ART 2692 Exam 4

What phrase was a good marketing strategy for Matisse?

"An enemy of the people"

Ploughing in the Nivernais Region (Bonheur) vs. Stonebreakers (Courbet)

Bonheur - Rural hardship in classical style - Perfection of landscape Courbet - Rural hardship in Realism style - Sketchy

Surrealism viewed the real world as _______ and art should focus on _____ instead.

Boring; dreams and fantasies

Carriage at the Races (Degas)

Bourgeois - like Kentucky Derby; high-value composition; purple-yellow combo; he lives not for colors but for drawing; horses cropped; foreshortened; odd oblique compositions - main focus asymmetrically angled; he made up sophisticated Japanese compositions - does not paint what's in front of him; horses posed - pre stop-action photography

Which class of people were all about change?

Bourgeoisie

Coca-Cola Bottles (Warhol)

Breakthroughs; pure, simple reproduction of brands

Degas's work includes

Bright palette, focus on Bourgoise, Japanese abstraction

Rothko Chapel (Rothko)

No specific religion; showcased a painting; color differences from panels; about providing relaxation and de-stressing; analogy of a stain glass window in a "medieval chapel"

Psychic automatism

Not planned; let it happen

White, Green in Blue (Rothko)

Nuisance of color; technically; incremental tones and saturation

Modern artists felt that...

Official state classical style is not worth pursuing

During the Industrial Revolution, ______ art becomes less relevant due to the shift in perspective that life is changing.

Classical

What form of art was government funded?

Classicism

First Manifesto of Surrealism (Breton)

Clear orders, not made up like Dada; new Manifesto with each phase of surrealism; laid out what surrealism was; Freud one of their influences - psychoanalysis theory 1) Freud believes dreams and fantasies mean something 2) Dreams and fantasies are windows into their mind - intra-cyclical (within your head) conflict resolved through talk therapy; Freud a celebrity after the war - radical idea that dreams and childhood means something; recruit artists to be a part of it

Naturalism

Combo of Realism and French Classicism

What was Picasso's influence when making Gertrude Stein and Ma Jolie?

African masks

Manet's Olympia was similar to what artwork?

Venus of Urbino by Titian

What is unique about Robert and Sonia Delaunay?

He painted, and she was a fashionista - their styles and techniques combined

You Are Free To Speak, litho (Daumier)

Justice is swift and rigged; aristocrats vs. everyone else; law doesn't apply to aristocrats

Futurism involved...

Kinetic cubism

Great Wave off Kanagawa (Hokusai)

No detail, modeling; flat and abstract; black contour lines; no perspective space

Marinetti's "Futurist Manifesto" _____, while Tzara's "Dada Manifesto" ____

tells; shows

Ploughing in the Nivernais Region (Bonheur)

Like a beautiful Dutch landscape but perfect brushwork; geometry

Sound Poem, Dada Evening in Zurich (Ball)

(Costume by Marcel Janco); Lobster-like costume, read poems; craftier poems that don't make sense, spoke in German; made people confused and angry; subvert poetry

Modern artists focus on...

The future; expect change

Guardians of the Secret (Pollock)

"American surrealism"; underwent psychoanalysis for alcohol abuse; Freud - inner mind; wolf and tomb - secretive and mystical; mix of recognizable forms and abstract; gestural abstraction

Bicycle Wheel (Duchamp)

"Assisted ready-made"; metal sculpture on a pedestal; 2 useful objects that are now useless - absurd; bring together strange subjects; interactive element - spin the wheel (not prevalent today); liked that art and everyday life mix

Divisionism

"Divide" colors by putting them on canvas separately

"Il faut etre de son temps"

"It is necessary to be of one's own time" - the question of the relevance of old style and subject matter of art; Don't like government? Why support classical art? (French kings had come back into power)

Some of Picasso's art was titled with what phrase?

"Like drinking gasoline"

Night Cafe (Van Gogh)

"Lose your mind" when you go there; colors hideous and clash; sickly absinthe green; figures alone or unconscious; bartender creepy; pool table creepy form; light with halos; he took fox glove - herbal medication that gives hallucinations around lights; complementary colors

Plein-aire painting

"Painting outside"

Bottle Rack (Duchamp)

"Ready-mades"; drying rack like at a bar for bottles; everyday object; intensely radical; iconoclasm - making fun of conventional art-making; upsetting to people at the time; godfather of conceptual art; art made out of non-traditional materials; he is nuisance about idea - more radical

Grande Odalisque (Ingres)

"Sex sells"; Reclining nude; Middle Eastern mistress; exotic faraway place filled with sultan's mistresses; idealize - Truth and Beauty; copied from Velazquez; contour lines and elegance; perfectly idealized; colors rich and seductive; finish like glass - "cat-licked" - smooth; history

Postwar USA 1945, half of France is taken over by...

Nazi Germany

Dream of Venus (Dali)

Hired and designed a "sideshow" for NY World's Fair; bizarre, surreal sets; let a "soft-core" gentlemen's club; topless women

Abstract expressionism

An absorbed ideas of surrealism but conveys feeling; subject matter importance

8 Impressionist exhibitions

An exhibition created by Impressionist artists; disregarded the Salon with no jury; they chipped in a few $; art is more mass culture

Ready-made

An object that has already been made turned into art

Joy of Life (Matisse) vs. Ma Jolie (Picasso)

- 2 major building blocks of modern painting - 1910-1930 wave of artists who borrow from styles and are impacted - 2 fundamental styles - Other artists after them begin to adapt and combine their styles Matisse - Arbitrary color - Fauvism Picasso - Drawing - Composition - Design - More abstract - Cubism

Autumn Rhythm (Pollock) vs. Campbell's Soup Can (Warhol)

- Big fundamentals of contemporary art - Both styles of Postwar Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art greatly influenced art of today - So different

The two main focuses related to Dada were...

Anarchists and iconoclasm

Van Gogh's Expressionist art used...

- Crisp bright light and drawing - Mix of past, present, and future: Quattrocento, neo-impressionism, looking toward the future, science becomes a religion, science part of his culture

During Paris 1900-1939...

- French Salon not popular - Classical style and supporting institutions no longer relevant - Modern art maturing and more trajectory - Many artists moving to Paris from around world (place to be for art)

Who was the ruler of Surrealism?

Andre Breton

Who was one of the nicest and down-to-earth artists?

Andy Warhol

While Futurists advocated a pro-war movement, Dada's advocated a(n) _________ movement

Anti-war

Which class was all about the past and lineage?

Aristocrats

"The Factory" (Warhol)

His studio that his proteges would make his art for him; get away from handi-graph

Which two art movements had the greatest impact on art today?

Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art

Paul Gauguin

- Works with Van Gogh - Into abstract spiritual art - Was threatened by Van Gogh with a knife (Then he cuts off ear)

Fountain (Duchamp)

Actually a urinal, signed and dated; was rejected from Independents Exhibition; he challenges art world in way others have not - "says open but you reject my work"; finally agreed and put in back room to be viewed only by adult men

Manet's Absinthe Drinker was similar to what artwork?

Aesop by Velazquez

When was photography invented?

1840; was used more for peasants; around the time of Courbet

What year were many buildings in Central Paris bulldozed and rebuilt?

1860's

Absinthe Drinker (Manet)

1st modern style Manet formulates; sophisticated history knowledge; he looks for something as a structure - Spanish Manner (dark colors and sloppy brushwork); Napoleonemporer and styled himself after Alexander the Great - looted all Spanish collections back to France from Spain; fashionable interest in Spanish; brown cloak; dark black shadows; patchiness of wall; legs have a heavy black outline - light to dark - no transitional tones; sketchiness - unfinished; blunt and honest looking - more real; big contrast to academic painting that looks fake; subject matter - he is from the country and chooses to paint rural scenes; empty bottle, half glass; absinthe - lime green heavy alcohol, also massively addictive (narcotic); drinking alone - suggests he is a homeless peasant; authentic and like real world; brutally honest about world

Who was Tristan Tzara?

A Dada editor/publisher who wrote the Dada Manifesto

Colonialism

A country settling and claiming land in another area (France with Northern Africa)

Dada was created by...

A group of people stationed in Switzerland who wished to protest WWI through creative acts such as art

Birth of Liquid Desires (Dali)

About persona - alien planet forms in dream; into William Tell - shoots apple off son's head; intimations of sex and violence; comes up with weird scene - hyper-realistic

Battle of Fishes (Masson) vs. Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance (Arp)

Arp - Anti-art - Makes fun of the process of art-making; uses automatism before it is coined - Dada Masson - Depth of inner mind; starts automatism - Surrealism Both - Connection of surrealism built out of Dada's ashes

The City Rises by Boccioni focuses more on _____ than the painting of "Effects of Good Government"

Aspirations, though thematically the same

Iconoclasm

Attack things other people view sacred

Surrealism mainly consisted of...

Authors and poets

Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance (Arp)

Automatism - self-generating; ripped paper and threw on floor and painted; reject artistic genuis/touch

The Menaced Assassin (Magritte)

Basic realistic style - smooth and artificial, dream-like; seduce with plain style but ideas bizarre; invokes displacement and condensation; foreboding atmosphere; different times collapsed into 1 scene?; does something different - art becoming more original and technical

Nude Descending the Staircase (Duchamp)

Became art piece everyone at the Armory Show made fun of; made him a hero; cubism mixed with chronophotography - futurism; ironic for nude to be walking downstairs - mocking, not reclining; cartoons made fun of it; moves to NY after moving from France

Emile Zola (Manet)

Big celebrity in Paris at time; big selling author - wrote defense of Olympia - "You people judge the standards that he doesn't believe in"; influential supporter; author visiting Manet in his studio; objects around him explain Manet, not Emile; copy of essay, Olympia print, Velazquez touchstone painting; Japanese woodblock print of an actor - color and compositions blow them away; early modern art indebted to these prints, aesthetic has beautiful color use; screen like Asian in background; tells the future of his new print style

Luncheon in the Grass (Manet)

Big picture like Courbet; not history painting; perspective space - distance difficult; scale of woman in background larger than should be; messes around with space and scale; nude - idealized classical in past but now she is a normal naked woman (Victorine Meurent); no modeling, lots of white flesh with little shadows; sketching without fluid anatomy; overall sketchiness; palette not attractive; group in front came from drawing by Raphael (3 River Gods); men in modern dress and naked woman - homage to Raphael?; not sexy but woman with men and picnic? vulgar; Salon - government exhibition - submits this work but is rejected, jury too single minded (lots of complaints); rejected works create a second exhibition - Salon des Refuses - this work captured everyone's attention; others admire what he's trying to accomplish, cements his reputation; 1863 - beginning of modern art, exhibition sign of weakness - government created scheme

Pavilion of Realism

Big private tent outside World's Fair that showcased Courbet's work

Autumn Rhythm (Pollock)

Big to be intimate - get close to experience it; all-over composition - one web of paint; paint splashed and dripped; screws and sand for texture; enhances experience; all about feeling; openness - not directing on narrow POV but a blank slate that the viewer can conjure themselves - everyone has unique feeling; all about subject matter; expressionist tendency -open; rhythmic energy; close environment - immerse yourself in painting; "intimate and tense"

French Academic Classicism was the...

Birth of modern art; middle of 1800's and lasts a couple hundred years

Surrealism

Bizarre, visionary, dreamy; "on top of the world"; born out of the ashes of Dada

Starry Night (Van Gogh)

Blue and yellow - joyful colors; creates luminosity; expressionist brushwork - cosmic symphony; low horizon - Dutch; also steeple and whimsical tree; vivid and uplifting

Dynamism of a Soccer Player (Boccioni)

Blurred motion of an athlete; cubist facets cut through each other to create movement; strong diagonals

Dynamism of a Soccer Player (Boccioni) vs. Ma Jolie (Picasso)

Boccioni - Message different - Futurists want a war to advance - Futurism - More colors and wants to obtain "speed" that's new and different - Facets colorful and transparent - Kinetic, moving composition Picasso - Static composition - Facets bland in color - Cubism

Landscapes become more popular with...

Bonheur

Birth of Venus (Cabanel) vs. Olympia (Manet)

Cabanel - More sexual but idealized so it's ok; French Academic Classicism Manet - Viewed as pornographic and offensive because it depicted a "real" woman; Modern Painting Both - Coincidence they were made in the same year (modern art born in 1863) change in academic art develops

Ma Jolie (Picasso)

Can see human shape but figure blends into background; "my pretty"; musical reference from notes; classical music an inspiration and motivation for artists; appreciate the visual compelling aspects

Second Manifesto of Surrealism (Breton)

Changes focus - looking for ideas that would be more relatable - not automatism but about dreams (Freud's book Interpretations of Dreams)

When Duchamp retires, he pursues...

Chess (cerebral like his artwork)

Red Fuji (Hokusai)

Colors bright; reddish orange with blue; cropped on 3 sides; flat, no perspective space; no modeling on side of volcano; black contour line unlike other artists

Orange and Yellow (Rothko)

Colors from "hot to cool"; create timeless, spiritual, never-ending platform

Campbell's Soup Can (Warhol)

Commercial art skills; photo-realistic; not a ready-made but subject matter is; execution is neutral, no hidden meaning; subject matter - what's there is there (deadpan - no feeling); don't convey feeling

Railway Bridge at Argenteuil (Monet)

Composition of bridge - partial view of train; odd angle; orange and blue shifts to purple and yellow; Hiroshige - print of a bridge; remakes the print; style is edgy enough; Franco-Prussian War - he paints to make the bridge "white-washed" when in reality bridge is destroyed; started as unknown and mocked then becomes national hero

Expressionism is about...

Conveying feeling more than anything

Burial at Ornans (Courbet)

Could be shown at Salon when he won a prize for portraits and could bypass Jury of Salon; created a scandal - istoria history painting because big?; Actually funeral scene - slap in the face and insulting because of use of commoners; "waste of space" to paint all these commoners so big; centered open grave and dog; does not tell story or sentimental; very grim; nothing idealized - rough and sketchy; not posed; colors not seductive and pretty; perceived as an "oil sketch"; elite don't like politics sketch; "tasteless"; Courbet believes classical style has been around too long, need something new

Who rejected the classical style by becoming the first modern painter?

Courbet

Jupiter and Thetis (Ingres) vs. Stonebreakers (Courbet)

Courbet - Candidate for Crown of 1st modern painter - Breaking academic classical style Both - One is dramatically different than the other - Birth of modern art - French government runs sanctioned art; classicism does not please either Courbet or Ingres

Which two styles involve experimentation with abstraction...

Cubism and Fauvism

Simultaneous Windows (Delaunay)

Fauvism colors and cubist facets; art speaks to modern world - urban city life; Eiffel Tower central shape; colors complementary; people finally used to Tower and it is seen as symbol of France's leadership in technology - French military using it for radio communications

Cropping

Cutting figures/objects out of the frame on purpose, not whole

Who had an odd moustache in honor of Velazquez?

Dali

Who is the most hated artists among professionals?

Dali

Who was a political cartoonist?

Daumier

Odd oblique compositions

Degas - asymmetrically angled

Painting-Figure (Masson)

Directed somewhat to create a person; all about process automatism; abstract creature important

Horror vacui

Fear of a vacuum (empty space)

Jupiter and Thetis (Ingres)

Disegno; mathematics, fluid anatomy - classical tradition; tastes change, so his work not like David's; overall visual pleasure - pretty and beautiful; gracefulness; elongates contour lines; color - more luscious and seductive than David; surface - like glass, smooth and perfect finish, "cat-licked surface" - polished; mythological history painting - paintings are no longer "preachy" like with "virtuous parenting"; lots of sex appeal - take out mythology and could be a naked woman begging for a favor; symmetrical triangle on top of a rectangle; woman skin - light, men skin - leathery and dark like Rubens; mix of rectulinear and curvilinear forms

L. H. O. O. Q. (Duchamp)

Don't have main reason to be Dada anymore; makes assisted ready-made from Mona Lisa poster plus a moustache and beard with letters at bottom; more like graffiti; edgier; letters homonym - "she has a hot butt" - combined with transgenderism; plays off writing about da Vinci and his sexual identity - might have been gay; exploring layers of identity - da Vinci's artistic genius from sexual identity

What is the primary focus of cubism?

Drawing

Pop Art returns to the ideas of...

Duchamp and being opposite of abstract expressionism

Potato Eaters (Van Gogh)

Dutch genre scene; stone-breaking; eager meal; sympathy for poor; monochromatic - Dutch; expressionism - how it feels; uses odd shapes and colors to enhance feelings; incredible deep carving in faces; light colors; dramatic lightly

Which artworks by Manet showed a noticeable shift in style?

Emile Zola and Nana

The beginning of modern art in US led to...

Expansion and economic influence

Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (Manet)

Famous bar at this time; bartender with mirror behind her; very bright - later Manet style; complementary colors paired; chandelier is off; man cut off on right; performer on stage; implies she is available (like a prostitute); implicate you are the man, mirror is flat but reflection is off - disrupts illusion of the space; sketchy, unresolved brushwork; not polished; he would not be seen as modern painter had he stayed with pics of boats, scandalous made him famous

The Gleaners (Millet)

Farm life, rural scene; genre scene/landscape; edgy - "stone breaking"; Glean - pick up the last scraps; 3 graces into poverty?; Red, blue, and yellow; between the two extremes of Courbet and Ingres; Dutch art discovered, every day appeal

The Angelus (Millet)

Farmers praying before working on farm; not idealized; sketchier; romantic color scheme from sunrise; rough like Courbet but instead more pretty

Which art style is described as being like a "wild animal" and involves bright colors and change of pace and quantity?

Fauvism

Displacement

Feelings/thoughts/people attached that has no connection

Nude in the Sun (Renoir)

Figure of nude - classicals would hate it; skin picks up complementary colors and not idealized; mocked in print - must drown in Seine because he paints a corpse - the woman is a corpse; Japanese abstract colors

Catalan Landscape (Miro)

Filled-in, fragments don't make sense; weird creatures; French and Catalan flag; interesting free association

Homage a Bleriot (Delaunay)

First pilot to fly across English channel to France; bright prismatic colors; not too Picasso, but overlays geometric shapes; African influence

Joy of Life (Matisse)

French cliche; Arcadia - rural landscape around Athens where everyone finds joy; color - break in that he doesn't want color to describe real world; arbitrary color - artist comes up with colors on their own whim (yellow grass?); abstraction - based on real world but don't have to make it realistic; edge to bright, harsh colors; seen as violating decorum; "Fauv color"; drawing ultrasimplified; Japanese colors; black outlines; simplifies figures; Venus pose - hands on head, sexed up

Free associaiton

Freud's idea that the conscious mind keeps the good stuff in the unconscious, and that the unconscious needs to be released

How does Manet die?

From syphilis

The Artist's Studio (Courbet)

Gallery at a World's Fair - a bust; Pavillion of Realism - tent showcasing his work; government buys your artwork and then you gain status; modern artists give up on Salon; self-portrait of Courbet in his studio; "cats bow down before kings" - bows to Courbet; allegory - abstract metaphor, "not real" but does summarize his work; left - commoners in his genre scene paintings; right - more elite people who supported his work; politics - French monarchy finally overthrown so he "looks back" POV in work; unevenness; dark muddy colors; "crude" drawing

Naturalism is mainly...

Genre scenes and landscapes (people within landscapes)

Cubist facets

Geometric shapes that make up a picture in a painting (triangles, squares, etc.)

Who was the government official who has a real estate group that bulldozed Central Paris?

Georges Haussmann

Over the course of the centuries, France changed from...

Government sanctioned classical art to free expression of art styles

Illuminated Pleasure (Dali)

Hand - 2 people at odds with oneself; weird, odd scenes; bugs and conflict; Dali supposedly hijacking surrealism

What best describes Manet?

He is rebellious and has no interest in classical sculpture

Ballet Rehearsals (Degas)

Held at opera; he lived there with performers; compositions and figures; colors toned down; loves to pair formal elegance with ballet pose, then with awkward pose of scratching back - contrast; diagonal and cropped; multiple POV - like panorama; never paints performances because no contrasts; more sexualized - a woman entertaining men

Le Figaro (Cassatt)

Her aunt; purple and yellow - most abstract; venturous Japanese abstracts - dramatic cut-off mirror

Dali is both well-hated and well-loved because he...

Hijacked surrealism but emphasized not overlooking crazy dreams

The City Rises (Boccioni)

Horses, factories, and planes; horses large part of industry; industrial might; used for plowing and carriages; diagonal composition to create movement; brush strokes all same and make forms; complementary colors

Treason of Images (Magritte)

Images are illusions; "this is not a pipe" though it's a picture; plays around with notion of reality; Freud - sexual images in form of objects - a penis?; Magritte smoked a different brand of pipe and was making fun

Which art focuses on feel-good emotions and not very edgy?

Impressionism

What era shifted art style to one more modern?

Industrial Revolution

Who did Degas admire the most?

Ingres - focus on disegno: figure drawing and composition

Automatic Drawing (Arp)

Ink spilled onto it, not planned out; straddling iconoclasm and being a creative art maker

Tilled Field (Miro)

Interested in Catalan independence; tired of cubism in Paris - "I want to smash their guitar" - reference to music in cubism; art ties back to childhood in Catalan - Freud's emphasis on child world shows; style faux child-work; horror vacui - fear of a vacuum - fill up page; creatures in child-like imagination; mix of animals and dismembered human pieces; conflict with male authority - tree smoking; sudden shift from day to night; free association automatism

Van Gogh believed that art...

Is a visionary

What country shut off from Europe, only to be forced into trade, causing an influx of this country's goods into Europe?

Japan

Self-Portrait (Van Gogh)

Japanese - colors; flat areas of color; black contour lines; now uses the red and green harshly; orange and red clash; luminous way

Pere Tanguy (Van Gogh)

Japanese inspired; complementary colors; Pere ran "hole in wall" art supply salesman; background new revelation; more brushwork alive and dramatic; not faint colors

What type of art are the Impressionists obsessed with?

Japanese woodblock painting

"The Store" (Oldenburg)

Like a dollar store - sold stuff cheaply; relates to ready-mades and conceptual art; turn away from the meaningfulness of abstract expressionism; paper mache junk; not ready-mades because actually made by artists; satires of abstract art; like anti-art by Dada

Who retired and lived in a Japanese-like home with bright, complementary colors?

Monet

What is the Futurist Manifesto about?

Looks back to Courbet - art of urban world; publish statement of principles (revel in the beauty of speed); shake Italy out of its sluggish state of mind

Girl and Mandolin (Picasso)

Lost color; musical reference; can see figure and background but have been fractured into pieces - cubist facets; no subject matter

The Horse Fair (Bonheur)

Loved painting animals - had to get pass dress to dress like a man to go out and paint; expensive horse racing - upper-class event; motion with horses but frozen by geometric scheme

Bathers at Asnieres (Seurat)

Loves bright colors but is annoyed by brushwork; "pointillism" - uses dots; doesn't want brushwork to mess up colors; his ideas - divisionism - you "divide" the colors - layer blue and yellow separately and then will make color; optical mix - little bits of separate color; creation of a color theory; great lumination

Who was a transformative figure that "created" modern painting?

Manet

Dada 3 (Tzara)

Marcel Janco did the woodcut image on the cover; graphic design; breaks all rules, doesn't belong cutting across page diagonally, purposeful overlay; new threads play out; quote from de Carte - "I don't even know if there was anyone before me" - take most rational philosopher and make to nothing

Who wrote Futurist Manifesto?

Marinetti

Rue Transnonian, litho (Daumier)

Massacre of innocence; young and old slaughtered by government troops

Two automatism painters in the surrealism movement were...

Masson and Miro

Who was a Fauvist artist?

Matisse

Joy of Life (Matisse) vs. Et in Arcadia Ego (Poussin)

Matisse - Happy - Seize the day - Radical in style Poussin - Allegory of death - More grim

The Persistence of Memory (Dali)

Melting clocks; narcissist - eye, nose, and eyelash creature is him; time is elastic - jumps around; beginning of time - evolution - amoeba-like creature; color off - surreal and visionary; thematically - allegory of mind

Birth of the World (Miro) vs. The Persistence of Memory (Dali)

Miro - Automatism - All about the process Dali - Dream-like - All about the product Both - Beginning of time as allegory of human mind - Things chaotic - Time and space elastic - Surrealism

Yacht Races at Argenteuil (Monet) vs. Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of the Grand Jatte (Seurat)

Monet - Bright and sunny leisure - Boat racing - Uneven brushwork - Impressionism Seraut - Disciplined, crip classical forms - Beyond Impressionism or undermine - Satire of Impressionist subject matter - Anti-Bourgouise leisure - Neo-Impressionism

With Rothko's art, he was...

More cerebral and articulate than Pollock; wanted strong subject matter and soulful meaningness; "Tragic and timeless"; big to be intimate

Stonebreakers (Courbet)

Most scandalous; poverty, backbreaking labor of smashing rocks; figures too young and too old - struggling, tasteless, and vulgar subject matter; technique - faces away; colors muted and browns; genre scene; modern art looks unfinished like a sketch; not too realistic-looking (details) - means that he paints what he knows ("keep it real"); classical does not deal with real world

Where do artists flee to away from Nazi-ridden France?

NY, USA

What does Orphism mean?

Named after beautiful musician

Dada Manifesto (Tzara)

Newspaper articles; different from Futurist Manifesto; statement of principles; almost an anti-Manifesto; "show" - demonstrate; establish notion of art as political protest tool

Cabaret Voltaire

Night club in Zurich founded by Hugo Ball

Nana (Manet)

One of Zola's characters in his novel; wrote a series of novels that shed light on modern life - department stores, coal mining; Nana in nightlife; Zola rejects French literature and creates more modern style; sex appeal work; demimonde - night life; demimondine - woman of the nightlife; woman entertainer - might as well be prostitute; she is supported by wealthy men, she is mistress; she is in underwear; sex is commerce; bright colors like Japanese woodblock prints; cropping of picture - comes from Japanese also

Bridge in the Rain (Van Gogh)

Painted copy of Hiroshige; cropped bridge; little space; flattened effect of rain

Moulin de la Galette (Renoir)

Paints like Monet but larger scale people; farmland became nightclubs; moulin - windmill - they are lit up; dancehall, orchestra; women are from working class, men from all walks of life; like Rubens's Garden of Love - people outdoor flirting and talking; figures stiff and not detailed; crazy colors in clothes and shadows; hazy and cropped; dazzle and modern life

Where did Dada enthusiasts move to after the war?

Paris

Franco-Prussian War

Paris starving; Germans blow up bridges - French surrender; civil war; part of Louvre burned down

Who was the art dealer who sold all of the artwork he brought to New York City (Americans love the beautiful work)?

Paul Durand-Ruel

Louis Philippe as Gargantua, litho (Daumier)

People of Paris starving and throwing stuff to king as king eats it and shits out new decrees; arrested for his work

Condensation

People/objects/time/space - regular world does not apply

Hans Namuth

Photographer for newspaper; captured pictures of Pollock working on art; action painting; most impact on modern art; iconic artwork in itself; "rugged individualism"

Which artist really knew nothing about African art but said, "it has good form"?

Picasso

Who is credited with creating cubism?

Picasso

Primitivism

Picasso's style primitive; art not from Europe

What is special about Andy Warhol?

Pioneer in creating the celebrity network

French Academic Classicism

Polished idealized perfection

Surrealism, similarly to Dada, focused on...

Political movements but in a less obvious way

Gestural Abstraction

Pollock

Comtesse d'Haussonville (Ingres)

Portraits popular; Comtesse an author; in dressing room, a visitor, curious look (appraising); gold standard - captured her personality; idealized skin; captured gesture; fluid anatomy; color; cat-licked finish

Woman Bathing (Cassatt)

Printmaking; cropped in mirror; little space; no modeling; flat patterns; neck and face run together

The Loge (Cassatt)

Purple and yellow; fields of white; dramatic strokes; man cut off, chandelier too; at the opera - but flattened out space; fan - commentary of Cassatt's art - knock off of Asian art

Olympia (Manet)

Reclining nude - combo of pose and servant and cat - reference to Titian's Venus of Urbino - classical reference; Victorine Meurent; sketchiness, not cat-licked fracture - surface; no modeling or transitional lines; palette not pretty; subject matter provokes prostitution; name is a "stage name" and pokes at mythology; she is sent flowers by client; "real world" - authentic prostitute; cat - anatomical joke; joke about Titian - reclining nude modeled was actually a prostitute; most critiques confused at how confident she is to be a prostitute, shameless; should be ashamed; does not have opened vulnerable neck; squared shoulders, looks directly at viewer; cat - blob of black paint with eyes, people would make fun of Manet by putting black cats in their work; not exhibited at Salon

Anarchists

Reject government authority

Realism

Rejects the classical style

#1 (Lavender Mist) (Pollock)

Rhythmic energy; optical world - intense like cosmos; huge automatism image but with viewer free to feel how they wish

La Danse (Matisse)

Rhythmic joyful figures holding hands; little orange people - arbitrary; flat, no modeling, black outline drawing; person stepping into the wall - not realistic color in your face - artificial - fauve

Boating Party (Renoir)

River in the background, bridge; figures splashed with orange and blue; hazy, feathery brushwork; figures are his acquaintances; straw hats on left sleeveless shirt indicate working on river - rich middle class; artist in right corner dressed like rich middle class; likes a range of people like how new modern life has a mix of people

Starry Night (Van Gogh) vs. Sunrise (Monet)

Van Gogh - Build on Impressionism - Dramatic movement - Colors not actual - Expressionism Monet - Oranges and blues - Natural - foggy - Impressionists hardly have recognition - Impressionism

Chromatic Abstraction

Rothko

Salon des Refuses

Salon of the Rejected

Afternoon on the Isle of the Grand Jatte (Seurat)

Satire of Impressionist subject matter; Seurat wants to represent upper-class leisure; prostitute and man, child and nanny - anti-Bourgoise leisure; layers of the colors - optical mix to create luminosity

Time Transfixed (Magritte)

Scale disjunction - fireplace a tunnel; frozen - train should fall - surreal; clock - stillness; smoke billowing from top; uncanny - looks normal but freaky; sexual theme?; his work is understated

Montparnasse

Section of Paris that artists moved to from Montmartre (cheaper)

Montmartre

Section of Paris that many artists lived (including Van Gogh) before it became a very wealthy area and many artists left

Eiffel Tower (Seurat)

Seen as an "iron corpse"; built for a fair and could not be torn down for 20 years; little oil painting; he liked it because no one else did; artists did not see as beautiful

Yacht Races at Argenteuil (Monet)

Seine River; view of leisure time - sailing; bright colors - complementary; opposite of Spanish manner; sketchy and fractured brushwork; reflection should not extend all the way down - creation of abstract space; "sunny and 70 degrees" uplifting and joyous

Automatism

Self-generating

Pop Art has the ______ fame cycle of any art movement

Shortest

Which influential figure influenced Surrealism?

Sigmund Freud

Berthe Morisot (Manet)

Sister-in-law, borrows money from Manet; modern painting based on Spanish manner and beyond; patchy black hat; no volume to shoulders like cardboard cut-out; thin from space; no horizon line; no transitional tones - abrupt change in value

The Dada style did what?

Smashed basic ideas that have dominated art-making in Europe

In Advance of a Broken Arm (Duchamp)

Snow shovel hung from a hook; why admire it?

Assisted ready-made

Something already made altered a bit to turn into an expressive art piece

Blue Nude (Matisse)

Souvenir - recording artistic pilgrimage; Matisse travels to North Africa, colonized by French; Japanese colors, flat space; copy off decorative textiles in Africa; European reclining nudes - not bulky; his is vague West African influence - thick thighs and scrunched; "unfinished" modern art looks; part of Armory Show 1913 - art show - Americans unaware of European art, held in NYC; people mocked style; Chicago - held art exhibition and school - they mocked his art, made copies and burned them

Gertrude Stein (Picasso)

Spanish artist painting American in France; American author who loved modern experimental art; most important art patron - helped pay Picasso's rent; she sat down a lot and Picasso kept changing the painting; mindset different from other artists; face most important - overemphasizing shapes - diamonds, triangles, geometry; flat face - too much nose, one eye smaller

Birth of the World (Miro)

Started with an accident - dropped his bagel with blueberry cream cheese on the canvas - emulated stains on entire work; lots of paint poured - diluted and streaks down; less realistic forms; more about depths of inner mind - beginning of world is beginning of consciousness; repression - mind throw out thoughts that are not acceptable; some people not able to repress feelings

Battle of Fishes (Masson)

Starts automatism - not planned, just letting it happen; war-like and bloody; artists had war experience; not all about the war; the war traumatized Europe and now they are trying to build self back up; spill glue on panel and pour sand over it, uncontrolled; abstract forms then draw stream of consciousness; unpolished style - sketchier; automatism more about process/journey and not actual product; make an artwork that bypasses conscious mind

Boulevard des Capucines (Monet)

Still, era of classic art - people didn't like it; looks unfinished; dabs of color, sketchy and uneven fracture; Japanese-billowing clouds; effects of light and atmosphere; he is "looking out a window"; plein-aire painting - painting outside; can now buy colored paint at the store; buildings and trees have different vanishing points, makes it look flat - like Japanese; Bourgeoisie Paris, watching world go by; creative license of color

The Red Studio (Matisse)

Subject matter - blah; loves 2D and 3D tension; corner on left tricks mind; stool flat but sculpture curvature makes 3D; dramatically abstract

Oath of Horatii (David) vs. Jupiter and Thetis (Ingres)

Subject matter mattered but now a shift in technique

The Song of the Lark (Breton)

Sunrise, walk into field to work; hears the birdsong; sentimental, natural and sweet; young farm women common; wealthy Americans start collecting European art - likes Naturalism because relateable natural farm life; homely appeal; people who created Target bought it, sold it to guy in Chicago; top painting in U.S. at time; voted most popular painting in U.S. 1930's

Elvis I (Warhol)

Superstar - he called his entourage; would be nice to be famous for 15 minutes; silk screens; black and white photos with silver pigments; some colored; Bob Dylan owned a dual Elvis and traded for a friend's couch - worth hundreds of millions of dollars; no comment works - not celebrating, just there

Van Gogh had the most empathy for...

The oppressed and poor

During the 20th century...

The pace of artistic change and quanitity became much higher

Classical artists focus on...

The past; conservative

Repression

Thoughts and feelings kept down in the unconscious appear in dreams

Unlike agriculture, industry is seen as being...

Tightly and densely connected

What was the purpose of Futurism?

To spread a political message through artwork (for Italy to gain back power); not an actual art movement; art as protest

Gold Marilyn (Warhol)

Took film still of her from Niagra; reproduction of pic; she recently died of drug overdose; riffing on Madonna Enthroned - surrounded by supernatural glow of light; after death her image has superstitious enthroned

Les Demoiselles D'Avignon (Picasso)

Transitional but breakthrough of cubist style; color ditched and subject matter odd; women in brothel?; 5 figures experimented to source from different things; left - Egyptian wall painting, one eye runs into bridge of nose, disjointed eyes; 2 Venus's; other 2 like African masks - nose bent, faces flat and geometric; African art generates his new style

Impression: Sunrise (Monet)

Travel, port city; industrial - cranes and ships in background in port; foggy; complementary colors; boats are blob of black paint; thick orange strokes; background thin; Impressionist exhibitions "trashed" - Louis Leroy wrote review on Impressionist show: accompanying a classical show - called "independent" art, psychotic break and had to be taken away; Impression - vague and unfinished; lack of rendered form

Great Bathers (Renoir)

Trip to Italy - likes classical art and walks back from Impressionism; figure on left posed and classical; lot more modeling; triangle; 3 graces; success - audience desensitized

Birth of Venus (Cabanel)

Triumph of Salon, kicked Luncheon out; classical mythological painting; elegant drawing; anatomy of putti - twisted; long contour lines; colors vibrant and seductive; smoothly polished; putti skeletal reflection of her body; Venus is modest - naked, hand up, side long glance; Manet did not like

Exquisite Corpse (Valentine Hugo)

Trying drugs, alcohol, and sleep deprivation to write poems - hallucinations enhance stories; Freud's free association - conscious mind keeping good unconscious mind away, want to release unconscious; This is a game using words to create odd sentences; could also be a drawing

Optical mix

Two separate colors placed by each other on a canvas, and from far away looks like a different color

Bourgeoisie

Upper middle class

Pointillism

Using dots of color to form a picture, typically to blend colors without actually blending colors

Transitional tones

Values

Garden of the Princess (Monet)

View of Central Paris, garden on the side of a palace; see a prospering city - French flag waving, hustle and bustle of streets; Parthenon in background - built as royal tomb but got swapped by middle class - changed to burial for famous non-aristocrats: those that achieve sciences and arts; governmental change; style like sketchy, raw, unfinished style that is "keeping it real"; grass not blended, pure colors; cropped on 3 sides like Japanese woodblock; juxtapositions of complementary colors - hints at abstract

Theo Van Gogh

Vincent's brother who was working in Paris with contemporary art

Boating Party (Renoir) vs. Pilgrimage to Cythera (Watteau)

Watteau - Bright color Rococo brushwork Renoir - Inspired by Rococo - Trying to find subject matter

Yellow House at Arles (Van Gogh)

Went to small village in south of France; he rented a room there to get away from Paris nightlife; blue and yellow - uplifting; painting about joyfulness; isolating small village, he's an "exotic foreigner"

Breakfast in Bed (Cassatt)

White paint w/ dramatic strokes; color is dramatic; highlights and shadows more artificial; patchiness; domestic scenes; rarely edgy - this is sensitive and sweet; Cassatt used relatives

Absinthe Drinker (Degas)

Woman not aware of glass in front because bottle empty; flat wedge and leads us to the figures; cropped; unusual subject matter

1917 Independents Exhibition

Young artists want art show with no jury; traditional exhibition not cool