ART - ACADEMIC DECATHLON 2023-2024

Concrete in Ancient Rome

likely the MOST significant technological innovation for Romans: concrete. - Made Colosseum, Roman Forum's ruins, and arches of Titus and Septimius Severus possible - Roman concrete, or opus caementicium made out of: broken stone, sand, lime mortar, and water - Roman extension of communication, trade through roads and bridges needed concrete, not just satisfied with Greek and Etruscan tech. - Likely not first to create (were ancient Near East), were FIRST to utilize it on a widespread scale - One use: putting concrete into wooden frames, creating super strong mass. Then covering exterior sides with stucco or marble revetment (facing).

kaolin clay

a chinese clay from Jingdezhen, used to make porcelain that is extremely white, translucent, and strong. Dominated for centuries. Success would have been impossible w/o Chinese emperor support.

Performance Art

a development that allows artistic expression to transcend traditional boundaries. Purpose is to create a real event in which the audience can participate but that does not result in a fixed, marketable artwork for a museum or living room wall.

ribbed vaults

a framework of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling

post-and-lintel construction

a long stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally across upright posts. the Greek Parthenon is a famous example.

pottery

a medium based upon the use of natural materials. Clay is the essential materia. Can be built using hands and simple tools, punching the thumb into center of the ball and pinching the clay creates this. - Then, potter's wheel allows manipulation of shape - the kiln, a specialized oven, will draw out all moisture and harden the pots permanently. Decoration occurs after

Modernism

a movement where natural forms and traditions were constantly changed in new ways and presentations - Picasso and Braque made Cubism. - Breaking up art into multiple perspectives and parts, nature. - Die Brucke, a group including Kirchner and Nolde created Expressionism- feelings & brilliant arbitrary colors - Totally abstract picture pioneered by Der Blaue Reiter and Russian painter Malevich, and Mondrian( De Stijl canvase modern art hallmark) - Harlem Renaissance - an American art change, fueled by of jazz, inspiring - In WW1: Dada, a movement from disaffected intellectuals who aimed to protest everything and lapoon norms. - Ready-mades, by Duchamp, were art forms that w/ ordinary object, challenged traditions. Such as Picasso's bicycle handlebars into bullhorns and a bicycle seat (Bull's Head) - Surrealists - a group of artists who attempted to portray the inner workings of the mind. - Bauhaus - school of design into byword of modern design, powerful stand. for arch. and design.

cobalt

a necessary element for blue pigment that is the essential coloring in blue-and-white porcelain. Only chemical capable of holding its color under extremely high temperature, introduced through trade w/ Middle East

photograph

a picture made by a camera, helped artists explore beyond non naturalistic art

contrapposto

a pose in sculpture that showed a natural position, body in its best advantage, weight shifted onto one leg

lithography

a process in which the image is drawn with a maxy pencil or crayon directly on a plate, which can be made of stone, zinc, or aluminium. Then, the greasy image is hardened, the plate is saturated with water. Ink is applied and sticks. Finally, it goes through a press.

screen prints

a process where a photo or image is transferred or adhered to a silk or syn. fabric that has been stretched onto a frame. The image is like a stencil, ink forced through the fabric, and areas not blocked out will have the image transferred to the paper.

carving

subtractive process where orginal material is removed: a strone chiseled away

premodern advances in technology

technological advances determined the shape and color of human cultures, from pigments in stained glass to Chinese kiln technology

ziggurats

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped, had many steps and were not very complex

craft, folk art, and popular art

terms applied to a variety of art forms across cultures - art forms that are largely utilitarian, even pottery, jewelry, fibors

local color

the "true" color of an object or area in normal daylight, disregarding distance/reflect

architecture

the art and science of designing and constructing buildings

composition

the artist's organization of the elements, whether in 2-D or 3-D. In paintings, it's the arrangement these elements on the picture plane; in arch., it's the organization in space.

Formal Qualities of Art

the basic visual components of a work of art line, shape, form, space, color, and texture.

intensity

the brightness or purity of a color. Unmixed primary colors are the most intense colors. Mixing decreases the intensity.

neutrals

the colors black and white, NOT HUES

Concrete Revolution

the dramatic changes in Roman arch. due to the development of concrete, especially after adding pozzolana sand to mortar for curing/setting under water with better durabitliy. Used since 2nd cen. CE - Again, inexpensive concrete was used for construction, where wooden frames molded it. It shaped war to worship. - Innovated in arch, vault, dome using concrete. Using concrete eliminated problems like strucural integrity if just one block of a vault would come loose. Allowed for easy windows and fireproof. - Extant Roman buildings still stand 2k years later due to concrete, even in earthquake-prone Italian peninsula

Baroque II

the exubert, expressive style associated with the 17th century art, derived from Porteguese word for irregular pearl - barroco -meaning luxurious yet contorted, even grotesque

horizon line

the horizontal line within an image that marks the horizon in the distance

mixed media

the name given to a category of artworks in which the artists uses several art media, sometimes with materials like fabric, rope, broken dishes, newspaper, and toys. Can be 2-D or 3-D

rhythm

the principle that we associate with movement or pattern - through the repetition of elements like lines and colors. Causes the viewer to see rhythmically across and around the composition

pattern

the repetition of certain elements, such as color or line, or motifs within a work of art. Regular repetition is repeating of elements to create regular patterns, like a checkerboard

Neoclassicism

a revival of classical Greek and Roman forms in art, music, and literature, challenged Rococo. - Jacques Louis David: paintings like Oath of the Horatii (pictured) illustrated republican virtues. Painter to Napoleon, large propaganda that undermined previous ideals. - David's pupil: Jean Dominique ingres: shows sharp outlines, unemotion, careful geometric composition, rational order.

dragon kilns

chinese kilns that were named for their long and thin shape and contained multiple chambers. Produced the worlds first porcelain objects, global epicenter for ceramic production.

drawing

- the most basic of all art processes - early art used walls until papers and pencils and pens and inks - based on use of lines, hard pencils make thin, light but soft make thick. Charcoal is soft enough to make the color show through when used lightly - shading: a method to change dark or light values - hatching: placing lines closely side by side - crosshatching: lines are crisscrossed for shading. Both shade objects and create a 3:D illusion - stippling: technique for shading by making a pattern of dots and changing the shading. - ink is usually opaque, but water can make ink translucent and show through the paper. - using pastels make drawings very fragile.

The Camera Obscura

- world's first "camera" not really camera today. - copied observable world & communicate visual info in unbiased manner - Later for "dark chamber," dark room w/ tiny opening like lens focusing an upside image of science outside onto opposite wall, used as drawing aid, appealed to those wanting to convey visual data: biologists, botanists, geologists - Known since Aristotle and Chinese phil. Mozi. Chamber smaller and portable, had lenses and internal mirror to right upside-down image. Could be traced on paper placed on glass plate installed on top of device. Did not encourage imagination (typical of drawing projection machines), stiff, formal images (Thomas Sandby's drawing of Windsor) - Tech that helped begin process of mech. sight. Only until 19th cen. did have key role in photography's invention

Egyptian preservation

- excellent conditions for preservation - burial customs decreed mummification and entombment with lavish furnishings, symbolic servants, and jewelry, resulted in rich stores of objects and images - King Tut: cleverly hidden tomb, survived robbings of other pharohs; burial mask in the innermost layer of the king's sarcophagus, rested on the face and shoulders. Made of gold, decorated with blue glass and semiprecious stones, an idealized portrait of the young king

printmaking

- the gorup of mechanically aided 2-D processes the permti the production of multiple original artworks - relief printmaking: the artists cuts away parts from the surface of the plate, to then make the remainders stand out - intaglio printmaking: opposite of RP. Lines are incised on the wood or soft metal plate. Carving tools are used to cut lines into the surface of the plate in a process caleld engraving. - etching (pictured): a process where the design is incised through a layer of wax or varnish applied to the surface of a metal plate

perspective

- the illusion of depth in 2-D artworks - Shading and highlighting on the borders to replicate light, placing objects lower on the picture to seem closer, and place objects higher to seem farther are all methods to create the illusion of 3-D. - larger objects appear closer, overlapping objects seem closer, and greater detail objects are also closer. - aerial perspective: objects further away appear lighter nd more neutral, lacking color or value - linear perspective: perspective based on the visual phenomenon that as lines recede into the distance, they appear to converge and eventually vanish at a point on the horizon: the vanishing point.

line

- the most basic of all art elements - many characteristics: bold, wide, repeating and broken lines - express ideas - horizontal and vertical: stable and static feeling - horizontal lines (like line of horizon): suggest peace and tranquility - curving and jagged: sense of activity

matrix

a carved slab of wood or metal that is used to make multiple copies of the same image, used in printmaking

underglaze painting

in blue-and-white glazed porcelain, the process where cobalt-blue pigment is painted onto an unfired porcelain surface, a thick clear gaze was applied and vessel was fired. Delicate, shiny, perfectly white vessel with blue ornamentation.

technological advances in "Age of Discovery"

inventions of the compass, full-rigged ship, and more transformed human exploration. Europeans raced to take wealth from new world, also exchange of raw materials, trade goods, and new knowledge.

value

lightness or darkness of a color or of gray, can be mainly dark, light, or contrasting

cast form

unfired clay or wax sculp. is encased in plaster. Then, the resulting mold can create more casts.

Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic Period)

- Warming climate, cave dwellers -> rock shelters with paintings 1. Eastern Spain - Estimated 7000 BCE to 4000 BCE. Similar to cave paintings, skill in animal figures. Unique bc human figure depiction - almost all cave paintings w/ no human beings. Rock shelters show humans dominating animals.

engraving

- a printmaking tech. that embellished metal surfaces with incised pictures, developed in antiquity and continue in Middle Ages. - Goldsmiths, armor designers were experts on designs on metal. - Lines cut into metal plate with a burin (steel shaft with diamond-shaped tip), lines hold the ink which is transferred to page. - Metal plates more durable, allows for diversity and fluidity, tone, shading, complex in design.

woodcut

- a printmaking technique where a design is carved directly into wooden block with chisels, gouges, or knives. - Oldest form, before 220 CE in China. - Gutenberg's use in press is 1423 print Buxheim St. Chirstopher. - Hand-colored, combines image and text, simple, heavy lines, thinner hatching lines in parallel rows denote shadows.

Printmaking II

- Well established before Gutenberg's invention's rise. - Used a matrix to make copies of same image, matrix rolled in ink then transferred to force of press. - By 1500, tech. allowed illustrations printed along text. - Techniques included woodcut and engraving. - Proved important in transference of ideas and spread of knowledge and iconography, especially in Age of Dis. - Examples were designs in Baroque churches, conveying of info about world, reproduction of artworks, like Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel painting.

Realism

- a reaction to Neoclassicism and Romanticism, inspired by the idea that painting must illustrate all features of its subjects, negative and ordinary. - Courbet, flamboyant and outogoing with outraging audience due to a painting called The Stonebreakers (pictured). Notable ones were Daumier and Millet.

canvas

- a strong, tightly woven fabric that is stretched tightly across a woodne framme and - primed with a paint binder called gesso, - people used to paint on, replaced walls or on solid wood supports. - Intro. in 14th Italy. - Humid Venice: no frescos or wood panels survived for long; canvas supports favored first here - 1600: spread across Europe, replaced wood panels completely - Smoother surface, durable, portable, lower price: most pop. for past 400 yrs.

asymmetrical balance

- a visual balance that is achieved through the organization of unlike objects, often more complex than symmetrical balance. - one way to achieve is through putting heavier, more solid objects on one side or on the center, with smaller objects offisde - another way is to create a focal point where the eye tends to rest, this point is more dominant that other parts, like color and shape.

Renaissance in Southern Europe II

- Botticelli: Painted The Birth of Venus: a female beauty, long necked, languid pose, flowing hair, one of first paintings of full length nude female - Leonardo da Vinci: inventor, architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician. Locks along canels, sub and heli drawings are used today. The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa are pop. culture. Sfuato in Mona Lisa - Michelangelo di Buonarotti: reputation as sculptor in contest; turned flawed piece into version of David (1504). 1505, designed Pope Julius II's tomb. Sculpted Moses (1513-15), The Dying Slave (1513-16), and The Bound Slave (1513-16). Pope canceled tomb, Mich. was reluctant - Michelangelo: 1508-12 constructed ceiling of Sistine Chapel, astonishing tour de force, new restoration controversial

porcelain

(West) high-fired (about 1300F) white ceramics with translucent bodies that make a ringing sound when struck. Elegant, delicate, and ethereal.

SELECTED WORK: Magnet TV, Nam June Paik, 1965

- "father of video art;" Korean born American artists Name June Paik. Vanguard of TV as artistic medium, treated TV screen like cavas, with precision, color,lyricism, refasioned perceptions with thought-proking sets, live performances, global broads, etc. During technolgies in life period, established unprecedented conceptual realtionship between tech. and human life. , sought to dislodge comfortable view of tech. - Magnet TV, 1965 his earliest TV-based artworks. Depicts a black and white Conrac CRT TV inside a Magnavox cabinet, modified. IMPORTANT: Paik rewired TV to not recieve signals, large horseshoe on top; magnet bends and distorts signals to create abstract geometry on screen. Destroying intended function = electronic sculpture. - 1st ex. in 1965 was interactive, viewers encour. to move magnet. The instanteous effect had 1960s performance art into medium of sculpture; Halted in 1982 to safety. - Connected principles of then dominating Abstract Expressionism. Removed hand of a

Lux Nova

- "new light" in Latin - Christian church used symbolic sign. of glass. - Bk. of Genesis: God's first words are "Let there be light" Christ described himself as "the Light of the World." - Colored light conveyed the high divine; Abbot Suger called it lux nova. Described heavenly aura of radiance, lets "True light pass into the church." - Stained glass changes w/ weather, season, time of day.

Timeline (400 BCE-Early 15th) (All circa except indicated)

- 400 BCE: camera obscura invented - 3rd Cen. BCE: Roman concrete intro. using Greek and Etruscan processes - 200 BCE - 200CE: Magnetic compass invented in China - 80-100 CE: Mummy w/ Portrait of Youth created - 126-28 CE: The Pantheon constructed in Rome. - 200: Chinese artisans have first kilns, first porcelain - 1180: Flying buttress at Notre Dame transforms Gothic - 1190: First recorded use of compass in Western Europe - (exact) 1221−30: Chartres Cathedral's South Rose Window constructed in France. - (exact) 1294: Mongels conquer near all Asia, largest land empire human history. - (exact) 1297 − Wang Chen reintroduces moveable type with the publication Nung Shu. - 1300: Chinese blue-and-white porcelain is refined by Yuan dynasty potters at Jingdezhen. - Early 15th: Jar with Dragon created in China.

SELECTED WORK: Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, Artemisia Gentileschi, c. 1623-25

- 1600: Charge of Renaissance waned; center Florence to Rome. Baroque: grandiose, turbulent, very dramatic - Aretemisia Gentileschi: great career in male dom. and unjust treatment, yet made strikingly realistic with lush fabrics, flesh, hair, and even blood. Oil paint: highly naturalistsic, meticulous, drama and realism - Famed for painting women of strength, passion, and vulnerability, violent subjects, heroize women. - Judith: saved city of Bethulia in Old Testament. Decapitated enemy general with sword. Pop. for erotic and violent scenes - Gentjileschi's painting: Judith and maidservant fearful of discovery in escape. Judith holds Holoferne's oversized sword, left hand in alarm to an action beyond image. - Maidservant shoved Holofernes' head in sack. - Tension: washes scene with fear. Is somebody coming to witness this? - Golden light from left = climactic, contrasting light and dark is called tenebrism, in Baroque style. - Theory that early raping by teacher = female bravery

SELECTED WORK: Moses Williams, Raphaelle Peale and Moses Williams

- 1802-1803: Moses Williams enslaved by Peale, Williams operated physiognotrace in Msm. Took bust of young man, lock of hair waves down infront of forehead, delicate face features ties at base of hair, cravat at neck also unfurl jauntily. Further dimenion and visual interest - Williams highly skilled, bought freedom, even two story house and married Peale's white cook - challenged dichotomous racial stritures of his day, declaring identity as man with historical history power, excavated trace of people of color - Silhouette went from Williams to Independence Hall to everyday Americans. Plain style reflected new nation, republican w/ modesty and rejected ornament - Silhousettes not bias towards social classes, represented reality and a specific indiv. Detailed shape + formless interior is metaphoric for merging of indiv. with nation, aboslute present and abstraction into multitude.

Photography Events

- 1830s Brazil: French art. and cart. Antoine Hercules Romuald Florence. Light-sensitves to copy documents by covering glass plates w/ dark mixture of gum arabic and soot, scratch designs on darkened plates, putting them on light-sen paper thourhg silver cloride (darks in light presense). Light sen. neutralized with ammonia solution, stopping darkening. By 1832, Florence used this tech. to print diplomas, tags, called method photographie, Greek for "light" and "witing" - 1839 Louis Daguerre's method took details and beat Florence's, but Florence's removal from cutting edge science centers -> unconventional thinking, practical need and problem solving = hallmark in tech. advances - England: enthus. amateur scientists Thomas Wedgewood and Humphry Davy similar experiements, w/o Florence's success in fixing captured image w/ chemicals. Last dec. of 18th cen, tried fixing objects shadow on flat sheets of paper and leather (light sen. through silver nitrate). Unbeknownth, silver nitrate not sufficient to hold light-forms w/o fixing agent for halting. Wedgewood died in 1805 before world's first permanent image written with light.

SELECTED WORK: The Horse In Motion, "Sallie Gardner," Eadweard Muybridge, c. 1878

- 1870s, question: what moment when all four horse hooves left the ground at same time? Answered by photography, moments were too quick. - Muybridge at Standford's racecourse in Palo Alto: 12 cameras space at 21 inch int, attached to wires that the horse tripped. Designed high-speed shutter, electro-timer, speeds of 1/1000 specond, broke time and motion into discreet, visible units. - Published in now-iconic compendium of 12 grid images, illustrate consecutive phases, held miraculously aloft, Unlike impressioniss, employed obectivity of camera, rather than subjectivity of human eye - Success: then worked at Penn university w/ Thmas Eakins. Produced 20k+ studies of men jumpting, boxing, etc, and women dancing, making beds, and animals. Produced Animal Locomation, most important photographic study for him and offered lots of value. - Poplarity reveals fasination of the stilled motion; long exposure times could not capture movement, instaneously photo represented fast time and shifting

SELECTED WORK: The Bridge at Argenteuil, Claude Monet, 1874

- 1874: first Impressionist exhibition - Claude Monet painted Argenteuil Bridge 7x, depicts the brilliance of light reflecting off water on a summer day, sketchy brushstrokes blend to form view of Seine River w/ boats to Argenteuil, picturesque suburb of Paris - Up close: variety of brushstrokes, texture of markers to objects; sky and clouds w/ smooth, soft strokes of delicate paint; geometries of bridge w/ firm outlines and linear brushtrokes, visible; trees have thick and rough; water's motion has choppy singular strokes of Prussian blue, cerulean, ochre, mauve, and white, feathery and firm, glossy gives motion and mystery - used complementary colors on color wheel (complementary orange on masts + blue on water = pleasing) - Monet advised American artist Lilla Cabot Perry to forget objects, think of it like squares, oblongs, streaks of colors as it looks, the exact color and shape until the impression of scene is reached. Basically like seeing world for first time -> new path into modernity

Eadweard Muybridge and Instanteous Photography

- 19th century industialization: telegraph, cotten gin, visual arts binding disparates - Photography greatest impact, painters no longer represented world, artists free to color and form. Impressionism in 1872 emergence aimed photography of animal locomotion in California, a galloping horse. New tech made rapid shutter speed possible, this was instant photography.

Prussian Blue

- 1st modern pigment; Until Enlightenment dawn, most colorants nat. - 1704: Berlin dis. 1710: Recognized. Sellings in shop. - Chem. stable blues (no fade to light) were luxury. Ultramarine most $ (lapis lazuli) - Simple error of Jacob Diesbach, needed iron sulfate and potash for red lake; to economize, potash Dippel gave was previously used, unknown animal fat. - Alkali reacted with oil to K ferrocynaide. Combined with iron sulfate into iron ferrocynide (PB, a boon) - Watteau's The Italian Comedians (~1720). For lute player's silk stockings and cape across gold figure. Little use, people lean towards center white perf. - Non-toxic, stable, 10% cost of ultramarine. Rich Rococo scenes. - Perronneau's A Girl with a Kitten in 1st half of 1740s; vibrant dress and shadowed blue; muted contours, feathery textures, and soft colors - Not perfect; mixing = diluted and UV sensitivity. Anna Atkins, 1st recog. female photographer, capitalized, groundbreaking plant cyanotypes.

New Stone Age (Neolithic Period)

- Western Europe - Rings or rows of stone, early as 4000 BCE. Very Large (17 ft tall, 50 tons), coined "megaliths" or great stones. - Stonehenge in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. Built in phases around 2100 BCE, concentric rings with sarsen stones and "bluestone" indigenous rocks. - Outermost ring with huge stones in post and lintel construction ( two upright pieces topped with crosspiece or lintel). - Next ring all bluestones, encircle horseshoe shaped row of five lintel-topped sarsen stones - Outside formation, NE = vertically placed "heel-stone." - stand in center of rings and looks marks the point at which the sun rises on the midsummer solstice.

SELECTED WORK: South Rose Window of Chartres Cathedral, France, 1221-30

- 876: Church at Chartres got Mary's veil at Christ's birth. 1194 burning: Mary wanted new church. - Largest collection of medieval stained glass, >180 13th. cen. Cover 28k sq. ft. illustrating bibliclal scenes - Rose windows: decorated circular windows. Series of radiating forms, tipped by arch at outside of circle. Bars between forms joined at center by stone circle, integrate many parts, perfection & eternity - South Rose Window: Glorification of Christ. Center is seated Christ, right gesture of blessing. Encircled by angles and Elders of Apocalypse (each wears crown and perfume and instrument). Show destruction of the world in the book of Revelation, vision gestures to beyond boundaries of visual and pictorial. Christ's supernatural, heart of heaven. - Below is lancet windows (slender, pointed) w/ New Testament sitting on Old Testament shoulders (Central is Mary holding Christ Child, Left to right: Jeremiah carrying Luke, Isaiah w/ Matthew, Ezekiel w/ John, and Daniel w/ Mark.)

The Automobile

- After TV's communication + delivery impact, automobile shaped movement of people and goods in cities, development altered. Primary transport in US during 10s, 20s, propelling society of consumerism and new paved roads during same time. - 20s: automobile influenced steel, petroleum, rubber, tourism, economies like roadside resturants and motels. - 1956: Eisenhower signed largest public works program in US history, Interstate Highway Act: 41k mile system of national highways to improve road saftey, efficiency, etc. Vast system, major cities in nonstop network. - "Car culture" the new era was present. Automobile = rapid developing of suburbs about cities, no more downtown districts, arch. of Amer. home. 1980: 87.2% US households at least one motor, 51.5% > one. Autodependent, few other have imfluenced work, live, play. - Like TV, modern artist looked to form of automobile for titanic works of sculptures. Hunking boudlers of twisted metal engage w/ critiquting and celebrating

SELECTED WORK: Benin Plaque with Oba, Edo Ethnic Group, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries

- All adorned palace halls in Benin: complex w/ series of atrium courtyards, glorified oba in prestige, status, and achievements, oba strength in spirit world - Today brown. Was lighter & gleaming and polished. Often glistening in light entering audience hall through open atrium - Impression of pillars made of solid bronze - Depiction: powerful oba dominates leopards, beaded coral regalia, coral = wealth & take life; crown = supreme leader - Leopard w/ coral collars with small bells, tamed? Held both hands; restricted symbol only associated with oba, beautiful speckles + spots - 2 mudfish from waist: oba move between divine & earthly worlds. Man's leadership, political & ritual - Rigidly symmetrical, impressive variation in sculp. Oba head high relief (forms high from plaque surface), river leaf motif in low relief. Mastery of lost-wax. - 1:4 head:body: principle of African art & cosmology, destiny in the head, seat of intelligence & character, symbolic, no natural. Oba over man.

SELECTED WORK: Penn Station, Interior, Berenice Abbott, c. 1935- 38

- American ph. berenice Abbott returned to NYC after Paris career; saw sudden transformation, states that we can see the old and new contrasts, but photography can capture the swift changes today before they are forever lost - Convictions shaped work: documenting urbanizing NYC, funding from Federal Art Project in 1935 and published in 1939 as Changing New York, a classic text in photography. - One image was Penn Station, Interior depicting the interior view of the soaring train hall at Pen. station. Precisionist view: Abbott employs "worm's-eye-view perspective by tiling angle of camera upward to glorify soaring glass-and-irong ceiling. Somewhat religious reverence - Long exposure made filtered light hazy, heightening tonal contrasts. Few humans who were stationary throughout long exposure are present, lending gravity to what should be a busy station, artful celebration of technology: the photo. medium, artful manipulations, and arch. of glass and metal - Offering to one of new cathedrals, Penn station became impressive engineering feat, most magnificent and most architecturally significant buildings in NYC. - 1963: railway station demolished due to falling demand, public outrage is too late, but controversy cited as catalyst for preservation moment in the US and especially NYC. 2 years after demolition commenced, NYC passed preservation act and made NYC Landmarks Preservation Commision - Remains are Abbott's photographs, fulfilling ambition through her archive. Said that "Photography...teaches you to see." We are also made to see the celebratory spirit of industrial progress, modern design, and artful possibilities

Memorialization in Ancient Egypt

- Ancient Egyptians: death was only way to journey into eternal life, must be physcially preserved w/ possessions - Mummification: embalming and wrapping of body for preservation. Later, very decorated coffins (sarcophagi) were built. Bodies that did not last -> used portrait to be buried to hold dead's ka, or soul. - 72 day process: removing decaying organs except heart (seat of understanding). Packed in dry natron, compound of NA carbonate and NA bicarbonate, dehydrating. Washed, treated with oils and ointments, wrapped with up to 20 lay. of linen. - Life-likeness: sunken areas filled with linen and other stuff, fake eyes also. Organs embalmed in jars now called canopic jars. Buried with mummy. - So successful we can still see what life was 3k years ago.

Late Classical Period

- Architecture declined, Athens defeated. -Temples used simple Doric columns, Corinthian became more popular. - Hellenstic Period: Greek blends with Asia Minor styles: free standing sculps, likeVenus de Milo and Laocoon Group (pictured)

Physiognotrace

- Before photography's invention, global introduction in 1839, most prominent portrait taking was silhouette. First, traced sitter's cast shadow, cut out or painted in the outlined form, shape exists as record of body. Oil portraits hrs. to days; shadow portraits as called in 19th were inexpensive, minutes - Physiognotrace: mechanized contraption capable of copying traded profile onto twice-folded piece of white paper: multiple copies. Conveys action (trace) and subject it reproduced (physiognomy, person's facial features or expression) - 1786 by Gilles-Louis Chretien. Part entertainment, part artistic venture. By 1802, Charles Willson Peale incoporated into offerings of new msm in Phil., the first natural history museum in Anerica - 1st, climb into wooden structure, sit, turn pose to pose. Machine used attached pantograph to trace silhouette, the shadow cast upon screen set between silhouettist and subject. Multiple portraits. Cut away at paper center, leaving hollow cut image. After laid over black paper, cut materialized into head in profile. Essentially semi-automatic portrait and keepsake that recorded the face of the sitter, to be framed - Peale's project and physiognotrace grouped in physiognomy and phrenology (pseudo-sciences preivileging the face as coded vehicle revealing the charcter within - Shifted standards for portraitrue, no longer idealized representation accepted without question, favored truthful, accurate, and real images of themselves and their loved ones, groundwork for photography success

Byzantine and Medieval Art

- Byzantine: Mosaic work with mainly Christian content, churches in Ravenna - Medieval: Education and Latin reserved for clergy; artistic ideas shared in Book of Kells (late 8th-9th.) and Coronation Gospels (800-810). - Early Medieval (375-1025): Nomadic Germans metalwork. Abstract, decorative, geometric, often small-scale, portable jewelry or ornaments of bronze-gold with jewels. Wood designs and sculptures on Viking ships. - Late Medieval (pictured): Church architecture important. Early styles had Roman arch (Romanesque), like Saint-Sernin. Often stone vaulted, replacing churches with flammable roofs. Formed from tunnel of arches called a barrel vault. Windows and doors small, decorated with carvings and relief sculptures. - Gothic : 1st half of 12th cen to 16th cen. Construction of churches mainly: pointed arches for soaring sense, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, larger windows with stained glass: Chartres Cathedral in France

Stained Glass in Gothic Architecture

- Cathedrals images of heaven. - "Gothic" coined by Giorgio Vasari, diverges from Romanesque. Instead of roman arch, Gothic architects had pointed arches in vaults. - Less buttressing to vaults. Thinner walls, more windows and illumination, illusion to heaven. - flying buttresses -> more glass - stained glass synonymous with Gothic. Radiant color and luminous beauty; needed molten mixture of silica (sand), potash (lower melt point)), and lime (stabilizer), plus oxides to stain the glass. Then, pour glass into cool or shaping it. - Costly and labor-intensive. Drew composition, glaziers cut panes and flashed. Painters added details, then heated glass to fuse enamel. Frags. "leaded" or joined together by strips of lead then web of iron.

Ancient Mesopotamian Art I

- Civilizations lacked natural barriers and protection - perishable materials lead to fewer art examples - Sumerians (pictured) (4000 BCE) created impressive sculptures and buildings; religion lead to massive temples. - Akkadians (2334 BCE) were under control. Loyalty to the king; rulers depicted in freestanding and relief sculptures. Came to end in 2150 BCE

Photographic Portraiture: Democratization and Control

- Douglass had faith in photography to fight inequalities, said it went from luxury to humblest of servants - But, used or nefarious purposes. Objectivity & precision -> faces of immigrants and criminals for control and surveillance - Reinforce anti-abolitionists, favored inferiority and inhumanity of human beings with darker skin tones. 1850: Loui Agassiz (Prof. of Zoology at Harvard) comissioned pictures of men and women pictures from all viewes. Wanted proof of theory of polygenesis: Africans not direct descendents of first humans, actually offspring of second, justifying social systems of white supremacy, racism, and slavery. - Zealy worked under Agassiz; Zealy photographed different human "types" as antropological "specimens,": disturbing - Photos of slaves stripped and laid bare with whip marks, scars, disfigurations proved violent and violating technology of photography. - Eve of Civil War in 1861: daguerreotype waned, overtaken by wet-plate proccess. Wet-plate allowed unlimited paper prints (positive) from single exposure (negative, product of wet-plate process). Multiple prints = meet higher demand. Such negative to positive process was default for next 150 yrs, until 21st cen. digital tech.

Roman Art

- Early: Reflected Etruscan - 2nd Century BCE: Sculps and artworks were varied Greek works, rulers presented like greeks - Engineering Pioneers: concrete to fill spaces in walls and huge domed buildings....arch to build brides and aqueducts for paved road systems to effectively communicate. - Two engineering monuments: Colossum (pictured) (72-80 CE) and Pantheon (126-128 CE) - Relief sculptures: roman emperors or victories, also for funerals, tombs, sarcophagi. - Portratis: Ranging in size tiny busts to huge status. - Art favored not naturalistic sytles, more of idealistic styles. - Impacted Middle Ages, Renaissance, and beyond.

Islamic Art

- Emerged from prophet Muhammad and his revelations in the holy book, the Koran. - Koran's scriptures dictate non-figurative, abstract, and/or calligraphic decoration and art. - Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is part of Islamic arch. and has sacred meaning to Jews and Christians. - The mosque, with its qibla wall facing towards Mecca is a site for communal prary. Mosque arch. can be found in many forms today.

SELECTED WORK: Frederick Douglass, c. 1855

- Exposure time became < 1 min. American Samuel Morse brought process, spread to all cities. Tied to commercialization of image, loved mini portraits. Infinitely detailed drawn by light and processed like magic. Today, not light sens, or fading, tones and shades are more accurate. - Daguerreotype portait of Frederick Douglass: stoic stare, brow in concentration, dark eyes clear and bright, fashionabilly stiff collar, cravta, and black coat, hair carefully brushed back from forehead, stylish and refined gentleman. - Douglass thought impossible to get an "impartial portrait" from a white painter due to theory of black people. - "Written by light," no biases forom painters. As a result, fought prejudices found in racial caricatures and stereotypes - Confidence -> Douglaass photographed himself repeatedly; astonishing that he was most photographed in 19th century (>160, while army officer George Custer with 155, Lincoln at 126) Understood power of images to define policcal narratives - Demanded unimpeded visual ground, no props unlike fellow Tubman and Truth. He did not smile, play into "happy slave" stereotype, ever-serious indicated fierce conviction of abolition; disrupted negative caricatures of African Americans by presenting as intellectual and a human being. Challenged basis of slavery.

Television

- Film Tech: Accomplished disparate things, communication, propaganda, advertising, integrated into human life; rapid growth of one prominent machine: television - America's first commercially produced TV sets based on mech. system, by Scottish John Baird, first public in 1928, stations broadcasting after. - 1946: 6k houses with TV, 1951: 12M homes. Late 1990s: 98% US homes with one TV, average > 7hrs. . WW2 most important growth in 1950s and 60s, research on systems, especially radar, improved. - WW2 as turning point in art history. Nucleus from Paris to New York, America's first major art movement, global interest: Abstract Expressionism, flourished in NY in 50s, 60s. Type of abstrat art charcterized by gestural brushstrokes and impression of spontaneity. - Postwar: Shift in kinds of materials. Machine made materials key aspect, no longer theme/inspirtion, now art itself.

Persian Art (c. 538 BCE - 330 BCE)

- Flourished in present-day Iran. - Palace at Persepolis: stone, brick, wood reflecting Egyptian architectural influence

balance

- the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art - symmetrical balance: a balance achieved when elements of the compos. are repeated on both sides, like folding a paper, often in formal styles like columns

SELECTED WORK: The Annunciation, Fra Filippo Lippi, c. 1450-53

- Fra Filippo Lippi's egg tempera painting on semicircular wooden panel (shape is lunette) likely to hang over door or bed. - decor for the wealthy, during Renaissance Florence - depicts Annunciation of Virgin Mary (announcement of immaculate conception of Christ) with archangel Gabriel at left. Hand of God visible at top, gestures divine blessing to Mary (white dove over her lap). Annunciation pop. in 15th. - Lippi, key painter of Italian Quattrocento, depicts perspectival scheme defining the space, illusion of recession into space, elements like patterned floor tiles and receding balustrades with garden foliage - Annunciation demonstrates inf. of earlier masters of perspective: Masaccio was seen early. - Effective deployment of linear perspective, imagery maintains older traditions of unreal. Christian symbolism. Holy narrative, bringing of divine prescences - Invisible phenomena: hand of God, dove, golden halos.

SELECTED WORK: View from the Window at Le Gras, Nicéphore Niépce, 1827

- French amateur scientists Nicephore Niepce experimented w/ images. - started with light-sensitive coated in silver cloride; exposing in camera obscura found image indistinct. No way to halt action of light, tone sof images were reversed, dark became light, light became dark. This became known as negative, the corrected tones are positive. - Niepce attempted to copy engraving w/ sunlight; in 1822, saturating engraving with oil makes transparent, afer exposure to bitumen of Judea, areas beneath dark parts remained soft, bemeath light became hard. Rinsing of plate with lavender oil to wash away soft areas remained an engraved plate. Etching followed through acid and inking. - In 1827, used similarly prepared plate on a window ledge at Le Gras; after eight hours, the plate was removed and washed. The resulting plate was a blurry but visible negative of the scene, looking to the neighboring buildings to the landscape beyond. After exposing it to iodine fumes, it was somewhat reversed in tone, with greater contrasts. - First directly positive image, direct positive has no separate negative, physically exposed to the scene it depicts. The image cannot be reproduced, the world's oldest surviving permanent photograph - Depicts upper story of the Niepce residence serving as pigeon house on the left side; center has a slanted roof of a barn; exposure to moving sun for 8 hrs led to sunlight being shined on the roof and both ends of the buildings.

Renaissance in Southern Europe I

- Giotto di Bondone, known for frescos, simple perspective, looking into the event, powerful gestures, emotional expressions - Lower-level artisans more recognized - 1401: Lorenzo Ghiberti designed doors for Florence's baptistery: sacrifice of Issac (classical Greek figure). Then asked to make another set, which took 25 years and Michelangelo called them "Gates of Paradise." (PICTURED) - 2nd place: Filippo Brunelleschi: constructed huge vault through double-shelled dome design - Masaccio, Renaissance painter, used Brunelleschi's theory: both linear and aerial perspective. - Donatello: founder of modern sculpture, often classical. Bronze statue of David is 1st freestanding nude statue cast , end of life: naturalism and character, action.

SELECTED WORK: The Behaim Beaker, probably 1495

- Glass like canvas; Venetian glass makers with own decoration and style: Christian religious images, gold foils, etched designs, etc. - Behaim Beaker well-known for such decoration. Depicts Behaim family coat of arms with framed tableau images of Saints Catherine and Micheal - Exemplifies advanced cristillo tech. and shows luxury trade between Venice and Germany. - Ren.: noble famliles formed alliances through strat. marriages, such as new coat of arms with newly combined heralid symbols to household objects. Behaim Beaker likely show Micheal IV Behaima + Katharina Locherin, inclusion adds the holy namesakes. Venice custom-make. Alps -> Nuremberg (375 mi.) - Venetian painter likely not family with Nuremberg; used a pattern from Behaim, missing shield cutout, nohelmet breathing holes - Ornamental decoration: tapped into fashion trend of disegno, claimed to be more delightful, polite. - Demonstrates impressive Venetian cristallo and connection to northern Europe during Age of Dis.

The Americas Art

- Great civ. such as Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, and Aztec, with pyramids rivaling those in Egypt. - Pyramid of the Sun in Mexico is one of the best known. - Carvings on Mayan ruins and arch. marvels, statues in clay and stone, and fine textiles and jewelry symbolize these civ. - North America lacked preservation conditions. But, native Americans of the SW had remarkable arch. skills in their pueblo complexes, with over a 100 rooms with many stories.

Ancient Egyptian Art (c. 3000 BCE to 332 BCE)

- Great monuments: the Sphinx, the great pyramids at Giza, the larger-than-life-sized statues of the pharaohs, and the portrait head of Queen Nefertiti

Mass-Produced Tubed Paint and The Impressionists

- Impressionism: bold new way to see world; bright, shifting light, sketchy relied on oil-based paint. Prus. Blue. hardly to colors in 19th cen, portable and long-lasting due to metal paint tube. - Natural world alive w/ magnificent colors. Not captured with trad. paints. Painted en plein air (in the open air) or outside, observe natural changes. Claude Monet: work several canvas to capture precise moment - Capture of "vibration of color" though 1770s chemistry developments. New elements added -> new colors, such as chrome yellow, emerald green, reds from rocks, new colors - Newly mech. processes: 1740s pigments crushed in stone rollers in paint mills (horse powered); 1820s used steam but hand grinding got skill and judgement; 1836 kinks used mech. ground pigments for high quality oil paitns - Collapsible metal tube (1841) by John Coffe Rand (America). Drying out at time fixed by pig bladder with string, holes burst open. Took patent in March on "metallic collapsible tubes" from tin and sealed with screw cap, usability and no leaking were benefits. - Artists supplies outside, paint en plein air (directly from nature) instead of studio/sketches. Auguste Renoir claimed w/o tubes, no Cezanne, Monet, etc. or Impressionism - Metal paint tubes initiated shift to impasto effects (Itaian verb "impastare" or knead or paste, thickly laying paint on canvas for sticking out). Thick consistency -> stiff brushes for texture. Newly patented folding easels = more mobile. - Mechanization and commercialization distanced painters from materials, now can purchase paint over DIY. Zenith with American Abstract Expressionist Jackson Pollock, canvas w/ synthetic paint from plastic called acrylic

African Low-Wax Casting

- a method of metal casting practiced by nearly every civ. in the world. - first, molds soft metal like clay into desired shape and covers with wax. - Coat of clay over wax, supported - Wax melted to flow away, leaving hollow space between two layers - Molten brass into hollow space - Metal cools = clay cut away, ready for any action. - Extensively practiced on African continent, origin unknown. - Theorized method in Africa was used before first Portuguese in 1484 - Oldest and most advnanced made in Africa dated to 9th cen. Made Benin bronze plauges, inheritors of a long tradition of lost-wax casting stretching back to medieval.

SELECTED WORK: Velvet White, John Chamberlain, 1962

- John Chamberlain: One of most influential Abstract Expressionists, far from oil + canvas from friends Kline and Kooning (similar styles both Abs. Express.). - Chamberlain sculp: mangled fenders, doors, bumpers, and hoods of cars - Worked with such materials in Junk Art, late 1950s assemblage. Summer of 1957: Used automobile as integral part of art - 5 yrs. after Shortstop....the art Velvet White depicts exhaust pipes, gaskets, and doors original to salavaged car. Scholars noted crushed and compressed parts are like evocative and critical of America's thousands of fatal car crashes - Crushed and hollow metal symbol of industry, hints to production + disposal, reveals central position of automobile in American culture. Bashed and warped forms show violence, but monochrome eleganece, lightness, velvet-soft exterior is celebratory - Early 1960s: cars nationalistic ideals of freedom, wealth, and cutting-edge tech. Scholars, critics state sculptures are critique of consumerist culture, ca

Benin Bronzes

- Kingdom of Benin in Nigeria today. - Plaques were corpus of more than 850 metal reliefs hung in audienct court of the oba (king), size of two papers and two inches thick. - Larger group called "the Benin bronzes" included sculptures of figures and animals, objects in ivory and coral - Visitors awed by Benin city, Benin traded with Portuguese in 16th cen. spurred progress of metal casting. Eventually, raw materials ran out. - Imported product compensated for this. Brass bracelets called manillas brought by Portuguese, like currency but also melted down to art made of brass. In exchange, Portuguese got pepper, cloth, ivory, and slaves.

Nubian Art

- Kingdom of Nubia - South of Egypt, large area of Africa - New knowledge uncovered - Nubia ruled Egypt once, pharohs were nubian - Few collections, more to be revised

Etruscan Art

- Known for arts of tomb decoration - No buildings (were made of brick and wood) - Ceramic models depic tiled, gabled roofed temples with Greek columns - Artifacts include sarcophagus lids and art forms made of backed clay and bronze work. - Paintings only remain on walls and tomb ceilings; bright, flat colors, playing music and dancing part of funerals

Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope: A Precursor To Film

- Many believed instant camera evidence as fake, strange. - Illustrated lectures with zoopraxiscope, a leantern that projected images in rapid succession onto a screen from photographs printed on roating glass disc, illusion of continuously moving picture. - Important precursor to cinema; populartiy at 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and Lumiere brothers' short films two years after (24 FPS). Neurological principle called "persistence of vision," brain fills gap between still-frame images, illusion of seamless continuity. Films invented. - Cinema quickly adopted by avant-garde (French military for "advance guard" or modern artists who want to make unorthedox, radical expression) artists. - 1910s, 1920s films range of effects. Dali and Bunuel's 1928 Un Chien Andalou is a wkaing dream; 1970s: video was medium for fine art, as performace art of lyrical artworks (the film is art)

SELECTED WORK: Self Portrait in a Straw Hat, Marie-Louise- Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1782

- Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun: oeuvre of most successful and well-known female artists of 18th cen. Born to father dead at 12, denied education due to gender. - Portraits illegal due to no guild/academy -> confiscated, went to low prestige Academy of St. Luke for exhitbit in 1774. Marriage of convience with Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lebrun for powerful contacts. Had exceptional talent, vibrant personality, sophistication to aristorcracy and wealthy. - Liveliness, intimacy, colorful portraits labeled Rococo style; Rococo from french for pebble, rocaille, where lavish exess, sinuous lines, pastel colors, and gilt furniture. - Self Portrait in a Straw Hat from 1782 depicts staring at viewer with comfidence, fine clothing, holding brushes and artist's palette in left hand. Kidney-bean shaped wood sheet with dots of globbed paint, brushes with signs of recnet use. Prominent color is Prussian blue, echo in cornflower included in band of flowers around her hat and sky, relaxed and naturalistic quality, blue = serenity. - Pose copy of Rubens's Portrait of Susanna Lunden. Still, Rebens's figure has felt hat, Vigee-Lebrun improves with stra hat. Admits inspiration of Rubens's art. - Ended up being calculated bid to get viewers to see her as both beautiful woman and talented paitner in traditoin of Rubens; Rubens = women w/ voluptuous body; Vigee-Lebrun = looks directly at us w/ agency and power of authorship and self-determination. - Leading up to 1789 French Rev., built successful career as society portraitist. Family breadwinner, worked hard but marriage dissolved in 1794. Independence, self-reliance, and drive to overcome womens' lack of oppurtunities, extreme talent make her notable in art.

SELECTED WORK: Jar with Dragon, China, Early Fifteenth Century

- Ming Dynasty (propaganda art only) - Jar with Dragon was storage jar of porcelain from Jingdezhen. - Design painted on unfired clay body with cobalt oxide before glazing and firing. - Depicts powerful dragon undulating through the sky with few clouds, pulsate with contours of the jar, giving fluidity. - Symbolize ascendency of Ming rulers? Daoism (dynamic energy through universe, great void) also? - One of first global consumer products in history, large exports - Ming objects most sought after in 15th and 16th; trade between East and West. European styles copied for attractiveness. - 17th and 18th: Chinese and Japanese ceramics in large export only. China (ceramic) became status symbol. - Incomparable quality. Others tried and failed. Only came to end in 19th due to Ind. Rev., British made bone china.

Ancient Mesopotamian Art II

- Neo-Sumerian (2100 BCE) ziggurats that built in city centers, temples and administrative and economic centers - Assyrians (900 to 600 BCE) became most powerful. Relief carvings, depicting battles, seiges, hunts, other important events - Neo-Babylonian (pictured) (c. 612 - 538 BCE) dominated. Famous hanging gardens of Babylon, gateway to the temple of Bel (Ishtar Gate), one of the greatest works of architecture where animal figures are superimposed on a walled surface.

Renaissance in Southern Europe III

- Sanzio commissioned by Julius II; learned from Mich. helped with frescos School of Athens (pictured) and painted Sistine Madonna about Virgin Mary - Venice: Girogion innovated in landscapes. The Tempest became subject of painting - figures less important than storm - Vecelli: One of most prolific of Venice painters; patron portraits, greatest colorist of Renaissance artists. Innovative portraist, used column or curtain as backdrops. - Tintoretto, great Venice painter, linked with Mannerism art style. Differed from Mannerists in color - dramatic angles, and chiaroscuro for emotional impact. - Reformation: Protestants called Catholic Church corrupt - Counter-Reformation: emphasized lavish decoration, dramatic and emotional nature. Artist Dominikos Theotodopoulos or El Greco. Strongly influenced by Tintoretto.

Precisionism: Picturing Modern Architecture

- New ways to view and record world. Mech. foundations mean photography not art form. Photographers turned to industrializing landscapes of metal - Such projects mainly celebrated tech. advanced like bridges, factories, etc. - Precisionism: an arts movement focusing on the built environment that emerged in the United States, borrowed from cubism (worldwide art that broke down pictures into abstraction). - Precisionism focused on new American skyscrapers, bridges, machinery, industrial architecture, urban skylines; evacuated landscapes of human presense to emphasize the appeal of machinery's pristine geometries - Charles Sheeler's Crisscrossed Conveyors, River Rogue Plant, Ford Motor Company an example. Beautiful and balanced view of modern American industry. Complex landscape, yet heoric order and balance in operation. View is celebratory, crossed conveyor belts anchored by verticals of smokestacks, calling viewers gaze upward like religious contemplation of new divine; factories are substitue for religious expression

Photography

- One of most important tech. advances in history of image making, documenting the world, an interpretive vehicle, new modes of perceiving and understanding reality - Basic ingred.: a light-tight box, lense, and light-sensitive materials. Well establish for 100s of years before photograph. But, process was difficult to impossible. During slow dev., scientists and inventors tinkered w/ methods for capturing image on flat surface w/ light sensitive materials - No singular instance of its invention; more of a regular and progressive history accepted over time, not a final, conclusive success, invention of multiple "photographies" as methods were created simultaneously globally

conclusion

- Over 20th century, incorporated machines. Such as machine made paint, factory objects for consumerism, photography, video to shift from physical to digital, enjoyed relationships with technogies - Key turning point in tech: Advent of photography, a way of freezing motion, capturing a moment and invention of motion picture, opened twoards the expressive and conceptual, as well as abstraction in sculptures - Watershed moment: After WW2; Paik and Chamberlain made machines into art, art asks now about conditions of modern society. This is new realm: conceptual, propels art to new meaning/importance - After all, technology always part of human society across different cultures. Tech always changes course of art history, we can make connections with perspectives distant from own.

SELECTED WORK: The Pantheon, Rome, 126-128 CE

- Pantheon: Most technically advanced by Romans and for worship - Structural challenges but was largest dome until 16th cen. and still largest unreinforced concrete dome - Required a few different concrete compositions, layer by layer, pumice replaced solid stones at the top. Oculus (opening 27 ft. in diam. at the top light) had not thick walls. Using coffers allowed panels on the dome that lessened the weight without destroying structural integrity. - Vistors used to enter at opposite end of long rect. court, moving through the narrow colonnaded entry into the wide court. Pantheon was framed on opposite ends by court's three sides of continuous porticos. Porticos extened from the south up to hide the circular drum.

Benin Bronzes Today

- Part of msms. today due to violent raids by British in Feb. 1897, hundreds murdered, swords and muskets vs. guns and artillary - British then packed cherished patrimony before fire, homes, shrines, etc. destroyed. 1k British people pillaging takes historical record of the region, ownership questionable - Recent years: need for justice, imperialism impacts. "Benin Dialogue Group" discussed repatriations (return of works to Nigeria). BLM spurred change, msms pledge to return all or most to Nigerian authorities in new msm in 2025. - Largest possessor: British Msm. unwilling, holds 900 including Benin Plaque w/ oba. Only 100 on view at time.

SELECTED WORK: Melencolia I, Albrecht Dürer, 1514

- Pinnacle of sophistication for woodcuts and engravings. - Richly luminous, textured paints inspire. Durer's skills were those of a preeminent businessman; help from close ones showed the agressive marking of engravings and woodcuts for financial sucess. Filed first lawsuit over artistic copyright. - Best known and enigmatic: Melencolia I is spiritual self portrait. Dated to 1514. - Winged female figure holding geometry compss & math tools and artist - Face shadowed, in melancholy pose. Medicine suggested those with black bile succumbed to insanity and melancholic. Melancholy also = creative genius. Winged personification of Melancholy, seated dejectedly with head resting on her hand, surrounded with geometry, one of 7 liberal arts for artistic creation.

Baroque Art

- Power was divine right in 17th and 18th. Common people protests arrised, yet wealthy class gave art. - Used chiaroscuro for exaggeration, especially Caravaggio, who took it so far extremes are known as "caravaggesque" - Woman Artesmisia Gentileschi, daughter of painter, adapted Carvaggio's techniques. Self portraits and Old. Test. women. - Bernini, child prodigy, sculpture, architect, painter, draftsman. Designer of theater, most important masterpiece Esctasy of Saint Teresa. Marble to new limits. - Rubens - huge workshop and energizing works. Rign created The Night Watch, more properly known as Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard (pictured). Broke tradition with members getting more attention than others, lead to his downfall. - Louis XIV united France, build lavish palace. Velaquez build figures from patche sof color, rather than drawings.

Renaissance in Northern Europe

- Realistic detail in new use of oil paints. - North of Alps: Gothic - 15th century: little Italian renaissance connection, but 16th was opposite due to travel. - Matthias Grunewald and Albrecht Durer: greatest artistis of northern renais. Grunewald's few survivors known for religious scenes, Christ's crucifixion. Greatest masterpiece: Isenheim Altarpiece, nine panels mounted on two sets of folding wings. - Durer: most famous in Reform. Germany. Early influenced Gothicly. Later, style combined naturalistic detail from N and theoretical of Italy. Theories and series of woodcuts and engravings in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1498) (pictured) - Hans Holbein the Younger: known for England work, painter for Henry VIII and portrait shows presenting details and psychological charcter. Model and standard for English painting until 19th cen.

SELECTED WORK: Melencolia I, Albrecht Dürer, 1514 [II]

- Thinks but does not act. Winged infant scrawling on slate (sym. practical knowledge) behind. Brings about unproductive introspection, yet burst of light on far horizon, optimistic to overcoming depressive melancholy. - Volume of figures and objects = influence of Italian art, illusion of volume and dimensionality. Visual dynamism of print results due to range of hatch marks, varied width lines, strong contrasts between darks and lights, and interspersed use of stipple engraving (designs by series of small dots on metal matrix) - Meaning may be unknown, but touches on interests, such as artist as creator, relationships with physical and spiral realms, self-awareness, study of natural world and math.

linear perspective

- aka scientifitc perspective or one-point perspective, a systemized, geometrically based procedure for projecting the illusion of space onto a two-dimensional surface. Realistic, illusionistic, transportive. - Start with Greek and Romans until Medieval. Italians, especially Brunelleschi invented method for creating spatial distance certainly and consistantly. - Mathematically determine relative size of rendered objects to correlate them with visual recession. Must use horizon line, vanishing point, orthogonal, to create illusion of space. - One of earliest to use Brunelleschi's system: Mascaccio's Holy Trinity. Orthogonals meet at vanishing pint, illusion of continuity between real space of viewer and fictive space of painting - Illusion of 3-D made possible scale drawings, maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, methods that transferred knowledge

color

- an element that surrounds us wherever we go and is a compelling element in art. - hue is the the name of the color. - 3 primary colors: red, blue, and yellow; all other colors are produced from these three - Secondary colors: formed from two primary colors - Six tertiary colors, combining a primary + adjacent secondary color, like red+violet=red-violet. - color wheel: the organization of these hues into a visual scheme (pictured) to predict results of mixing hues - warm colors: red, orange, and yellow (seem to advance) - cool colors - green, blue, and violet (seem to recede) both can create sense of movement

Timeline (1400-1545)

- c. 1400 − Full Rigged ship invented. - c. 1350-1400 − Renaissance: recovers, makes ancient stuff - 1415−20 - Filippo Brunelleschi experiment linear perspectiv - 1436 − Brunelleschi's dome for Duomo in Florence finished. - c. 1440 − Johannes Gutenberg develops mech. printing press: applies pressure on the inked surface of metal letters to print medium (paper/cloth) - 1444 − The Atlantic slave trade: Portuguese get many slave - c. 1450 − Cristallo glass invented in Venice. - 16-17th Centuries − Benin Plaque with Oba made in Kingdom of Benin. c. 1450−53 − Fra Filippo Lippi paints The Annunciation in Florence. - 1492 − Columbus sails to the Americas. - 1497 − Vasco da Gama sails from Europe to India by rounding Africa's Cape of Good Hope. - 1514 − Albrecht Dürer engraves Melencolia I in Germany - 1527 − Rome sacked by Charles V troops, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. - c. 1545 − The Behaim Beaker created in Venice.

Timeline (1545-1841)

- c. 1623−25 − Artemisia Gentileschi paints Judith and her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes in Rome. - c. 1685−1815 − Enlightenment dominates intellectual and philosophical thinking - 1704 − Prussian Blue is discovered in Berlin. - 1782 − Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun paints Self Portrait in a Straw Hat in Brussels. - 1784 − Charles Willson Peale's museum opens in Philadelphia. - c. 1786 − The physiognotrace invented. - c. 1803 − Raphaelle Peale and Moses Williams create Moses Williams's silhouette in Philadelphia. - 1825 − The first locomotive-hauled public railway in the world opens in England. - 1827 − Nicéphore Niépce records View from the Window at Le Gras in France. - 1827 − The first railroad line is active in France. - c. 1830 − Some earliest railroad tracks are active in the U.S. - 1832-33 − Antoine Hércules Romuald Florence develops early photographic techniques in Brazil. - 1839 − The daguerreotype debuts - 1841 − The me

Timeline (1545-2025+)

- c. 1855 − Unknown records Douglass's daguerreotype. - 1861−65 − American Civil War - 1874 − Claude Monet paints The Bridge at Argenteuil outside Paris. - 1878 − Eadweard Muybridge photographs A Horse in Motion, "Sallie Gardner" in California. - 1879 − Muybridge invents zoopraxiscope. - 1897 − British burn + loot metal sculps. from Benin City - 1908 − Ford Model T prod. begins in Michigan. - 1910 − McKim, Mead, and White's Pennsylvania Station done in NYC - 1914−18 − WW1 - 1927 − 1st TV public exhibition - c. 1935−38 − Berenice Abbott photographs Penn Station, NY interior - 1939−45 − WW2 - 1956 − The Interstate Highway Act: 41k mile system in US. - 1962 − John Chamberlain's Velvet White. - 1965 − Nam June Paik's Magnet TV. - 2007 − Repatriation discussions: British return Benin bronzes to Africa/Nigeria - 2025 − Projected opening for museum in Nigeria, Edo Museum of West African Art, show repatriated Benin bronze

cristallo glass

- developed in Venice during mid 15th, "rocca di cristallo" or rock crystal - Clarity and colorlessness, high demand for decades, luxury - Venice richest, made for lux. glass. Materials traded. - Chemist Angelo Barovier in c. 1450. Devised lixiviation, purifying plant ash flux for perfectly clear glass. Transparency associated recent, become luxury, privilage. - Copies failed due to laws prohibiting materials and knowledge, glassmakers punished for sharing secrets - Cristallo 4 key ingredients: a former, a flux, a stabilizer and decolorizer - Former: silica, hard, unreactive, colorless crystal as mineral quartz, beach or river sand turns green due to iron. A certain silica was reasonably free of iron. - Flux: essential to lower melting point of silica, less hot for glass. Special plant ash allume catina, imported early as 1285 from Syria & Egypt - Stabilizers less understood, analysis: alumina, lime, and magnesia. - Decolorizer: manganese dioxide, since 1290. - Connected East + West

Micheal Eugene Chevreul's Color Wheel

- devised a circle with a spectrum of colors, presents way to define and name the colors - complementary colors opposite: red and green, violet and yellow, blue and orange - Two com. colors = intense both (red redder & green greener) - Use of com. colors key philosophy in Impressionist color theory, enhanced perceived brightness.

the work of art historians

- direct examination to capture textures, colors (not sketch or paper) - written sources + documents about art production & usage - interviews w/ artists + consumers to understand context

Filippo Brunelleschi's Dome

- disproved Alberti's claim of Nature's loss of intellects - the great dome of the Florentine cathedral, "probably equally known and unimaginable among the ancients" - Reigns over Florence. Linear perspective? But more of feat of engineering and style to bring skill and inventiveness - Until Brunelleschi, cathedral unable to construct enormous vault to span open space. Brun. proposed a double-shelled design (found in Islam, especially Persia showing global trade). - 2 interlocking shells of dome supported by series of ribs, 8 visible exterior. Dual shells lighten mass, thinner walls relative to size. Brickwork instead of concrete marks also had herringbone pattern to lessen rising weight, resisting cracks. - Bold, analytical plan: advancement antiquity + middle ages

Daguerreotype

- globe's first widely successful and commercially available photographic form - Louise Daguerre invented method to reproduced the world, shorter exposure than Niepce's. - Objective: create latent image or image registered on the surface of the photographic plate during exposure, invisible to naked eye before further chem. processing (mercury fumes) - Sharper ad more refined; exposure from hours to 4 or 5 minutes. - Daguerreotype steps: copper sheet plated with silver is polished. Then, placed with silver side down over a closed box with iodine. Next, iodine fumes fused witht he silver into silver iodide (LS). Plate was fitted into camer obscura, lens in the box open to exposure. Then, exposure to mercury fumes blended with silver to make visible. Finally, washing with NaCl solution halted and rinsed with water. - Vastly underestimated, thought it was quiant hobby or for "leisured class." Ended up changing course of history, ingredients were simple and available. Instead of patent, made agreement with French government. Lifelong pension for process available to world (goodwill from France to the globe)

overview of western world art

- high emphasis on the Western world - art here has been preserved (also like in the tombs of Egypt_ - Less in humid climate of West Africa - perishable materials

texture

- how things feel or how we think they would feel if touched - actual textures: real-life feelings of certain works of art, such as ceramics, sweaters, shiny paper, etc. - visual textures: illusions of a textured surface. Example: patterned lines can simulate the text. of a straw hat

Gutenberg's Printing Press

- initialized spread and democratization of knowledge prior to internet, presses invented in Germany, around 1440; origins include Sumer's relief impressions. - Chinese printmakers developed print making techniques in 9th, then movable in 11th. Arrangeable, individually carved letters, porous wood absorbed ink, movable abandoned. - Abandoned until 1297, Wang Chen improved durability and published Nung Shu, the worlds first mass produced book. - Around 1440 in Germany, Gutenberg adapted moveable type. Mechanical press to apply pressure to medium; key to unlocking movable type tech. by allowing rapid production. - 1500, >1000 Gutenberg presses used in Europe. 1600: >200M new books. New industry: bookmaking. - Ancient and rev. knowledge available. Doubled literate Europeans every century. Literacy profound impact. Renaissance did begin before revolution, yet the press accelerated revival of texts like Plato, Aristole, artmaking, etc.

SELECTED WORK: Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait of a Youth, Egypt, Roman Period, 80-100 CE

- mummies had portraits painted in encaustic, called Fayum portraits - Fayums are earliest painted portraits, during New Testament - Incredibly accurate portraits, sometimes name. Gold foil = pulsating life. Long lashes framing eyes that twinkle = staring into future, eternal life - Mummy with Inserted Por. of Youth: intact on mummy. Youth with large glittering eyes, soft shadow with downy mustache on upper lip = youth. Potentially coming of age into important social groups, sexual attractiveness. - Portrait steps. 1. sketch outlines of face and garment. 2. apply encaustic. - Hybrid: Roman + Egyptian, very diverse and uncertain period

meaning of art

- often not fixed - shifts over time - perceived differently by those from differing status, education, religion, race, gender, etc.

advent of oil paint

- oil paint honed illusion of reality; by Ren. zeineith, had overtaken egg tempera - Medieval: basic medium tempera, pigments mixed/tempered into diluted egg yolk (binding) - Tempera: Thin, tough, quick-drying. Yet unsmooth blending, difficult to 3-D effects through values - Eyck and Campin used oil to suspend pigments (linseed commonly) instead. This took off. Fused tones and colors, unique, permits layer of opaques, crisp lines and intense linearity. - Oil painting: tranparent or transluscent objects, rendering gauzy veils, laces. Unsurpassed, a total rev.

Palette of King Narmar

- relic from Old Kingdom - a slab of stone, used for ceremonial palette for mixing cosmetics?, King Narmar much larger than others. - Narmar holds hair of fallen enemy, ready to deliver deathblow - Lower section: Two smaller figures of defeated enemies - Used fractional representation to show all parts of body, formula for people in Egyptian Art.

shape and form

- shape: what defines the two-dimensional area of an object (like a triangle) - form: objects that are three dimensional (like a cube) - shapes can create the illusion of form, like a 3-D drawing of an apple (in nature, the apple is a form, but it remains a shape on paper) - both can be geometric (circles/spheres and squares/cubes): convey order and stabiltiy - organic shapes are freeform and irregular in shape or form: convey movement and rhythm. - space: an element of art related to the organization of objects and the areas around them. - positive space: the objects, shapes, or form in an artwork that are occupied (or figures) - negative space: the area around thee those objects, shapes, or forms; in 3-d, surround the forms or may be created because of open spaces - 3-D art: sculps. arch. ceramics. Freestanding sculp. (fully in the round) and relief (sculpture projects from a surface or background of which it is a part of)

Rococo Art

- style involving celebrations of gaiety, romance and frivolity of grade life at court, gold and pastel colors. - Jean-Antoine Watteau, lead new generation of fete galante. Depicted members of nobility in dress. - Pompadour transformed characters of myth into courtly gallantry, nubile nudes - Fragonard, strongly reflected arts by Bouncher.

Giorgo Vasari (1511-74)

- the Renaissance author and artist who made biographies of present and past, great Italian artists in The Lives of the Artists - shows roles of artists

scale

- the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to the work in its entirety, can refer to the overall size of an artwork. Size does attract our intrest. - can also refer to the relative size of elements - like an object appearing larger than life. - or changing normal proportions, such as human face parts appearing at different proportions for expressive effect.

Old Stone Age Art (Upper Paleolithic Period)

1. Chauvet Caves (pictured )in southeastern France that date from 30,000 BCE & date from 1994. Minimal yellow & created using red ochre & black charcoal. It depicts animals like horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalos, & mammoths. 2. France & Spain -- Lascaux & Altamira. Large colored drawings with horses, bears, mammoths, bison, & lions & outlines of human hands. Use of yellow & red pigment to the black outlines. 3. Venus of Willendorf (4 & 1/8 inches high) Exaggerated bellies, breasts, & pubic areas. Facial features are undefined, arms are not visible, & feet are missing. Fertility figures?

Asian Art

1. Chinese Art - Painted Wares date back to 4th mil. BCE. Great Wall has been constructed over centuries, with function changing over time. Tombs that contain monuments, like Emperor of Qin's full army of soldiers and equipment in clay, symbolize Chinese practices. The Tang Dynasty or China's Golden Age, shows greate works of ceramics; traditionals have ink drawings. 2. Indian Art - With diverse and old traditions, influence of Buddhism have also been impacted by Greek art on images of the Buddha. Ruins rival those of Egypt and Mesoamerica, with other Indian Art taking Hinduism as an influence, depicted by many gods and goddesses. 3. Japanese Art - Japanese art was very consistent, and remained so after Western opening. Japanese studied and used ideas from Europe, so at the end of the 19th cen. ideas like linear perspective, and Impressionism were used. Still, traditional Japanese art prevailed and European artists often imitate Japanese prints.

Abstraction

Abstract Expression: art free from the limitations of the subject matter, like music. Feeling and emphasis on dramatic colors and sweeping brushstrokes 1. Action painting - dramatic brushstrokes, innovative dipping 2. Color Field paintings - broad areas of color and simple, often geometric forms: Mark Rothko and Josef Albers.

African and Oceanic art

African: 1. Nambian cave paintings 2. Nok civilization produced life-like terracotta sculp., portraits of leaders possibly. 3. Benin Kingdom art was produced for the royal court: cast bronze portrait heads for alters, variety of objects to show the king's power. Much African art has been robbed or destroyed by Western and European arrivers. But, baskets, ceramics, and textiles that are functional remain prized. 4. African masks created for performance, with costumes and music, dance, festivites, and meals. Oceania: 1. Despite art lost due hostile climate and fragility, tattooing and body arts were used in Polynesia. 2. Asmat group of Melanesia used to perform head-hunting. Enormouse carved wooden shields were decorated with black, red, and white abstract patterns. Used to be protection but now just symbols. 3. Carved masks in Melanesian were used to summon spirits to hnor the dead; like African art, much is lost in muesuems. 4. Still, Oceanic traditions continue to be revived.

Pantheon II

Entering the rotunda (holding the shadowy circular hall), people would see seven large niches, marked for a different deity. - Columns supported alt. pediments. Colored marble decorates the interior with floor having circles and squares. - The dome way ahead, its oculus open to the sky. Symbolizes the eye of Jupiter, the supreme celestial deity ruling over Romans. - Emphasis on circular shapes, meaning notable absence of vertical sight lines from floor to upper recesses. Shows a colorflow floating dome - an optical effect of hovering and perpetual motion. - Upon completion, became emperor Hadrian's favorite place to hold court, took authoritative connection to the heavens as way to reinforce his own position of power over foreign emissaries, politicians and every day citizens. Visitors easily manipulated.

chronological development

Ex: Comparing Gothic with Renaissance art to see unique features and changes

Ancient Greek Art

Greeks - influenced by Egypt and Meso. - Sculptures carved in marble and limestone, freestanding borrowed frontal pose in Egypt - More dynamic, emphasis on realistic human features. Temples used Doric and Ionic column decorative styles. Vase painting depicted black silouettes; Corinthian featured figures against floral, ornamental background. - Atheian vases had black figures, larger and linear. Red figure vases had red figures against black background.

vanishing point

The point on the horizon line at which lines or edges that are parallel appear to converge, usually at the exact center of the line

Greek and Roman Art

Three major cultures on the islands in the Aegean Sea, on Crete, along Aegean coast. 1. Cycladic (3200 - 2000 BCE) in the Cyclades; many questions, simplified, geometric, nude female figures are highly appealing to modern sensibilities. Decorated pottery and marble bowls and jars. 2. Minoan superceded. Resided on Crete. Maze of the Minotaur was the royal palace, now excavated. Art depicts sea life, female snake goddess statues. Naturalistic pictorial style. Two major forms: frescos on palace walls and pottery designs. Four major palaces unfortified w/ light and flexible and organic 3. Myceanaean peaked at Minoan collapse (conflict?). Centered around Mycenae. Elaborate tombs, large # of objects to be preserved. Objects best known: gold, mastery in goldsmithing, relief sculpture

Post-Impressionism

Took Impressionism to quite different directions. Artists are Post-Impressionists. - Most influential: Paul Cezanne, disatisfied with lack of solids; suggested paintings could be structured as series of planes w/ clear foreground, middle ground, and background. Objects should be reduced to their simples form: cube, cone, sphere, etc. (pictured) - Seurat placed emphasis on color, blending in the eye of the viewer. Vibrant, yet static. - Vincent van Gogh theorized contrasting color, direct applying paint. Intense response, colors should not imitate natural world, intensified to portray human emotions. Had intense and jarring yellows, greens, and reds in Night Cafe. - Gauguin: left family to pursue art. Dissatisfied with his art, went to the isldn of Tahiti and painted island's lush works. - INVENTIONS: Camera - need to capture reality in art, Chem. based paint and paint tube - painting outdoors, Masks from Africa and Japanese prints - new styles.

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-68)

a German scholar who shifted away from Vasari's biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of stylistic development, relates to historical context

full-rigged ship

a ship that rose in the early 15th, had three masts, and 5/6 square sails, much larger, heavier, faster, more maneuverable, and newly reliable in brutal ocean. Faster and cheapter trade routes over the ocean.

motif

a single element of a pattern - example: one or more motifs are needed to make a quilt pattern.

Art Nouveau

a style of part paved by Pre-Rephaelites. Focsused on decoation, architecture, and design with leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous lines

binders

a substance that holds the grains of pigment together and allows the paint to adhere to a surface. Examples: egg yolks, linseed oil, and wax.

solvent

a substance, such as water or oil, that changes the consistency of the paint or alter its drying time

fresco

a technique used to paint on walls or ceilings; mixing of pure powdered pigments with water and applies them to a wet plaster ground, permanently, bounding them in plaster (buon fresco or "true" fresco) - fresco secco means paints to dry rather than wet plaster

Parthenon

a temple in the Middle Classical Period, restored in 447 BCE after destruction in 480 BCE; use of columns impacted Western architecture for > 2000 yrs.

china

a term Westerns called fine porcelains, a status symbol

compass

a tool invented in China and essential by late Middle Ages, used to help rapid sea exploration. Ignited "Age of Discovery," explorers gathered knowledge in new lands (peaked 1492-1565)

approximate symmetry

a type of balance to avoid rigidity and monotony where shapes or objects are slightly varied on either side of the central axis (pictured)

bone china

a type of china formed by British using ashes from animal bones isntead of kaolin clay. Outpaced and beat Chinese porcelain exports in global marketplace during Ind. Rev.

collage

a type of mixed media in which artists combine various materials such as photographs, unusual papers, tickets, any other adhering materials. Selected for texture, color, other properties.

flying buttresses

additional bracing material, external arches placed on the exterior of the building for extra hight, counteract the pressure

modeling

additive process, workable material is formed and added to a surface

Ind. Rev.

advances in metal, wood, and design lead to the Crystal Palace (mainly glass with slim iron framework) and Eiffel Tower (metal). Antoni Gaudi created buildings of cut stone in Spain, very organic and challenged tradkitional box-like construction. Since, steel and concrete have been favored.

Environment art

aka Earthworks, Land art: a category large in scale, constructed on site, and not permanent Art redefines the space in which it is installed. Viewer often drawn into the work. Designed to change over time.

Earthworks

aka Land art or environmental art; art that has taken work to new vanues, not just galleries or museums, often out of doors. Artists challenge conventional ideas about art and its function.

art

almost any kind of visual material that is created by people and invested with special meaning and/or valued for its aesthetic appeal

art history

an academic discipline dedicated to the reconstruction of the social, cultural, and economic contexts in which an artwork was created

vault

an arch-shaped structure used as ceiling or as support to a roof (pictured is double barrel vault)

Mannerism

an artistic movement characterized by the distortion of certain elements such as perspective or scale and recognizable by use of acidic colors and twisted positioning of subjects.

Impressionism

an artistic movement grown out of dissatisfaction with rigid rules that had come to dominate the Salons (art exhibitions) held to recognize selected artists each year. - Manet sometimes referred as first Impressionist. Refused to consider himself as one, but showed light by usage of bright and light colors. (pictured - Impressionists put colors directly on canvas with rapid strokes. - Pissarro and Sisley were two other Impressionists.

formal analysis

analysis that focuses on the visual qualities of the work of art - observation and description

contextual analysis

analysis that involves looking outside work of art to find meaning - context in the creation and later consumption i.e. cultural, social, religious

mosaic

art consisting of small ceramic tiles, pieces of stone, or glass that are set into a ground material to create large murals

Nonwestern Art

art from Asia, Africa, Oceania, the Americas, and Islam throughout the world (I couldn't find picture lol)

performance art

art in which the artists engages in some kind of performance, sometimes involving the viewers. SImilar to env. art, lacks any permanence. Unique, unrepeatable human experiences, an escape from the commercialization of art. Challenge the definition of "art" with new ideas and materials.

Minimalism

art movement that sought to reduce art to its barest essentials, emphasizing simplification of form and often featuring monochromatic palettes; acrylic paint and airburh allowed precise outlines ("hard-edge painting") Best known are Frank Stella and sculpters David Smith and Dan Flavin. (Yeah, the image...I KNOW RIGHT!)

Postmodernist

art that arose in reaction to the modernist styles, and not surprisingly, it takes many forms across a variety of media. Tend to reintroduce traditional elements or exaggerate modernist tech. by using them to the extreme. That means returning to earlier styles and questioning modern beliefs.

1960s Pop Art

art that violated tradtitional unspoken rules regarding what was appropriate subject matter for art. Andy Warhol, icon of pop art, achieved rock star popularity.

Pre-Raphaelites

artists who were dissatisfied with the effects of the Ind. Rev. and banded together. Blended quasi-religious works that often blended Romantic, archaic, and moralistic elements.

Baroque

artworks produced from late 16th cen. to mid 18th cen., less static, more movement compared to Renaissance, richness of color, energy and emotion, most dramatic way possible Ex: empire wars instead of city wars

fiber arts

both woven and nonwoven materials, using a loom, braiding, knitting, or crocheting, quilting

arbitrary color

colors for emotional or aesthetic impact

orthogonals

diagonal lines going from the edges of the picture to the vanishing point, creates structural grid organizing the image and determining size of objects in illusionistic space

chiaroscuro

dramatic contracts of light and dark

optical color

effect special lighting has on objects, now colors change in the moonlight or candlelight

painting

encompassing a wide variety of media and techniques. Paint composed of: pigments, binders, and solvents

pigments

finely ground materials that may be natural or synthetic - natural: clays, gemstones, minerals, organic matter

Naturalism

focusing art on those similar to abstractionists but with ordinary objects, like flags, numbers, maps, and letters.

sculpture

four basic ways to make: carving, modeling, casting, and construction - Freestanding: standing by itself, as in Venus de Milo or Michelangelo's Pieta - Reliefs: attached to doors sarcophagi, walls; limited range

flashing

fusing one layer of colored glass into another

glaziers

glassworkers; specifically, those who fit glass pieces into windows and doors

watercolor

most common water-based paint, uses the white of the paper, water is used to make tints, light colors applied first. Unforgiving of mistakes

glass

mostly made of silica, decrived from sand, flint, or quartz and other raw materials. First made in Middle East in 3rd mil. BCE. Minerals add color, inventions in glass vessels and stained glass

wood

used to make functional objects such as furniture, boxes, boats, and homes: used by NW coast Indians. Also now can be aesthetically pleasing, tables and chairs are art when they are designed uniquely and good craftsmanship

impasto surface

oils that can be applied thickly or in heavy lumps: can be worked on for days and weeks

acrylic paint

paint from synthetic materials, plastics, and polymers developed after WW2; very versitile, no slow careful build up of layers with long drying. Unable to attain capabilties of oil paints, but still good alternatives

artisians

painters and sculptors who were of lesser status because they worked with their hands, according to Greek traditions

Photorealism

paintings that were super realistic, hyper-real quality results from the depiction of the subject matter in sharp focus, as in a photograph; a clear contrast to sfumato (haziness) Best known are Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, and Gustave Courbet.

fine art

paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures, and architecture, usually produced specifically for appreciation by audiences who understand

Romanticism

similar to emotional emphasis as Baroque, yet was highly imaginative and dreamlike quality, exotic or melodramic elements, natural wonders. - Delacroix, Gericault, Blake were important Romanic artists.

proportion

the size relationships among the parts of a composition - based on our human scale

hierarchic scale

the sizing of human figures in art based on status; in Buxheim St. Christopher, the saint and Christ are rendered larger than other surrounding figures.

hierarchical scale

the use of status of figures or objects to determine their relative sizes within an artwork

ci

the word Chinese used to connote porcelain or stoneware, no distinction.

glazes

thin transparent or semi-transparent layers that are applied over another color to alter it slightly, in oil paints only

Pliny the Elder

this ancient Roman historian who analyzed historical and contemporary art in Natural History

2-D art processes and techniques

those created on a flat plane, with height and width but no depth. Include drawing, printmaking, painting, photograph, and some mixed media.

stoneware

tougher, non-translucent material fired to a lower temperature (1100-1250F). Thick, tough, earthy, and utilitarian.

tempera painting

using a water-based paint, traditionals use egg as a binder. Requires great skill, colors dry quickly (unable to be blended once applied)). Narrow tonal range (dark or light) and lacks natural effects of oil paints.

Gouache

water-based opaque paint similar to school-quality tempera, but higher quality. More body, dries more slowly than watercolor, bright colors and careful details, fine work

encaustic

wax-based paints where colored molten wax is fused with the surface via hot irons, used in Ancient Egypt

fractional representation

when figures are presented so that each part of the body is shown as clearly as possible

fauves

wild beasts, used to describe those who used artibitrary colors and didn't seen the need for color to replicate the real world