ART 1304 CHAPTER 21
59. (Fig. 21-1) Who is the artist of this painting and what type of painting is it?
"Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures" by Angelica Kauffman - It is the hallmark of the "Neoclassical" style. It is a Neoclassical painting.
6. What locations became the center of Parisian social and intellectual life?
"Hotels" (elegant private townhouses of Paris) which were the Rococo "salons."
64. (Fig. 21-26) David painted this painting under what kind of patronage?
"Oath of the Horatii" by Jacques-Louis David - He painted it while he was "in the service of" or "under royal patronage."
69. (Fig. 21-27) This scene is portrayed from what movement?
Although the painting displays Neoclassical severity, its convincing realism conveys pain and outrage.
48. Where did he mature as a painter and where did he immigrate to?
American artist John Singleton Copley matured as a painter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Like West, Copley later settled in England, where he absorbed the fashionable English portrait style.
8. (Fig. 21-7) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist of this painting?
Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera
34. (Fig. 21-18) Who is the artist of this painting?
Benjamin West, Death of General Wolfe,
49. How was his style different from Grand Manner portraiture?
But unlike Grand Manner portraits painted before the artist left Boston, conveys a sense of directness and faithfulness to visual fact that marked the taste for honesty and plainness noted by many late-18th-and early-19th-century visitors to America.
16. What was the Enlightenment?
By the end of the 18th century, revolutions had erupted in France and America. A major factor in these political, social, and economic changes was the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment
13. (Fig. 21-8) Who is the artist of this painting?
François Boucher, Cupid a Captive,
46. What was Benjamin West's great innovation with this type of painting?
He blended the "realism" of detail with the grand tradition of "history painting."
45. (Fig. 21-21) What type of painting is this?
It is a "history painting."
27. Reflecting Rousseau's values, what kind of scenes did the artist Chardin paint?
Reflecting Rousseau's values, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (1699-1779) painted quiet scenes of domestic life in the tradition of 17th-century Dutch genre scenes
4. Rococo appeared in France in and about 1700 primarily as a style of what?
Rococo appeared in France around 1700, primarily as a style of interior design.
24. In contrast, what did Rousseau argue about the arts, sciences, society, and civilization in general?
Rousseau argued that the arts and sciences, society, and civilization in general had corrupted "natural man"—people in their primitive state.
51. What kind of knowledge was imperative to the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment had made knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome imperative for elite members of society, and a steady stream of Europeans and Americans traveled to Italy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
50. What was the Grand Tour?
The Grand Tour was an essential part of every well-bred person's education.
60. Who was the leading Neoclassical painter of France who also became the Neoclassical-painter-ideologist of the French Revolution?
The artist who became the painter-ideologist of the French Revolution was Jacques-Louis David
9. Watteau was responsible for creating what specific type of Rococo painting genre?
The painter whom scholars most closely associate with French Rococo is Antoine Watteau (1684-1721). Watteau was largely responsible for creating a specific type of Rococo painting genre called a fête galante
71. (Fig. 21-27) What is the figure in the painting based on?
The painting commemorates the assassination that year of Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793), an influential writer who was David's friend.
29. The painter, Greuze, was a master of and specialized in what genre or category in art?
The sentimental narrative in art became the specialty of French painter Jean-Baptiste Greuze
5. From where did the term Rococo derive and what did it refer to?
The term derived from the French word rocaille ("pebble"), but it referred especially to the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors.
31. (Fig. 21-16) Who is the artist of this painting?
Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
23. What did Voltaire believe about the salvation of humanity?
Voltaire believed that the salvation of humanity lay in the advancement of science and the rational improvement of society.
30. (Fig. 21-15) Who is the artist of this painting? This painting sums up the characteristics of what category or genre in art?
William Hogarth, Breakfast Scene, from Marriage à la Mode,
2. Also, after the death of Louis XIV, the center of culture of the aristocratic elite moved from the Baroque palace culture of Versailles to where?
he hôtels (elegant private townhouses) of Paris soon became the centers of a new, softer style called Rococo
33. She was one of the few women admitted to what institution?
she was admitted to the French painting academy on the same day as Vigée Le Brun.
3. These new centers of culture were expressed through what new style of art and architecture?
the Rococo style in art and architec-ture was the perfect expression of the lighthearted elegance that the wealthy cultivated in their opulent homes
54. Canaletto was a leading painter of what kind of paintings?
the leading painter of scenic views of Venice.
11. (Fig. 21-7) What does the painting Pilgrimage to Cythera portray?
the outdoor entertainment or amusements of the French high society upper class
56. One of the defining characteristics of the late 18th century was a renewed admiration of and heightened interest in what?
vividly illustrates, the popularity of the Grand Tour among the cultural elite of Europe both reflected and contributed to the heightened interest in classical antiquity during the Enlightenment.
42. Was Benjamin West an English painter?
yes/true
28. (Fig. 21-14) Who is the artist of this painting?
Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun, Self-Portrait
58. What is Neoclassicism?
A style of art and architecture that emerged in the late 18th century as part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures. Neoclassical artists adopted themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.
40. What is Grand Manner portraiture?
A type of 18th-century portrait paint-ing designed to communicate a person's grace and class through certain standardized conventions, such as the large scale of the figure relative to the canvas, the controlled pose, the landscape set-ting, and the low horizon line.
25. According to Rousseau, what came before reason?
According to Rousseau, human capacity for feeling, sensibility, and emotions came before reason: "To exist is to feel; our feeling is undoubtedly earlier than our intelligence, and we had feelings before we had ideas."
12. After Watteau's early death, which Rococo artist, as well as follower of his, rose to dominance?
After Watteau's death brought his brilliant career to a premature end at age 36, François Boucher (1703-1770) rose to the dominant position in French painting, in large part because he was Madame de Pompadour's favorite artist.
32. What was Vigèe-Lebrun famous for?
After her marriage to Jean-Baptiste Le Brun, a prominent Parisian art dealer, she began to attract wealthy and important clients, whom the couple entertained in salons at their fashionable home. Vigée Le Brun soon became the favorite painter of Queen Marie Antoinette, whose influence gained the 28-year-old artist admission to the Royal Academy in 1783.
41. (Fig. 21-20) Who is the artist of this painting and what kind of portraiture did he specialize in?
Antonio Canaletto, Riva degli Schiavoni Canaletto was famous for these paintings, which were popular with those on the Grand Tour. He used a camera obscura for his on-site paintings.
37. (Fig. 21-18) What is this painting about?
BENJAMIN WEST, Death of General Wolfe West depicted the mortally wounded young English commander just after his defeat of the French in the decisive battle of Quebec in 1759, which gave Can-ada to Great Britain.
72. In the new American republic, what movement did Thomas Jefferson spearhead?
Because the appeal of Neoclassicism was due in part to the values with which it was associated—morality, idealism, patriotism, and civic virtue—it is not surprising that in the new American republic, Thomas Jefferson spearheaded a movement to adopt Neoclassicism as the national architectural style.
43. Where was Benjamin West born and where did he find almost immediate success in art?
Benjamin West (1738-1820), born in Pennsylvania on what was then the colonial frontier, traveled on the Continent early in life to study art and then went to England, where he met with almost immediate success.
61. David concurred with what Enlightenment belief?
David embraced the Enlightenment belief that the subject of an artwork should have a moral. Paintings repre-senting noble deeds in the past could inspire virtue in the present.
44. (Fig. 21-21) Who is the artist of this painting?
Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West
67. (Fig. 21-27) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?
Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David
18. What countries were the principal centers of the Enlightenment?
England and France were the principal centers of the Enlightenment
17. What was the basis of Enlightenment thought?
Enlightenment thinkers rejected faith in favor of reason and championed an approach to the acquisition of knowledge based on empirical observation and scientific experimentation.
57. This new interest gave rise to what new movement?
Exposure to the art treasures of Italy was also a major factor in the rise of Neoclassicism as the leading art movement of the late 18th century
10. What is fète galante?
Fête galante paintings depicted the outdoor entertainment or amusements of French high society.
36. What favorite device did this artist use in his artwork?
Hogarth's favorite device was to make a series of narrative paintings and prints in a sequence similar to chapters in a book or scenes in a play, following a character or group of characters in their encounters with some social evil.
1. After the death of Louis XIV (14th), who reestablished their predominance as art patrons?
In the cultural realm, aristocrats reestablished their predominance as art patrons
70. (Fig. 21-27) This painting was masterfully composed to present the figure in it as what?
It is based on the dead Christ in Michelangelo's sculpture "Pietà."
65. (Fig. 21-26) This painting soon became what type of voice of the French Revolution?
It soon became the official voice of the French Revolution.
52. As a result, a steady stream of Europeans and Americans traveled to what country in particular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
Italy
55. (Fig. 21-23) Who is the artist of this painting?
JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, Oath of the Horatii
14. (Fig. 21-9) Who is the artist of this painting?
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing
38. (Fig. 21-19) Who is the artist of this painting?
John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere
19. (Fig. 21-12) Who is the artist of this painting?
Joseph Wright of Derby, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrey.
53. Many of those who completed a Grand Tour returned home with a painting by whom?
Many visitors to Italy returned home from their Grand Tour with a painting by Antonio Canaletto
66. (Fig. 21-26) Did David intend for this painting to be a revolutionary statement?
No, he did not intend for this painting to be a revolutionary statement.
68. (Fig. 21-27) Is this a scene from classical antiquity?
No/False rather than continuing to create artworks focused on scenes from antiquity, David began to portray events from the French Revolution itself.
62. (Fig. 21-26) What is the name of this painting and who is the artist?
Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David
39. What contrasting blend of styles is found in this setting of a portrait painting against a landscape background ?
Portrait painting by Thomas Gainsborough - a contrasting blend of naturalistic representation and a Rococo setting
22. Wright, in his paintings, was in tune with what philosophy or doctrine?
Steam power as an adjunct to, or replacement for, human and animal labor initiated a new era in world history. These and other technological advances—admiringly recorded in the paintings of Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797)-exemplified the Enlightenment notion of progress and gave birth to the Industrial RevolutionWright's choice of subjects and realism in depicting them appealed to the great industrialists of his day
7. What does the feminine look of the Rococo style reflect?
The feminine look of the Rococo style reflects the taste and social initiative of women, and to a large extent, women domi-nated the cultural sphere during the Rococo age.
47. (Fig. 21-22) Was John Singleton Copley an English painter?
Yes/True
20. (Fig. 21-12) What is the subject of this painting?
celebrates the modern scientific instruments of the Industrial Revolution.
63. (Fig. 21-26) What virtues does this huge canvas celebrate?
his huge canvas celebrating ancient Roman patriotism and sacrifice features statuesque figures and classical architecture.
21. In his paintings, (See FIGS. 21-12 & 21-11A) what does Joseph Wright of Derby celebrate?
is the small picture Wright of Derby, Experiment on a Bird
35. This artist is famous for what type of painting and prints?
paintings and prints satirizing English life, with comic zest, of the newly prosperous English middle class
15. What are the characteristics in this painting that epitomizes Rococo style?
pastel colors and soft light sensuality
