Art Appreciation Exam 3

calligraphy

is a prominent feature in Islamic culture.

Hinduism

Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva; Devi as Durga; lingam of Shiva

Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, Great Exposition, London, 1851

-Constructed of over 900,000 feet of glass, it only required nine months to build -arts and crafts movement -The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton to house the Great Exhibition of 1851

De Stijl

-Dutch for "The Style" -simplified the vocabulary of art and design to geometric forms and only the colors red, blue, yellow, black, and white

Akhenaten And His Family (Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters)

-painted limestone relief -From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna) -egyptian civilizaition -18th dynasty

what does islam literally mean?

"submission" or "surrender," as in to all-powerful God

Jean Dunand, Laquered smoking room,

'Ambassade Française' (model French embassy) 'Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes', Paris 1925 -art deco

Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike

-A relief of Nike at the Temple of Athena Nike exemplifies Phidian style with its sense of body weight and modeling -greek civilization -The rise of the polis marks a celebration of human strengths and powers in Western culture -Interest toward human behavior and the human form increased, and the concept of democracy arose -marble

Le Corbusier, Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau,

-Architect Le Corbusier proposed a pavilion for the Paris Exposition that featured only things created by mass production -His "new spirit" of treating a house as though it were a machine for living so horrified the organizers that they gave him a plot of ground with a tree that he had to build into a house -modern avant-gardes and design

Neolithic Period

-Around 8000 BCE, humans began to domesticate animals and cultivate agricultural products; crafts flourished—beginning of Neolithic culture/period -cultures produced pottery with decoration -In Susa on the Iranian plateau, stylized animal forms were found on ceramics

Paul T. Frankl, Skyscraper bookcase

-Art Deco -Paul T. Frankl's maple wood and Bakelite bookcase was one of many ideas that influenced Cubism -Maple wood and Bakelite

Constantine the Great

-At the council of Nicea in 325 Christianity was announced as the official religion of the empire and Constantine converted to Christianity on his deathbed in 337

Victorian Gothic (gothic revival) style

-Augustus Pugin (1812-1852) -Central Portal, North Transept, Chartres Cathedral, 1194-1220, France

Colossal Buddha, Bamiyan, Afghanistan.

-China -early buddhist art was never shown but 4th century it changed -two massive buddhas Destroyed by Taliban a few years ago Didn't have a face for a long time after people destroyed if for iconoclasm

Edouardo Benito, Cover of Vogue

-Eduardo Benito's Vogue magazine cover shows the designers' turn toward geometric, rectilinear forms -Even the fashion world adopted barrel-line skirts and cropped hair, abandoning female curves and wavy hair that characterized the Art Nouveau style

El Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge

-El Lissitzsky's design for Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge presents simple formal elements but a disturbingly sexual implication -lithograph

Frank Lloyd Wright, Table lamp.1903. Bronze, leaded glass. [Fig. 15-10]

-Frank Lloyd Wright's interest in furniture extended to the interiors of his Prairie Houses -The table lamp pictured reflects a geometric rendering of the sumac plant in the surrounding countryside of Illinois, where the house was built -arts and crafts movement

Emperor Justinian, pendentives, mosaics, tesserae,

-Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire -dreamed of restoring the lost empire -attached enormous importance to architecture, believing that nothing better served to underscore the power of the emperor -Emperor Justinian assumed the throne in 527 and commissioned the church of Hagia Sophia -Its shape is a dome supported by four curved pendentives -The interior features mosaics, tiles or glass arranged in an image or pattern. -Many of these were destroyed when iconoclasts scourged Byzantine art

Annunciation and Visitation (detail), Reims Cathedral

-Gothic Art -more naturalistic than those of the Romanesque period -Details on figures show a step back from generalized "types" and a step toward individualization.

Wall painting with horses, Chauvet Cave

-In 1994, Jean-Marie Chauvet and friends discovered drawings of horses that featured shading, modeling, and perspective in a cave in southern France -The cave is speculated to have been a ritual gathering place for early humans—gateway to the underworld, death, womb, earth -painted on limestone

Byzantium, Byzantine Empire,

-In 324 Constantine defeated Licinius near Byzantium the modern city of Istanbul and established a "New Rome" (the Byzantine Empire) at the site of Byzantium. -He moved the capital there and renamed it Constantinople - the city of Constantine.

China: guang, bi,

-In the Shang period (2nd millennium BCE) in the Yellow River Valley, manufacture of ritual vessels such as the guang pictured was enabled by sophisticated bronze-casting technology -The ritual bi (disk) of jade created in the fourth or third century BCE could have been an object of shamanic significance

COLOSSAL FIGURE OF AKHENATEN From the temple Gempaaten

-In the fourteenth century BCE, Akhenaten briefly changed traditional religious and artistic canons -Egyptian civilization -Sandstone with traces of polychromy, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Islam

-Islam emerged in the early 7th c among the Arabs (people of the Arabian peninsula) -By the end of the century, the Muslims ruled Syria, Palestine, and Iraq, northern Egypt, Iran. By the 15th c, the empire spread over three continent as far as Northern Africa, Spain, Central Europe, and India.

San Vitale, Ravenna

-Justinian built a new church in Ravenna called San Vitale -exterior octagonal -interior circular -similar to Constantinople

William Morris (design) and Edward Burne-Jones (illustration), Opening page of Geoffrey Chaucer

-Morris then created an edition of the works of Geoffrey Chaucer -He designed a font modified from Gothic script in an effort to make books "beautiful by force of mere typography." -Painstaking effort was put into setting the type by hand. -arts and crafts movement

Spouted ritual wine vessel (Guang). Shang dynasty, early Anyang period

-RIVER VALLEY SOCIETIES IN CHINA -In the Shang period (2nd millennium BCE) in the Yellow River Valley, manufacture of ritual vessels such as the guang pictured was enabled by sophisticated bronze-casting technology

She-Wolf

-ROMAN WORLD -Rome was believed to be founded by twins Romulus and Remus, shown in a bronze statue to be nursed by a she-wolf. -bronze

Interior, Sanctuary of the mosque at Córdoba, Spain.

-Rise of islam -In Spain, Córdoba was the seat of Muslim culture. -A mosque was built on the sit of a Visigoth church. -Since the mosque required lofty space, two tiers of arches were built, combining flexible brick with sturdy stone.

Augustus of Primaporta

-Roman world -Augustus of Primaporta shows a pose similar to that of the Doryphoros -marble

Gislebertus, Last Judgment, tympanum, west portal, Autun

-Romanesque Art -Sculpture reemerged in the tympanum on the facades of churches. -popular subject with figures of humans and animal forms combined

Right: Apoxyomenos (The Scraper), Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippus

-Sculptor Lysippus created a canon of proportion to rival that of Polyclitus, giving statues a sense of greater height -Sculpture of the fourth century BCE is marked by figures in contrapposto and three-dimensional realism. -greek civilization

Sumerians: city-states

-Sumerians developed writing and at least a dozen city-states based around local deities -The Ancient Near East—Mesopotamia"land between the rivers," -a people known as the Sumerians developed writing, schools, libraries, and written laws

Attributed to Apollodorus, Column of Trajan, Rome

-The Column of Trajan features a spiral of relief sculpture 50 inches high and totaling 625 feet long -It features emperor Trajan's successful campaigns in the first century BCE

Morris and Company, Sussex Rush-Seated Chairs. ca. 1865. Wood with black varnish. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

-The Sussex Rush-Seated Chairs are an example of "workaday furniture," and a direct contrast to the embossed velvet Adjustable Chair "state furniture." -Morris & Co. produced stained glass, furniture, tapestries, and other handmade works based on the desire for simplicity and utility -arts and crafts movement

Gerrit Rietveld, Red and Blue Chair

-The avant-garde group De Stijl (Dutch for "The Style") in Holland simplified the vocabulary of art and design to geometric forms and only the colors red, blue, yellow, black, and white -Gerrit Rietveld's chair is designed against traditional armchairs -The arms and base form a grid crossed by a floating seat and back

basilica plan

-The basilica plan used for public buildings provided a base. -Basilica plan mimics Roman administrative and court practice; reinforces authority

Queen Nefertiti, Tell el Amarna

-The bust of Queen Nefertiti showed naturalistic features and a relaxed pose -limestone

Aegean (Minoan and Mycenean)

-The later Greeks thought of Bronze Age Aegean cultures as their ancestors -Greeks learned of their past through legends passed down, first orally and then in writing -Minoan culture abruptly ended in 1450 BCE, perhaps falling victim to the warlike Myceneans -Myceneans practiced burial of their dead in beehive tombs that were full of gold and silver

Greek; polis; contrapposto; Hellenism

-The rise of the polis marks a celebration of human strengths and powers in Western culture -Human-centered world: humanism -Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), "the canon" 450 BCERoman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, bronze original of ca. 450, contrapposto -Hellenism dominated the Western world around the time of Alexander the Great

Arts and Crafts Movement

-This movement arose in reaction to mass production decreasing the quality of goods in Britain. -emerged in response to low quality of mass-produced goods

Louis Comfort Tiffany, Peacock Vase

-Tiffany's Favrile glassware features details that are not painted, etched, or burned, but rather built into the glass itself -Formal vocabulary of the Art Nouveau movement consisted of undulating, organic lines as seen in saplings, willow trees, buds, and vines

favrile glassware

-Tiffany's Favrile glassware features details that are not painted, etched, or burned, but rather built into the glass itself -Formal vocabulary of the Art Nouveau movement consisted of undulating, organic lines as seen in saplings, willow trees, buds, and vines -Nothing of the design is painted, etched, or burned into the surface -began as inspired by the galleries of Siegfried Bing in Paris

Jan Toorop, Poster for Delftsche Slaolie

-Women's hair repeats in flattened spirals in Jan Toorop's poster for Delftsche Slaolie, echoing wrought-iron grillework -Art Nouveau in architecture became associated with the subjective and personal, the wealthy and refined; it provided a steep contrast to the geometric designs of Wright -dutch advertisement poster

Funerary mask (Mask of Agamemnon), from Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece.

-aegean cultures -Myceneans practiced burial of their dead in beehive tombs that were full of gold and silver -The funerary mask of Agamemnon was found to predate the Trojan War by about 300 years -gold

The Warrior Vase, Mycenae

-aegean cultures -The Warrior Vase depicts soldiers marching to war, perhaps to meet Dorian invaders who would destroy Mycenean society after 1200 BCE

Snake Goddess or Priestess, palace at Knossos, Crete

-aegean cultures -The identity of the Snake Goddess or Priestess figurine is questionable, as its authenticity as an object of Minoan society -There are no other images of snake goddesses in surviving Minoan works

The "Toreador" fresco, Knossos, Crete

-aegean cultures The "Toreador" fresco from the Minoan culture shows not a bullfight, but rather an acrobatic, possibly ritual, activity -The bull was significant to Minoan culture, as was the half-human, half-bull Minotaur of legend -Minoans worshiped one or more female deities

Harriet Meserole, Corset, Vogue

-boyish silhouette became increasingly fashionable -Even long, wavy hair, one of the defining features of Art Nouveau style, was abandoned, and the schoolboyish "Eton crop" became the hairstyle of the day.

Philip Webb, The Red House, Bexleyheath, U.K. 1859.

-built to contrast the "glass monster" Crystal Palace -It rejected the industrial spirit and was crafted to be intentionally rural

central plan church

-central plan of Ravenna's San Vitale -the central-plan (domed) building previously used for mortuaries, imperial mausoleums, and rarely temples (Pantheon). They had round or polygonal shape. The circle meant perfection and signified eternity and the cosmos

Tomb of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi

-developments in asia -Chinese mastery of ceramic art is exemplified in the warriors found at the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi -More than 6,000 life-size figures of soldiers and horses acted as immortal bodyguards for the emperor -painted ceramic figures

Model of a Multi-Storied Tower

-developments in asia -Han dynasty -Lady of Dai with Attendants is painted with Han conception of the cosmos

The Great Wall, near Beijing

-developments in asia -The Great Wall of China was built to discourage the Huns from invading -Simultaneously, 4,350 miles of roads were built to connect the Central Plain to the edges of the empire

The Great Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India, view of the West Gateway

-developments in asia -stupa=bariel ground -The Great Stupa at Sanchi was created to house relics of Buddha and related holy persons -Pilgrims circled the stupa clockwise to put themselves in a harmonious state, symbolically walking the Buddhist Path of Life around the World Mountain

Restored view of Old Saint Peter's, Rome,

-early christian and byzantine art -Early Christian churches basilica plan or longitudinal plan, based on Constantine's basilica, adapted from Trajan's forum -held 14000 for worship, burial, pilgrimage shrine to house relics -Altar is at the place reserved for Roman authority

Santa Costanza, Rome

-early christian and byzantine art -Santa Costanza was a mausoleum built in a circular shape (central plan) with a dome supported with a barrel vault

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

-early christian and byzantine art -Emperor Justinian assumed the throne in 527 and commissioned the church of Hagia Sophia -pendentives -The interior features mosaics, tiles or glass arranged in an image or pattern -Many of these were destroyed

Nike of Samothrace

-greek civilization -Nike of Samothrace displays an animated and dramatic pose

The Acropolis, Athens, Greece

-greek civilization -Values of the Greek city-state were reflected in temples such as the Acropolis in Athens -The central building of the Acropolis was the Parthenon, dedicated to Athena

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Tamil Nadu, India. ca. 11th century

-india -Brahma was seen as the world's creator, and Shiva was the destroyer.

Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India

-india -Hindu respect for sexuality is apparent in its architecture. -a garbhagriha, "womb chamber" housing a cult image of Brahman—the lingam of Shiva

The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh or India. Pala

-india -Villages often recognize goddesses as their protectors. -miniature carving, Devi can be seen in her 16-armed manifestation, Durga

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England

-megaliths (monumental stone architecture) -Stonehenge is the most well known and reflects four major building periods between 2750 and 1500 BCE -The amount of work it would have taken reflects that Neolithic peoples were capable of great cooperation -The stones from outer ring of sarsen trilithons (threestone post-and-lintel construction) weight each between 45 and 50 tons were brought from a quarry 23 miles away

Megaliths

-monumental stone architecture -were constructed without the use of mortar

Justinian and His Attendants, San Vitale

-mosaic -north wall -Justinian's reign marked the apex of the early Christian and Byzantine era

Theodora and Her Attendants, San Vitale

-mosaic - human figures are depicted wearing long robes that hide the musculature and cause a loss of individual identity -south wall

Paleolitic Period

-most were migratory hunter-gathers -Small carved figures of people and animals were accomplished in an abstract style, such as the Woman from Willendorf -These figurines may have served purposes such as guardian figures, ancestor cult / ritual; good luck charminitiation effigy; fertility symbol; pregnant woman; communication device

Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds, from southwest Iran

-neolithic -Neolithic cultures produced pottery with decoration -In Susa on the Iranian plateau, stylized animal forms were found on ceramics -An ibex with exaggerated horns is surrounded by decorative bands

Romans; triumphal arch;

-one of the several people living on the peninsula and centered around the city of Rome in 8-7 c BCE. -overthrew the Etruscan king of Rome and formed a republic -Romans imported thousands of Greek artworks and made copies of thousands more -The Arch of Titus was a triumphal arch composed of a barrel vault enclosed within a rectangle

Woman (formerly a.k.a. the Venus of Willendorf),

-paleolithic -These figurines may have served purposes such as guardian figures, ancestor cult / ritual; good luck charminitiation effigy; fertility symbol; pregnant woman; communication device -limestone

Colossal head, Olmec culture

-people built their societies on earthen platforms complete with pyramidal mounds to house ruler-priests -At La Venta, four colossal stone heads guarded the ceremonial platform; as many as eight have been found at other Olmec sites -la venta park

Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes

-planned as early as 1907, during the height of Art Nouveau, but logistical problems—especially the outbreak of World War I— postponed it for almost 20 years -A very influential event, the exposition was the most extensive international showcase of the style of design then called Art Moderne and, since 1968, better known as Art Deco

C. R. Ashbee, Twin-Handled Bowl and Cover, 1903. silver and enamel, mother-of-pearl topped finial, handles set with chrysoprase cabochons

-rise of design -The first key movement in design--the Arts and Crafts Movement—emerged in response to low quality of mass-produced goods

Plan and view of Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia

-rise of islam 1. qibla wall 2. mihrab 3. mihrab dome 4 hypostyle prayer hall (where Muslims conduct their prayers) 5. nave 6. entrance dome 7. forecourt 8. minaret

Ritual disc (bi) with dragon and phoenix motif, Chinese, from Jincun, Henan Province.

-river valley societies in china -The ritual bi (disk) of jade created in the fourth or third century BCE could have been an object of shamanic significance -symbolized heaven

Arch of Titus, Rome

-roman world -The Arch of Titus was a triumphal arch composed of a barrel vault enclosed within a rectangle

Assyrians

-the empire under king Assurnasirpal III- from the Tigris to the Nile rivers, from the Persian Gulf to Asia Minor -the peak lasted for about 300 years (9-7c); known for their horrifying brutalities;

Ziggurat

-visitors could bring an offering to be sacrificed to the resident god and often left a statue of themselves in perpetual prayer -Inscriptions on many of the statues state, "May the statue speak my prayers."

Egyptians; ka;

-wished to find a home for the ka, the soul of a person that survives after their death -Servant figures, mummification, coffins, and even pyramids were built for this purpose

Constructivism

A Russian art movement that was dedicated to nonobjective means of communication. took advantage of dynamic space during the Soviet state, where artists were encouraged to be inspired by factories

Mosque

A mosque was built on the sit of a Visigoth church -Since the mosque required lofty space, two tiers of arches were built, combining flexible brick with sturdy stone

art deco

Associated with the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris and characterized by its integration of organic and geometric forms

5 pillars of islam

Belief in and submission to one god: Allah Prayer performed 5 times daily, facing Mecca Zakat: social tithing to the community Ramadan: month of fasting Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca, enhances community Hajji (a Muslim who has made a hajj)

The Laocoön Group, Roman copy, perhaps after Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes

Composition of The Laocoön Group contains a Trojan priest and his two sons overwhelmed by serpents in a theatrical attempt to evoke emotion -This marks a shift from sculptors needing simply to represent a figure realistically

Louis Comfort Tiffany, Water-lily table lamp

Glassmaker Louis Comfort Tiffany began to produce stained-glass designs, particularly for the new electric lights that began to replace oil lamps of the time -art nouveau -Leaded Favrile glass, and bronze, height 26-1/2"

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.

Mosque, mihrab, qibla, minbar; hypostyle prayer hall; Voussoir; horseshoe arches

In Medina, Muhammad built a house surrounding a courtyard -It became known as a masjid, or mosque -Covered porches featuring many columns became known as the hypostyle space -The qibla indicates the direction of Mecca and hosts the minbar and mihrab

Virgin and Child Enthroned, (Theotokos) apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia

Mosaics are made of small pieces of stone called tesserae -Byzantine mosaics such as the Christ pictured were created as symbolic, mystical art and not for naturalism

Ashurnasirpal II (883-859)

Palace complex of Assurnasirpal II at Kahlu (Nimrud)

Romanesque

Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, thick walls, and small windows

Great Exhibition

The first world's fair in 1851

Piet Mondrian, Composition

The Modern Avant-Gardes and Design

Mesoamerica/Olmec

The Olmec people inhabited Mesoamerica as early as 1500 BCE -The Olmec people built their societies on earthen platforms complete with pyramidal mounds to house ruler-priests

Palette of King Narmer (front and Back), Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt

The Palette of King Narmer applies them with the figure of Narmer, who stands in a typical Egyptian pose with lower body and head in profile and upper body frontal

Shona people

The Shona people of the southwestern African coast built a civilization about 1100 that traded copper and gold for goods from Asia and the Middle East.

White Temple and Ziggurat at Uruk

The Ziggurat was used to symbolize the significance of the god/goddess honored there. The Temple is theorized to honor the sky god, "Anu." - Modern-day Iraq; 3200-3000 BC. The oldest surviving Ziggurat. Sumerians. -The White Temple sits atop the Ziggurat, as a place for rituals in which a select few would speak to the Gods. The Ziggurat stood at the center of the city, representing its religiousness.

Art Nouveau

The art and design style characterized by undulating, curvilinear, and organic forms that dominated popular culture at the turn of the century, and that achieved particular success at the 1900 International Exposition in Paris

scarification

The intentional creation of scars on some part or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony.

Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia

The mosaic mihrab from a teaching college in Iran contains three different inscriptions from the Qur'an

Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions, from the palace complex of Assurnasirpal II, Kalhu (modern Nimrud, Iraq).

When Assurnasirpal II built the capital at Kalhu, many of its walls were decorated in alabaster reliefs.

Plan of Stonehenge and Its Surrounding Settlements

Whoever stood at the exact center of the circle on the morning of summer solstice 4000 years ago would have been able to see the sun rising directly over the heel stone -Place of the dead where living come at winter solstice to commune with ancestors and consecrate recent dead—56 cremation pits found—240 people—elites, largest burial site in Britain of time

monoliths

a large single upright block of stone, especially one shaped into or serving as a pillar or monument.

Victor Horta, staircases in the Van Eetvelde House and the Tassel House, Brussels, 1895

art nouveau -twining plant motifs, unified whole, respect for craftsmanship

Pagoda

multistoried Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up at the corners

Ife culture

produced naturalistic brass sculptures of its rulers by the mid-twelfth century.

Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia.

responsible for carving massive churches into soft rock rooms for the use of Christian worship and study

Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria.

shows parallel lines of scarification along with other adornment emphasizing the head as the home of a person's spirit

Worshipers and deities from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq.

ziggurats -At ziggurats, visitors could bring an offering to be sacrificed to the resident god and often left a statue of themselves in perpetual prayer -Inscriptions on many of the statues state, "May the statue speak my prayers." -have large, ever-open eyes