in enemies. later greeks thought cyclops is only thing strong enough to put blocks in place. used basic post and lintel, but also smoothed corbeled arch with layered stone moving slightly inward as they ascend. the corbeled arch and relieving triangle are used together to push weight of stones to the side, to reduce force of gravity over opening in gate.

IV. C.

1 Citadel of Tiryns 2 3 c. 1300 BCE 4 Aegean, Mycenaean 5 Tiryns, Greece "Cyclopean masonry": Greeks thought that cyclopes built the citadels because of the enormous rocky walls that surrounded them (20 ft thick). Their closed off, heavily fortified defensive structure shows character opposite from open Cretan palaces. They have a long gallery of corbeled vaults held in place by the weight of the blocks. the point was to keep enemies out/ leave them exposed to attack if they got in Megaron: reception hall and throne room of the king and central to the citadel.

IV. D.

1 Treasury of Atreus 2 3 c. 1300 4 Aegean, Mycenaean 5 Mycenae, Greece tholos tomb: Treasury of atreus is best preserved of the beehive-shaped tombs outside Mycenae Citadel in which elites were buried. Dromos leads to doorway with relieving triangle which once had engaged columns. has stone corbeled courses laid on circular base to form lofty dome in burial chamber - similar to corbeled gallery of Tiryns, but much more sophisticated. was the largest vaulted space without supports that had ever been built. an earthen mound covers the burial chamber reached through a doorway at end of long passageway.

IV. E.