Art 100 CQS 1-5

The principles of design include all of the following except_____.

**Color** Variety Balance Unity

List some of the ways that artists are (or were) trained.

-Apprentices -Institutions -Guilds -Kitab Khana -Academies -Self-taught

An extended arch is called ________.

A Vault

Define mihrab.

A mihrab is located in a mosque and is a niche in the wall that always faces Mecca.

Define Cubism in your own words.

A style of art used mainly during the 20th century that manipulated one object and displayed it multiple times, simultaneously, to create an abstract form. There were two forms of this: Synthetic and Analytical.

Define Renaissance in your own words

A time during the 1400 to 1700s, mainly in Europe, where many new styles of learning and living were beginning to take place. Also known as the "rebirth". Many aspects of the Greco-Roman culture were revived or "reborn" during this time also.

Define the term surreal.

A type of art that is bizarre and made as if the creator were in a subconscious mindset. Almost like doodling. It is a mix of many different objects put together with odd characteristics.

Define the term classical.

A type of style that is orderly, balanced, clear, and well proportioned. It is aesthetically pleasing and is a full development of one style.

Works of art that use variations of gray hues are referred to as_____.

Achromatic

What is acrylic paint? How does it differ from oil paint?

Acrylic paint is a water-soluble paint that can be used to glaze, pour, and draw. It is made with pigment that has been ground with a synthetic polymer liquid binder that quickly dries into a flexible film and can be applied to almost any support. Acrylic paintings are usually rich in color. They differ from oil paint because oil paint is slow drying. This allows for oil paintings to have more chance to be blended. Oil paints are also usually used on canvas or wood whereas acrylic paints can be used on almost anything.

What does the term "aesthetics" refer to? Explain.

Aesthetics refers to the philosophy of what makes art appealing to people. This can be determined by how beautiful the piece is, the taste of the onlooker, or the meaning of the piece. There is no right or wrong answer with aesthetics because beauty changes with every viewer.

What is a masquerade? Explain.

An event at which people where masks and costumes to represent or reenact past events that are important to their culture. They blend dance, art, song, and ritual and are important to pass on messages to the next generation.

Define animé.

Anime is a type of contemporary Japanese animation using bright colors and vibrant characters.

Which of the following occurs when nonequal forms, masses, or other elements balance one another?

Asymmetrical Balance

Define avant-garde.

Avant-garde was a type of art brought around in the 20th century. Artists developed new concepts by creating objects and pictures "on its own terms, in the way that nature itself is valid." This was an experimental type of art.

Placing visual elements so that their visual weights seem evenly distributed results in _____.

Balance

Explain the medium and process used by Cai Guo-Qiang in creating his Drawing for Transient Rainbow, August 2003. Why would you want to be careful if you were to do this at home?

Cai Guo-Qiang created Drawing for Transient Rainbow by using gunpowder and two pieces of paper. You would want to be careful doing this because of how explosive gun powder is. This type of artwork is experimental and hasn't been done much before. Therefore there is no correct way to create these masterpieces and be safe at the same time.

The most likely way of turning marble into a piece of sculpture is through the ________ technique.

Carving

A liquid material is poured into a mold in which sculpture process?

Casting

The gradual shifting from light to dark to create the illusion of a curved surface is____.

Chiaroscuro

Opposites on the color wheel are called_____.

Complements

_______ refers to the arrangement of elements and principles in an artwork.

Composition

_______ is an artwork's themes or messages.

Content

What is content? What kinds of ideas are associated with it?

Content is the mass of ideas associated with each artwork and communicated through the art's imagery, symbolic meaning, surroundings, cultures using it, and writings that explain the work. Ideas associated with the art can be memories of a past king and his people, a culture's way of working to support itself, or a child's playtime.

Explain what cultural style means.

Cultural style consists of many of the same characteristics and features repeating themselves in different paintings or artwork that all comes from the same place and era. Using cultural style, we can place and distinctly tell where some art comes from. The book uses the example of Egypt's artwork.

In ________ the design is put on the cloth by needlework.

Embroidery

An example of a site-specific sculpture is Alexander Calder's Crinkly (1970).

False

Buon fresco is also known as the dry fresco technique.

False

Context and iconography mean the same thing.

False

Formal analysis also involves interpreting the meanings of an artwork.

False

In 13th through 17th-century Persia, artists were trained in guilds.

False

In order for an object to be considered art, it must be made by a single artist.

False

Oil paint involves mixing the pigment with egg yolk.

False

Shapes are three-dimensional and volumes are two-dimensional.

False

Silverpoint is a drawing medium that was developed at the same time as photography.

False

The juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements is referred to as asymmetry.

False The juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements is referred to as contrast.

Consideration of the oppression of particular groups within society is most relevant to which of the following theoretical frameworks?

Feminist Criticism

In ceramics, clay is __________ in a kiln at high temperatures so it becomes hardened and nonporous.

Fired

Explain the difference (in our own words) between bas-relief sculpture and freestanding sculpture.

Freestanding sculptures are meant to be seen from all views. They are three dimensional and can be placed in any setting. People are meant to walk around the sculpture and take it in from all different views. Bas-relief sculptures are only meant to be seen from the front. They have only one side carved and are usually placed with the back up against something so that you do not see the "uncarved" part.

Dale Chihuly uses _______ to create large-scale installations.

Glass

When an artist places parallel lines closely together to create shade in a drawing it is referred to as __________.

Hatching

A system of proportion of figures in a work of art that gives emphasis to who is considered to be the most important is known as _____.

Hieratic Scaling

Many engravers erase or cancel the matrix (the surface of the plate that does the printing) after they have printed the number of prints they wish to create (by scratching a large "X" on the plate). Why do you suppose artists do this?

I think engravers do this so that no more prints can be made from their work. If someone else needs or wants a print, they will have to do it their own way. Also this helps so that if a matrix is damaged in some way over the years it isn't being used and then is used again and creates a faulty print, the original engraver cannot be held to blame.

________ refers to the destruction of sacred images.

Iconoclasm

_______ is a system of symbols that allow artists to refer to complex ideas.

Iconography

________ is the study of the themes and symbols in the visual arts-the figures and images that lend works their underlying meanings.

Iconography

Explain what "idealized" means, when used to describe a subject in art.

Idealized art is when a piece of naturalistic art is taken and modified into something that is more perfect or shows the importance of something over another. For example, when statues are larger than real life they are most likely important and are meant to stick out so everyone notices them.

The saturation of a color is its_____.

Intensity

In fifteenth-century Europe, what did the term museum mean?

It referred to collections consisting of paintings, sculptures, coins, curios, and natural objects such as ostrich eggs.

Alexander Calder's Crinkly (1970) is an example of ______ sculpture, which involves actual movement of the piece.

Kinetic

Define kitsch.

Kitsch is a type of art that is so overly correct, it seems superficial. It does not display an original experience or a unique thought or emotion. Kitsch artwork is often not liked because it is thought of as being too popular.

The method of creating the illusion of depth on a 2-D surface through the appearance of converging parallel lines and one or more vanishing points is called ________.

Linear Perspective

What does naturalism mean, when used to describe art?

Naturalism when used in art means that an object appears in the art as it would in real life or in nature. For example, figure 1.19 show's the attachment between a mother and her child as it is seen in every day life.

Which of the following five are common dry drawing media?

Pen and Ink *Pencil* Watercolor *Pastel* *Charcoal* *Silverpoint*

One of the most common drawing tools is the, ______, a graphite rod in a wood or metal holder.

Pencil

Using your own words, define photography.

Photography is a type of art that uses film to create an image of the environment. The film is light sensitive and and captures the image when the film is exposed to light through lens.

________ is a composition of many photographs, or of one using many prints to create a new image.

Photomontage

The color in paint derives from its ________.

Pigment

Belief that artworks involve a broad range of reactions and meanings is most relevant to which of the following theoretical frameworks?

Post-Structuralism

The process of making multiple artworks or impressions, usually on paper, using a printing plate, woodblock, stone, or stencil is known as

Printmaking

In Papua New Guinea carved sculptures play roles in initiation rituals for boys and men.

Private Patronage - Louis XIV commissioned an artist to make art to glorify him more. The Market - An artist makes a painting, then takes it to a gallery to show and sell. Tax-Supported Art - Taxes can fund art projects such as traditional Japanese art in Japan.

_____ is the size relationship of the parts to a whole.

Proportion

Consideration of the artist's unconscious mind is most relevant to which of the following theoretical frameworks?

Psychoanalytic Criticism

In printmaking, what is the difference between relief and intaglio?

Relief printing uses mainly wood blocks. Sections are cut away and only the high points are covered in ink. The print surface is the rubbed onto the ink block so that the ink is transferred. Intaglio printing is the exact opposite. It uses metal plates. Again, sections are cut away, but this time ink is applied to all areas. Ink is then wiped off the high points and the paper and plate are sent through a press so that the image is transferred to the paper.

The term ________ is defined as art that portrays, however altered or distorted, things perceived in the visible world.

Representational

Define the term representational.

Representational art presents nature, people, and objects in a recognizable form that everyone would see. This type of art goes along with naturalistic art.

In a composition, ____________ is the repetition of carefully placed elements separated by intervals.

Rhythm

Repetition of similar elements in a work of art creates the illusion of_____.

Rhythm

Molten glass can be modeled, pressed, ________, blown, and even spun into threads.

Rolled

____________ is the size of something in relation to what we assume to be normal.

Scale

______ refers to the study of signs in verbal or written communication.

Semiotics

Another word for silkscreen printing is ________.

Serigraphy

______ refers a liquid clay that has been applied to the clay vessel before firing to create black areas.

Slip

Consideration of the structure of art and the interrelationship of all its parts is most relevant to which of the following theoretical frameworks?

Structuralism

How is the term "style" used in art? Explain.

Style is used to describe the general characteristics of an artist's or a generation's work. An object can be drawn multiple times and never be the same because of all the different styles used.

The surface/tactile quality of a work is ______.

Texture

Descibe the AIDS Memorial Quilt. Who made it? What does it consist of? Why was it created?

The AIDS Memorial Quilt was first started in 1989 by Cleve Jones. It is now an ongoing activity by the Names Project. Each quilt made is three-by-six-feet long, large enough to fit over one person who was lost to AIDS. The quilts are made by families and friends who have died because of AIDS. The quilts are a memorial of each. Some have just names and initials while others have elaborate designs and pictures. The quilts, along with being memorials, bring awareness to AIDS and help as a fundraising tool to help research with AIDS.

Briefly describe how attitudes surrounding the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, in Moscow, have changed.

The Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed first represented the Czar of Russia and the strength of the Russian Orthodox Church. It celebrated the victory over the Mongols. When the Czarist government was overthrown in 1918, the church was closed. This is because it was against communism and for Christianity. Thanks to a few people, the cathedral was spared even though there were threats to tear it down in 1930. Now the cathedral represents the old Russia and is a main tourism site.

Explain why Wassily Kandinsky's Jüngster Tag (The Last Judgement) (1912) is an "expressive" painting. See fig. 1.20 for the illustration.

This painting is an "expressive" painting because it uses wild colors, bold lines to thin lines, contrast of colors, and "exploding fragmented forms." An expressive style of art shows high emotions going on all at once, creating a sense of urgency. The characteristics of Wassily's painting perfectly describe this expressive type.

A visual metaphor is an image or element that is descriptive of something else.

True

Bulletproof glass is one measure taken by the Louvre Museum to protect the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, from vandalism.

True

Buttressing is the practice of adding additional support to the outside of a building.

True

Depending on the culture, artists may be considered ordinary people, skilled workers, priests, or people of special or prized skills.

True

Emphasis in art is the result of creating one or more focal points.

True

Etching is an example of an intaglio process.

True

Hue is another name for color.

True

Ideological art criticism is oftentimes rooted in the writings of Karl Mark and involves considering the political underpinnings of art.

True

In Bali, large sculptures of fried colored rice dough are offered in temples are part of certain festivals.

True

Jacques Derrida was a post-structuralist who championed the idea of deconstruction.

True

Navajo sand paintings are destroyed to complete the ritual for which they are made.

True

Neutral colors are low-intensity colors, such as cream, tan, or beige.

True

Serigraphy is also known as screen printing.

True

Small art objects are easiest to preserve.

True

The Seagram Building in New York (shown above) is an example of a steel frame construction.

True

The working surface of any printmaking process is called the matrix.

True

Trompe l'oeil translates as "fool the eye".

True

Value refers to the purity of a color.

True

Warm colors appear to push forward, toward the front of the picture plane, whereas cool colors appear to recede.

True

_____ is achieved in artwork when the artist organizes all the compositional elements so that they visually work together as a whole.

Unity

The relative lightness or darkness of a color is_____.

Value

Which of the following theoretical frameworks considers and integrates all of the visual components of contemporary culture, including fine art, television, advertising, and other facets of the visual world.

Visual Culture

In your own words, explain what visual form means.

Visual form is the product after it has been, transformed, mutilated, and changed in many different ways. This can be creating a 3D image on paper using different lines, shapes, and shading techniques or creating a statue out of what was once a plain block of metal or stone. All of these changes help enhance the final product for the onlooker to better understand the idea behind the product.

Drawings done with ink thinned with water and executed with a brush are referred to as _______.

Washes

White does not exist in this painting technique; white must be derived by allowing the white of the paper to "shine" through.

Watercolor

Outside of museums, what are some of the threats to unprotected artworks? (list five)

Weather -> rust, fading, erosion, cracks Environmental Pollution -> smog, noise, vibrations Wear and Tear from Tourists' feet, fingers, breath Damage by souvenir hunters, plunderers, adventurers, and vandals Damage from War