ART 131 test 3
A hard white translucent ceramic made of white clay is called
Porcelain
When clay is mixed with water and becomes moldable and cohesive, it becomes
plastic
the key to fabric architecture is
tension
What does the keystone do?
Supports the downward and outward thrust of the rounded arch
What do you see when you look at this sculpture from the ancient Middle East? ( Eagle-headed deity)
- A man's body with wings and an eagle's head -Cuneiform text -Plants carved in a stylized fashion
How do Gerda Steiner and Jorg Lenzlinger, in their piece Falling Garden, transform the experience of visitors to a 17th-century church?
- By stringing various objects on long strings from the ceiling of the church -By covering the vast otherwise empty space with colorful objects -By having visitors lie on their backs and gaze upward
Which are methods used in carving?
- Chipping -Cutting -Gouging
Why did Tilman Riemenschneider carve his Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon in limewood?
- Limewood is easy to carve -Limewood is plentiful in the region where Riemenschneider worked
Who has Japanese sculpture Kaikei represented in this wooden sculpture?
- Shinto diety Hachiman -An individual with the outward appearance of a Buddhist monk -A patron and protector of warriors
If in the ancient world statues were often believed to have had an ambiguous, porous relationship to life, then which of the following can be said?
- Statues could offer physical protection for the bodies of the dead -Statues could stand in for the bodies of dead individuals in rituals and ceremonies -statues could become reanimated through the intense devotion of the living
What do we know about this piece made by Pueblo potter Maria Martinez?
- The color scheme is due to the firing process -It is made through coiling
What is the formal pose of Menkaure and Khamerenebty?
- The power of the rulers - Their status as "junior gods" -Their eternal existence
For what reasons is the human form used in sculpture?
- To give a being presence - To convey power of rulers
How does the Spanish artist Luis de Mena portray Christ in his sculpture Ecce Homo?
- as realistically as possible -with the crown of thorns Pontius Pilate placed on his head -With drips of red paint simulating blood
In a Greek Temple, what are the three basic elements of an entablature
-Architrave -Cornice -Frieze
Which elements are associated with Romanesque style
-Barrel vaults -Groin Vaults
Beginning in the 1960s artists began to create works of impermanent sculptures to explore what ideas?
-Bringing art closer to people's everyday lives -Bringing people together in a new way -Avoiding sales and ownerships of an object
Martin Puryear makes works that accomplishes what?
-Celebrate form -Have viewers decide on the meanings
Which works did Zaha Hadid design
-Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati -The Riverside Museum Glasfow -Phaeno Science Center in Germany
Which are considered to be vegetable fibers?
-Flax -Cotton -Raffia
This portrait vessel made by the Moche people of South America would have been used for what purposes? (Stirrup-spout portrait vessel)
-Placed as an object on remembrance on grave-sites -made with the individual features of the person being sculpted -given as a gift to neighboring tribes
Which architectural elements are characteristics of Gothic style?
-Pointed arches -Flying buttresses -Large stained glass windows
What type of sculpture is this? (Durga Slaying the Buffalo Demon)
-Relief -High relief
What is a vast roofed space of post-and-lintel construction called?
A hypostyle hall
What is the fastest method of creating a hallow, rounded form in clay?
A potter's wheel
By what is the weight of a suspension bridge primarily supported
A series of steel cables
Who is being depicted in this Baule sculpture? (spirit spouse)
A spirit spouse
_______ is the name for sun dried brick used as an architectural building
Adobe
This ivory vessel from Sierra Leone combines _______ and ______ forms and imagery
African and European
How does Auguste portray the individuals in The Burghers of Calais
All individuals facing death in their own way
which culture's hypostyle halls were relatively dark with only the very top of the load-bearing walls pierced with small windows
Ancient Egypt
What culture is most closely associated with a tradition of sculpture that considered the human body itself a worth subject?
Ancient Greece
What was the 19th-century movement that promoted the handmade object and held exhibitions of pottery, textiles, and woodworking?
Arts and Crafts movement
The use of found objects as a sculptural material is an example of what type of sculptural technique?
Assembling
It represents a _______ or an arch extended in depth
Barrel vault
Why do scholars believe that the Olmec artists chose basalt as the material to carve their monumental sculptures?
Basalt is volcanic stone, which is associated with the spiritual power of the natural world
To shape a hollow glass vessel, an artist can dip a long metal tube into molten glass, and then do what?
Blow air into the tube to create a bubble in the glass
What metal is most frequently used in the casting process?
Bronze
What structural features reinforces and supports the outward thrusts of arches from the outside?
Buttresses
During the mid-19th century the experimental use of ______ as a building material allowed for breakthroughs in the development of the skeleton-and-skin structural system
Cast-iron
This technique of melting metal to a liquid state and pouring it into a mold is called
Casting
Which sculpting method includes using a specifically shaped container into which the liquid is poured and then allowed to cool and harden?
Casting
Janine Antoni used which materials in her sculpture Lick and Lather?
Chocolate and Soap
What is the most common sculptural material used for modeling?
Clay
When _____ has been shaped, then dried, and finally fired, it is most permanent
Clay
The decorative ornament on the ceiling of a dome, which also serves to lessen the weight, is known as _______
Coffering
What is CAD/CAM
Computer-aided design and manufacturing
Which features of this work rely on rows of stones that extend over each other until the opening is bridged
Corbelled domes
Which order in Greek architecture features baseless capitals, fluted columns, and an entablature with alternating triglyphs and metotypes
Doric
To where is lacquer unique
East Asia
The Skeleton of the ____ ____ was the aesthetic focus because it had no decorative embellishments
Eiffel Tower
What did the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London do?
Established the success of cast-iron as a building material
True of false: All cultures make finite distinctions made between art and craft
False
True or False: Installation art always replicates familiar spaces such as hotel rooms or offices
False
True or False: Since the Renaissance the human form has infrequently been the subject of sculptors' work
False
True or false: This bowl is representative of Olumeye bowls in Yoruba culture more generally
False
True or false: concrete was invented during the late 19th century as a cheap and easily transportable material
False
Gothic style architecture is well-known for the use of________ buttresses that support the outward thrusts of soaring arches
Flying
Why was Zara Hadid sometimes called a "paper architect" early on in her career
For a long time, the buildings she designed had not been constructed, they existed only one paper
When a metal is shaped through hammer blows, it is called
Forging
Which architect used digital design and fabrication to create works such as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Frank Gehry
____ ____ are relatively lightweight, amazingly strong and built with prefabricated modules, all of which allows for quick and inexpensive construction
Geodesic Domes
Which substance is made from silica, or sand, which can be melted, shaped, cooled, and reheated?
Glass
How can you tell pomegranate juice was held in this ancient Egyptian glass vessel?
Glass was a luxury item, and pomegranate juice was symbolically important
Which metals may be forged cold?
Gold
Reims Cathedral is a characteristic example of what style of architecture
Gothic
This architectural work represents the elements of ___________ architecture
Gothic
Who was the most prominent advocate for the Arts and Crafts movement in the United States
Gustav Stickley
The ______ incorporates immense dome placed on top of a massive square base
Hagia Sophia
What is a requirement for most ceramic objects?
Hollow core
How was this Chinese jade basin carved?
In high relief
Where is the famous earthwork Serpent Mound located?
In southern Ohio
What is the description for a freestanding sculpture that can be viewed from any angle and is finished on all sides?
In the Round
What culture is most closely associated with the use of corbelled architectural elements
Indian
What historical event threatened the future of handmade crafts objects
Industrial Revolution
Having the structure of a building visible, rather than obscured, is characteristic of what style of architecture
International
This aquamanile, which holds water for priests to wash their hands, can trace its roots back to which region
Iran
What culture is best known for focusing a great deal of aesthetic on the production of carpets and rugs
Islamic
For what reason did the public complain about Richard Serra's Tilted Arc for a New York City plaza?
It blocked access to the building
What is a relief sculpture?
It can be viewed from the front and the side
Produced in Greece during the 16th century B.C.E this rhyton is a metal that can be manipulated in what way?
It can be worked at room temperature
In a skeleton-and-skin system, what is the support structure of a building
It is contained inside more fragile outer layers and is generally not visible
What is the significance of the isolation of the Taj Mahal's dome?
It is ornamental
According to Kiki Smith, why did she choose the human form as subject for her work? (honeywax)
It is the only form everyone has their own authentic experience with
For the ancient Olmecs, what was jade?
It represented plant life and rainwater
Which was an innovation of the ancient Egyptian Chair of Hetepheres?
It was portable with armrests
Why do much ancient art that still exists in the 21st century made of terra cotta?
It was surprisingly durable
This Ardabil carpet from 16th-century Persia was labor-intensive because it used the _______ technique, in which segments of wool were tied to a woven ground
Knotting
__________ is a soft, unifromly-grained, material that can be carved easily and was frequently used as a sculptural material in southern Germany during the Renaissance
Limewood
What are sheets of colored glass joined together with strips of lead called?
Stained glass
Architects call the forces that act upon a building
Loads
The French term bas-relief means ________ relief, which is when the figures protrude only a small degree from the background.
Low-relief
U.S. coins display______ relief
Low-relief
What is installation art?
Modifying space in some way and allowing the viewer to experience that space
About what is Robert Smithson's earthwork Spiral Jetty?
Moving away from art as a commodity object
What is the central vaulted space of a Romanesque church called?
Nave
_____ allow the height of a vault to be increased dramatically without necessitating a wider base
Pointed arches
Of what is the nonporous, glass-like surface on ceramics created by firing the glazing made?
Powered minerals and water
Our sense of community is strengthened by having access to what area
Public spaces
In architecture an element is compression is being _______, and element in tension is being ________
Pushed; pulled
A sculpture in which forms project from-- but remain attached to-- a background surface is called a
Relief
What type of sculpture is this? (eagle-headed deity)
Relief
What does the coiling technique involve?
Rope-like strands of clay that are joined together
Who developed contrapposto?
Sculptors in ancient Greece
Louis Bourgeois's Maman is an example of what kind of sculpture?
Sculpture in the round
The liquid form of ceramic used in casting is called __________
Slip
Which is NOT a basic architectural structural system?
Stacking
European cathedrals built during the 12th and 13th centuries are famous for their _______ glass, an example of which can be seen in this image of the rose window and lancets in France's Chartres Cathedral. (Tree of Jesse)
Stained
What type of architectural system is pictured?
Stepped truss
Taking a block of marble and craving a human figure out of it is considered to be what kind of sculptural process?
Subtractive
Which of the following are examples of nomadic dwellings involving fabric architecture
Tents Yurts
What is assemblage?
The art of bringing together individual objects to form a sculpture
In Greek temple design, what area of the entablature in generally ornamented with sculptural relief
The frieze
What is a drawback of load-bearing construction
The inability to insert large openings, such as windows, in the walls
What made the creation of such showpieces as the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower possible
The mass production of iron and steel
What was Auguste Rodin memorializing in The Burghers of Calais
The self-sacrifice of six townsmen of 14th-century Calais
How does the Great Friday Mosque in Djenne, Mali demonstrate the demands of load-bearing construction
The walls gently taper as they rise
Why is the lost-wax process of casting suitably named?
The wax mold is melted away so that it can be replaced by the metal
Why were jade, ivory, and lacquer prized by numerous cultures?
Their rarity
In lost-wax casting, what is the purpose of the metal pins placed into the clay core?
They hold the core in place after the wax melts
What is the purpose of green architecture
To create a healthier and less wasteful human habitat
What is one task of designer
To translate technological advances into aesthetically pleasing objects
What is the significance of the portico?
To trick visitors into thinking they were visiting a post-and-lintel temple
True of false: Louise Bourgeois's mother wove and repaired tapestries, much like a spider weaves and repairs her web.
True
True of false: Scientists in the 19th and 20th centuries dug up graves, disturbed sacred sites and human remains in pursuit of their research into indigenous cultures
True
True or False:If we no longer know the original context in which an object was created, we can still appreciate it as a work of art
True
True or false: This portrait vessel was made using both modeling and a pre-pared mold. (Stirrup-spout portrait vessel)
True
True or false: To portray a human being in sculpture is to bring it into the world itself and give it a version of life
True
For what is jade the common name?
Two minerals, nephrite, and jadeite
Which form of fiber art involves placing two sets of parallel fibers at right angles and interlacing one set with the other?
Weaving
what is one advantage of reinforced-concrete construction
an ability to be molded into nearly any shape or form
According to Gustav Stickley, in industrial design, the role of a(n)_____ is to design an object that can be made by industrial methods
artist
In a vaulted church, each rectangular division of space, consisting of one groin vault is called a ____
bay
Suspension techniques are most closely associated with the construction of ___
bridges
Some people in the art field distinguish between assembling, which brings sculpture parts on or near each other, and _________, which joins the pieces through a process such as welding or nailing
constructing or fabrication
A work of art that is made for a specific place using natural materials found there is called an
earthwork
Sculptor Huma Bhabha uses _______ in her sculptures
found objects
R. Buckminster Fuller developed the ___ ___
geodesic dome
Snowmen, Sandcastles and Christo and Jeanne-Claude's The Gates are all examples of
impermanent sculptures
How was the Chinese lacquer snuff bottle carved
in high relief
The _____ age ushered in the harnessing of steam, leading to the creation of the steam engine, the internal combustion engine, and the turbine
industrial
which is not an advantage of balloon-frame construction
it can be built to conceivably infinite heights
what does the construction of the Eiffel Tower suggest
it is a quintessential example of skeleton architecture
What can be inferred about modern architecture due to the advent of new technologies and materials
it is better equipped to respond to community and environmental needs
When glass is heated, it becomes ______, or melted
molten
A circular opening at the top of a dome is called the ________
oculus
the architectural element that gaps the transition from a square base to a domed roof is known as a
pendentive
When clay is fired in a kiln, it is no longer
plastic
Lacquer is made from tree____
sap
What set includes common community buildings
schools, courthouses, libraries, and hospitals
Reinforced-concrete construction is most similar to the ____ structural system
shell
Used in building skyscapers,__ construction uses a metal cage to support a decorative exterior of another material such as glass, masonry, or stone
steel-frame
As what are fabric structures also known
tensile structures
Fibers lend themselves to a variety of techniques, and the resulting material is called a
textile
Which types of artwork does decorative arts describe?
textiles, ceramics, and metalwork
what technological advancement of the 1980s influenced digital design and manufacturing
the personal computer
To what is green architecture largely a response
the unsustainable cost of industrialization
the _____ is the essential geometric form is the construction and support of a geodesic dome
triangle
true or false: around 1980 many architects began using two-dimensional drawing programs to guide construction of architectural projects
true
Referring to ceramics, textiles, metalwork, and woodwork as applied arts suggests that these objects are merely
utilitarian
When deciding on the structural system for a building, ______ and_____ are the first considerations
weight; tensile strength
Because_______ is renewable, available, and easily carved, almost all civilizations, old and new, have made objects from it
wood
Which aspects influenced the work of Martin Puryear?
-His work for the Peace Corps in Africa -His background making wood furniture -His studies in Sweden and Japan
What ideas is Janine Antoni exploring in her sculpture Lick and Lather?
-Ideas of beauty -Ideas of desire
For what reasons have artists and patrons adopted ivory as a material
-It is a easy carve intricate designs in ivory -Ivory is a resilient material -it is a luxury material
Which are aspects of contrapposto?
-It is a pose that suggests the potential for movement in a standing figure -It is Italian for "counterpoise" or "counterbalance" -It places the figure's weight on one foot, which create a series of adjustments to the hips and shoulders that produce a subtle S-curve
Which descriptions apply to carving?
-It is a subtractive process -it is more aggressive than modeling -it is more direct than casting
What aspects does this Library Table constructed in Gustav Stickley's Craftsman Workshop show?
-It is an example of "democratic art" -It has simple, straightforward lines
What aspects does Merete Rasmussen's Twisted Red Form show?
-It is made using the coiling technique -it is a non-representational sculptural form
Which statements best describe Liza Lou's installation The Trailer?
-It is space to be entered and experienced -Lou recreated the grim interior of a lonely hunters trailer and covered the entirety in small glass beads
What do we know about the Pont du Grad at Nimes, France?
-It once functioned as an aqueduct -It is made up of three tiers of arcades -It is solid and heavy, yet its weight-bearing capabilities appear effortless
What were the results of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990
-It prohibited the digging up native graves and sacred sites -It required the return of sacred objects collected in the past
What do we know about this late 15th or early 16th century ivory vessel
-It resembles a large European drinking glass, a goblet -It was created by sculptor of the Sapi culture in present day Sierra Leon, west Africa -It was designed to hold salt
What characteristics describe Louise Bourgeois's Maman?
-Its an example of sculpture in the round -Maman is a metaphor for the way Bourgeois's felt about her own mother -Maman is French for "mom"
The Great Friday Mosque in Djenne, in Mali, is an impressive example of what type of construction
-Load-bearing -Stacking and piling
By what is the ionic style of Greek architecture classified
-Stepped column bases -Voluted capitals
What are the two most common materials use in post-and-lintel constriction?
-Stone -Wood
Which materials have commonly been used to represent the human figure in sculpture?
-Terra cotta -Metal -Stone
What characteristics does this royal tunic tell us about the society in which it was produced
-Textiles were considered a form of wealth -Textiles were very important to the ancient Incas -When the king wore this elaborate tunic he was visually signifying his place in society
Which characteristics best describe synthetic resin as a sculptural material?
-The appearance of more traditional sculptural material can be easily mimicked -A wide range of colored pigments in can be added to incorporate color
In his sculpture Voltri VI, David Smith assembled which items made of steel?
-Tools -Wheels -Scrap metal
Which types of materials are suitable in the construction of load-bearing architecture?
-ice blocks -brick -stone -adobe
Which innovations made balloon-frame construction practical?
-improved milling lumber techniques -mass-produced nails
Based on the ancient Egyptian convention of depicting human form, how are the pharaoh Menkaure and Khamerenebty portrayed?
- Facing straight forward, with the pharaoh's arms stiff at his sides - With idealized facial features and bodies
In what ways does being hollow help a ceramic object?
-It is hard to fire solid clay, which might explode in the kiln -Most ceramics are meant to hold things
What facts do we know about the Olumeye bowl?
-The name of the sculptor who constructed the bowl -The material in which the bowl was sculpted
Why did some find the design of Maya Lin's Vietnam Memorial controversial?
-They took its lack of familiar images and symbols of sacrifice as a criticism of the war itself -The objected to the unconventional, abstract element of the memorial -they objected to its lack of ornamentation
Which are characteristics of earthworks?
-They were originally conceived of as a way to make art that could not be bought and sold -They enter into the natural world and participate in its changes -The element of time is central to earthworks
For what reasons can we assume that only a small fraction of the wooden objects created over time still survive?
-Wood is an organic material -wood is susceptible to fire -wood is susceptible to water -wood is susceptible to insects
Of what materials is this Japanese writing box made
-gold -mother-of-pearl -red lacquer
What about this bracelet indicates that it was made for a wealthy individual?
-it contains emeralds, sapphires, and pearls -it has an elaborate design -gold is an expensive material
Which of the following is true of the ivory trade
-it was a global network that once moved ivory around the globe -it severely impacted the world's elephant population
Which statements describe Reconstructed Icicles, Dumfriesshire, 1995 by Andy Goldsworthy?
-its existence and disappearance was documented in photographs -it was ephemeral, lasting a few hours before being melted by the sun -it was documented in photographs
Which elements characterize international style skyscrapers
-stark linear emphasis -simple geometric forms
