Art Appreciation Final

describe Cezanne's artwork

Gradanne. faceted planar constructions. forms build, then spread, across the surface in overlapping planes

Define action painting

A style of nonrepresentational painting that relies on the physical movement of the artist by using such gestural techniques as vigorous brushwork, dripping, and pouring

define the main characteristics of impressionism

A style of painting executed outdoors aiming to capture the light and mood of a particular moment and the transitory effects of light and color. Opposed academic doctrines and Romantic ideals, turned instead to portrayal of contemporary life. Took canvases outdoors to paint what the eye saw rather than what the mind knew or interpreted. Landscape and ordinary scenes painted outdoors in varied atmospheric conditions, seasons, and times of day were among the main subjects of these artists. Term created by a critic meant to be derogatory but the artists adopted it because they thought it was a fitting description of their work. Direct observations. Studies in physics. Optimistic about promise of new technology. Directness of expression and interest in portraying contemporary life.

who was andy warhol

American artist who sparked public indignation. Didn't invent pop art, but he was the most visible and controversial exponent. Began career as commercial artist. Art shows up in new ways. Lasting effect on mass media and mass marketing. made works at a time when nationally standardized brands were just becoming the norm. Most common subjects were consumer products such as coca-cola and Campbell's soup. Celebrities are also consumer products. Marilyn Monroe. Multiplied pictures repetition of mass imagery. Borrowed headline-generating images from news photographs and recreated them, singly or in identical rows. Works take no position on event pictured, rather they repackage a sensational aspect. Boredom one of his major themes because it seems to characterize so much of modern life. He thought repeated exposure to events in the media desensitizes us to them.

define cubism

An art style developed in Paris by Picasso an Braque, beginning in 1907, based on the simultaneous presentation of multiple views, disintegration, and geometric reconstructions of subjects in flattened, ambiguous pictorial space. Principle innovation in painting. emphasizing pictorial composition over personal expression. Heavily influenced basic visual structure of many of the notable paintings and sculptures of the century. indirect influence on architecture and the arts, but it is apart of our daily lives. rational, formalist counterpart to the personal emphasis of the Fauves and other Expressionists. Reinvention of pictorial space. Realized 2D is different than 3D. Natural objects points of departure for abstract images, demonstrating the essential unity of forms within the spaces that surround an penetrate them. Reconstruction of objects based on geometric abstraction

who were the Inca and their skills

Best known for skillful shaping and fitting of stones. Masonry characterized by mortarless joints and the "soft" rounded facets of granite blocks. Kero cups held beverages for ancient rituals that the inca performed in secret for many generations. Flat patterns in decoration are stylistic descendants of both pottery and textile design. most of gold objects melted down after the conquest, and all but few fabrics perished with age and neglect. kero cups are beverages held for ancient rituals and the inca performed in secret for many generations. Flat patterns in decoration are stylistic descendants of both pottery and textile design

minimalism examples

Donald Judd created artwork out of sheet metal, aluminum, and molded plastics. Never titled his work bc he did not ant viewers to infer any meaning behind color and shapes he used. Ellsworth Kelly's paintings are richly hued studies in color and form. "Blue, green, yellow, orange, red". Frank Stella's paintings of 1960s emphasize flatness of the picture plane and its boundaries. Shaped canvases because rectangular work might be seen as a picture.

describe the main characteristics of international style

Emerged in Germany, France, and Netherlands. Steel-frame, curtain-wall construction methods made possible to build structures with undecorated rectilinear planes. Steel frame freed exterior walls from bearing weight, which brought abundant light and flexible space to interiors. Asymmetrical designs created dynamic balances of voids and solids. Deliberately created a visual contrast between manufactured looking house and it's natural environment.

describe Braque's work

Houses at l'Estaque shows beginning of progression from his post-impressionist style to Cubist approach. First breakthrough with Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, but Braque did more to develop vocabulary of Cubism. Series of landscapes painting in south France. Braque took Cezanne's faceted planar constructions a step further. Did more than Picasso to develop the vocabulary of Cubism. Took Cezanne's faceted planar constructions a step further. Shapes define a rush of forms that pile up rhythmically in shallow, ambiguous space. buildings and trees seem interlocked in an active space that pushes and pulls across the picture surface. worked in relatively neutral tones to explore formal structure without emotional distractions of color. The Portuguese portrait of man sitting at a cafe table strumming a guitar. Subject broken down into facets and recombined with background. figure and ground collapse into a shallow and jagged pictorial space. forms build, then spread, across the surface in overlapping planes. modified analytical cubism with color, textured and patterned surfaces, and the use of cutout shapes.

Describe the painting "American Gothic" by Grant Wood, and the social circumstances around the creation

Idea came to wood when he saw a modest farm house built in a local carpenters version of Gothic Style. Restrained color, simplification no fround masses such as trees and people, and the high detail are typical of Wood's paintings. Two figures are artist's sister and his dentist are echoed in the pointed-arch window shapes. Vertical lines and paired elements dominate. The lines of the pitchfork repeated in the man's overalls and shirt front. The upright tiles of the frk symbolize the pair's firm traditional stance and hard-won virtue. National icon. Inspired by northern Renaissance masters. Drew on American folk painting and the characteristically stiff, long-exposure portraits taken by late 19th century photographers.

which artistic influences did some artists from that period acquire from Japanese prints

Impressionists group and Edgar Degas were influenced by the new ways of seeing and composing that he saw in Japanese prints and in unposed, street scene photography. Tipped-up ground planes and bold asymmetry found in Japanese prints. Casual compositions of late 19th century. simplicity and bold design. Cropped imaging. Off centered artwork (focus points on two opposite sides of the composition)

performance art examples

Joseph Beuys carried out actions that resonated with deep symbolic significance as if he were a healer or shaman. Cuban emigre Ana Mendieta used her own body in several works as a symbol of earth and natural cycles. coated bod with mud and grasses and stood against ancient tree trunks. goal was to show equivalence between femaleness and natural processes such as birth and growth. Asco laid down in the streat and set out cautionary flares, tilting the event "Decoy gang war Victim" not realizing it wa sa hoax television news channels broadcasted it as another example as gang violence. The work drew attention to an urban social problem as it pushed out the boundaries of art

conceptual art example

Joseph Kosuth was perplexed by the materialism of the art market and Pop Art's embrace of commercialism. Created "One and Three Chairs" which consisted of a wooden chair, and a photograph of the same chari enlarged, and the dictionary definition of a chair. Shows that we process each version of the chair differently.

Describe action painting's major artist: Jackson Pollock

Leading innovator of Abstract Expressionism. Rhythmic structure of Benton's style and the mural-scale art of the Mexicans Influenced Pollock's paintings. He studied Navajo sand painting and psychologist Carl Jung's theories of the unconscious. "Autumn Rhythm" by dripping thin paint onto the canvas rather than brushing it on. Canvas placed on floor. Dipped, poured, and flung paint. Exercised control and selection by the rhythmical, dancing movements of his body.

describe the best-known public art piece "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial"

Located in Washington D.C. its almost 250 ft long. v shaped, black granite wall bears the names of nearly 60,000 American servicemen and women who died or ar missing in Southeast Asia. Nonprofit Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. 21 year old Yale student won contest of design. Open the Earth. Bold, eloquently simple design. shows influence of minimalism and site-specific works.

examples of readymades

Marcel Duchamp signed a snow shovel and called it "In Advance of the Broken Arm" signed urinal with someone else's name and called it "Fountain". Duchamp edited the Mona Lisa postcard and named it "L.H.O.O.Q." pun "She's hot in the tail" outrageous irreverence toward a deeply treasured painting. Man Ray called work "Gift" and created a useless and dangerous object. Hannah Hoch made "Multi-Millionaire" industrial age man stands fractured giant among the things he has produced.

who is the major surrealism artist and what is his artwork- why dreams and nightmares and influences by Freud

Max Ernst was one of the first converts to the movement. He had previously fought in war and was haunted by nightmares. To allow freer play to fantasy, he laid his canvases over textured surfaces such as asphalt pavement, and rubbed the canvas with pencils and crayons. Patterns emerged for fertilization in his paintings. Technique called frottage or rubbing. Work "The Horde" is a gaggle of silhouetted monsters tumbling over one another in a violent scene. Artist combat experience in world war I influenced chaotic nature of his work. Salvador Dali dealt directly with his nightmares. Recreated nightmares in highly illusionistic fashion based on academic techniques. "The persistence of Memory" evokes the eerie quality of some dreams. Mechanical time wilts in a deserted landscape of infinite space. warped, hadlike image in foreground may be the last remnant of vanished humanity. Artist called it a self portrait. Dali's illusionary deep space and representational techniques create near photographic dreams images that make the impossible seem believable. The startling juxtaposition of unrelated objects creates a hallucinatory sense of super reality beyond the everyday world. Approach called representational surrealism. Joan Miro's abstract surrealism provides suggestive elements that give wide play to the viewer's imagination, and emphasize color and design rather than storytelling content. Miro's evocative paintings often depict imaginary creatures. Belgian Surrealist Rene Magritte used illogical form of realism in "The Lovers" impossible kiss goal to imagine ourselves as the people.

Who was Frida Khalo

Mexican painter, sources closer to folk art of her native country. "Two Fridas" shows herself as a split personality. Divided between her European and Mexican Heritage. Hearts plainly visible, joined by blood vessels. Allusion both to ancient Aztec Human sacrifice and to the artist's own surgical traumas. Many self-portraits provide insight into an exceptional person who lived life with passionate intensity. Hurt in accident, unable to have kids, husband cheated on her.

postmodern art examples

Michael Graves uses classical architecture in his Public Services Building. Formal and playful. Exterior dominated by pair of fluted classical columns. modern red-brown color. share huge capital. off-color vertical elements have no structural function, and Graves underlined this by setting them in a reflecting pool of mirrored glass. Thom Mayne his campus recreation center at the University of Cincinnati has a full gymnasium, classrooms, food court, and student housing in an irregularly shaped building which responds to surrounding topography and channels foot traffic over the shortest paths to and from the surrounding buildings. Teddy Cruz is among the most influential younger architects today. Used cast-off materials and homeowners scavenge dump yards in search of walls, fences, structures, and roofs. Called Manufactured Sites pays homage to the ingenuity of people on the lower end of the economic scale. Think green- done by recycled building materials

examples of social realism

Nazi Germany and in Communist Russia the style became the "norm" for art. Artists could only ignore if they did not care to be successful. Vera Mukhina Monument to the Proletariat and Agriculture is a huge statue that depicts a male factory worker and a female farm worker in stainless steel. work expresses communist vision of the soviet state, where rural and urban workers would happily unite in a choreographed dance of praise of the regime. Mexican social realism took form of mural paintings that embodied ideals of revolution. Popular uprising overthrew a long-entrenched dictatorship. Gov't paid artists to decorate public buildings with murals that spoke to people about long history and recent revolution. Muralists envisioned a national art to glorify heritage and promote new post--revolutionary government. Diego Rivera's "The Liberation of the Peon" is a good example that deals with a common event of the revolution. Landlord's house burns in background while revolutionary soldiers untie the peon from a stake and cover his naked body which is scarred by lashings.

examples of constructivism

Painter Lyubov Popova pioneered many effects in nonrepresentational art entitled "Painterly Architectonic" where the planes intersect in shallow space that derives from cubism. Aleksandr Rodchenko one of centuries most innovative multimedia artists. Began as a painting and moved into poster design, furniture, photo galleries, and stage sets. Created "The Worker's Club" as training ground.

describe Picasso's artwork

Picasso Young Ladies of Avignon shows radical departure from traditional composition. New vocabulary influenced by Cezanne's faceted reconstructions of nature, and by the inventive abstraction and power he admired in African sculpture such as the Kota reliquary figure and the mask from Ivory Coast. meanings and uses of African sculpture hold little interest for picasso but it revitalized his art. The fractured, angular figures intermingle with the sharp triangular shapes of the background, activating entire picture surface. reconstruction of image and ground with fractured triangular of forms and its merging f figure and ground, was the turning point. Shattered measured regularity of renaissance perspective. vanishing points, uniform lighting, and academic figure drawing, he overturned important western traditions of art. negative depiction of women. forms build, then spread, across the surface in overlapping planes. modified analytical cubism with color, textured and patterned surfaces, and the use of cutout shapes. extended Cubist revolution to sculpture with his "Guitar" from pieces of sheet metal' flat pieces in work overlapped similar to a cubist painting.

major artists in cubist movement

Picasso, Braque, Cezanne

what were political and social circumstances that led to abstract expressionism

The horrors of World War II impelled artists to rethink the relationship between art and life. Dislocations caused by war led them to explore visual realms other than the representational or narrative. Culmination of expressive tendencies in painting from Fauvism and German Expressionism and the automatic methods of Surrealism. The conventions and customs that had governed artistic creation since the Renaissance were gradually overturned, rejected, or ignored. Creative. War altered the consciousness of the developed world in subtle but profound ways. People were living in a world they felt like they had the power to destroy in minds.

Define readymades

a concept pioneered by Dadaist Marcel Duchamp in which a common manufactured object is signed by an artist and thereby turned into an artwork.

who was paul gauguin

a french artist who was highly critical of the materialism of industrial society. experienced business world firsthand during the several years he worked as a stockbroker to support this family, painting on the weekends. he exhibited occasionally with the impressionists, but he longed to escape the European struggle for money. attitude led to admire an honest life of Brittany peasants of western France. Took a major step towards personal expression with his first major new work expressive version of post-impressionism "The Vision After the Sermon". He considered the implied deep space a distraction, he tipped up the simplified background plane and painted it an intense vermilion. color important influence on 20th C painting. view on color prophetic. Subject was only a pretext for symphonies of line and color. Memories of childhood in peru persuaded him the art of ancient and non-western cultures had a spiritual strength that was lacking in the European art of his time. He had a desire to rejuvenate European art and civilization with insights from non-western traditions would be continued in the early 20th century. spiritual art. tried to break European civilization by going to Tahiti, leaving behind his wife and five kids. communication through symbols, a synthesis of visual form carrying memory, feelings, and ideas. Beliefs link him to symbolism

define the ideas of Futurism and its innovations

a group movement originating in Italy in 1909 that celebrated both natural and mechanical motion and speed. Gained inspiration from Cubism, but they used it to different ends. Added a sense of speed and motion and celebration of the machine. multiplying the image of a moving object, Futurists expanded the Cubist concepts of simultaneity of vision and metamorphosis. captured dynamic energy.

examples of events and happenings.

a happening is usually unrehearsed event conceived by artists and performed by artists and others, who may include viewers. Visual arts. Japanese artists important in developing the idea that the work of art could be an event, rather than an object. "Passing Through" by Saburo Murakami mounted blank sheets of paper in frames and destroyed them in performances. Jean Tinguely made machines that do about everything expect work in the manner we expect. viewers became active participants in partly planned, partly spontaneous performances that combine scripted scenarios with considerable improvisation.

define Dada

a movement in art and literature, founded in Switzerland in the early 20th century, which ridiculed contemporary culture and conventional art. began in protest against world war I. not a school of artists, but an alarm signal against declining values, routine, and speculation, a desperate appeal on behalf of all forms of art, for a creative basis on which to build a new and universal consciousness of art. Rejected most moral, social, political, and aesthetic values. Pointless to find order and meaning in a world where rational behavior has only created chaos and destruction. shocked viewers into seeing absurdity of Western world's social and political situation. Protested a lot.

Define Surrealism

a movement in literature and the visual arts that developed in the mid-1920s , based on revealing the unconscious mind in dream images and the fantastic. Protest the direction of European culture. They thought the modern emphasis on science, rationality, and the progress was throwing the consciousness of Europeans out of balance. The proclaimed the importance of the unconscious mind, of dreams, fantasies, and hallucinations. Indebted to the irrationality of Dadaism. Drew heavily on new psychology of Sigmund Freud

define color field

a movement that grew out of abstract expressionism, in which large stained or painted areas, or "fields" of color evoke aesthetic and emotional responses. No obvious structor, central focus, or dynamic balance. Huge images engulf the viewer

define minimalism

a non representational style of sculpture and painting that came to prominence in the middle and late 1960s; usually severely restricted in the use of visual elements and often consisting of simple geometric shapes or masses. excludes subject matter, symbolic meanings, personal content, and hidden messages of any kind. Refers to nothing outside itself. Told no story except for shape and colors. artists urged viewers to see their paintings as objects, not as pictures. No representation, storytelling, or personal feeling. No figure-ground relationship

who was Kandisky

a russian painter who led the Blue Rider group. lived in munich most of his life. concern for developing art that would turn ppl away from false values, toward spiritual rejuvenation. believed a painting should be an exav\ct replica of some inner emotion. vivid, freely expressive color of Fauves. paintings evolved toward an absence of representational subject matter. overturned one of the most important rules of Western art. Made a shift to totally non-representational imagery in order to concentrate on the expressive potential of pure form, freed from the need to depict anything. art didnt need to be a picture of a subject. art response to inner necessity or the emotional stirring of the soul rather than what the eye would see. Transcend physical reality and speak directly to the emotion of viewers without intervening subject matter. sought a language of visual form comparable to the sound language we experience in music. Often gave his paintings musical titles. The shapes and colors would vaguely correspond to things in the world. important innovator in art history and his revolutionary non figurative works played a key role in the development of later nonrepresentational styles. purpose not simply aesthetic; saw paintings as leading a way through an impending period of catastrophe to a great new era of spirituality. hoped abstract art would provide spiritual nourishment for the modern world.

describe social realism

a socially and politically committed form of art that became common in many countries between the two world wars and which included a retreat from the radical innovations of modern art, and the desire to communicate more readily with the public about social causes and issues. between world wars. retreat from radical innovations of modern art and a desire to communicate more readily with the public about social causes and issues.

define art noveau

a style of decorative art and architecture characterized by curving shapes abstracted from nature. "new art". Ideas gleaned from Gauguin, japanese prints, and the decorative schemes of william morris, architects and designers created projects to bring nature into art. VIctor Horta was an early leader created wallpaper and furnishings. influenced graphic design and product design.

define pop art

a style of painting and sculpture that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Britain and the United States, using mass-production techniques (such as silkscreen) or real objects in works that are generally more polished and ironi than assemblages. wanted to challenge cultural assumptions about the definition of art and they made ironic comments on contemporary life. design and commercial art. airbrush techniques. Advertising, food labels, comic books. slick look. ironic attitude. designed for a mass audience. short-term solution. easily forgotten. aimed at youth

define pointillism

considered a scientific technique. also called divisionism. created by studying the principles of color optics that were being formulated at the time. Application of tiny dots of color. Based on optical color mixture

describe fauvism-expressionism

a style of painting introduced in Paris in the early 20th century, characterized by areas of bright contrasting color and simplified shapes, expanded on the innovations of post-impressionists. lasted a little more than two years, yet it was one of the most influential developments in early 20th century painting. took color farther from its traditional role of describing the natural appearance of an object. work led to an increasing use of color as it was an independent expressive element. an expressive style. expressionism is a general term for art that emphasizes inner feelings and emotions over objective description. expressionism refers to individual and group styles originating in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by bold execution and free use of distortion and symbolic or invented color. Art expresses inner feelings and emotions over objective depiction. flat colors and shapes.

define conceptual art

a trend developed in the late 1960s' an art form in which the originating idea and the process by which it is presented take precedence over a tangible product. How we apprehend things, images, and words. An idea/mental process. Rather than making things, the artists present us with enough info so we grasp the concept they have in mind.

what does art offer us

a way to go beyond mere physical existence. The ideas and values that constitute the basis of the visual arts can continue to enrich our lives and surroundings

define postmodern art

an attitude or trend of late 1970s, 80s, and 90s characterized in architecture by a move away from the international style in favor of an imaginative eclectic approach, and in the other visual arts by influence from all periods and styles and a willingness to combine elements of all

Describe a Totem

an object such as an animal or plant that serves as an emblem of a family or clan; often symbolized original, pre human ancestors. stacks of symbols helps a clan remember its history to mythological times, much like a family crest

what is optical color mixture

apparent rather than the actual color mixture, produced by interspersing brushstrokes or dots of color instead of physically mixing them

define academic art

art governed by rules, especially works sanctioned by an official institution, academy, or school. Teaching beauty as if it was algebra. traditionally minded to follow overused formulas laid down by an academy or school.

define constructivism

art movement that originated in Russia at the time of the Soviet Revolution of 1917, which emphasized abstract art, modern materials, and useful arts such as set design, furniture, and graphics. seeking to create art relevant to modern life in form, materials, and content. First nonrepresentational constructions out of modern materials (ex. plastic and metal). Agreed with cubists in rejecting traditional view of space as regular and static. Name came from their preference for constructing planar and linear forms that suggest a dynamic quality and whenever possible contained moving elements.

define avant-garde

artists who work in an experimental or innovative way, often opposing mainstream standards. describes a social group. term came from military theory. pioneered new ideas in taste and thought.

why was the painting by Manet "Luncheon on the Grass" a scandal?

because of the way it was painted as well as the subject matter. Female figure without shading, employing flat patches of color throughout the painting. left canvas bare in some places. elements: light shapes against dark, cool colors accented by warm colors, directional forces, and active balance. Concern with visual issues over content revolutionary. female nude with males dressed in landscape. No allegory, history, mythology, or a significant title to suggest morally redeeming values. Based composition (not meaning) on figures in engraving of a Renaissance drawing by Raphael, who in turn had been influenced by Roman relief sculpture

define performance art

dramatic presentation by visual artists (as distinguished from theater artists) in front of an audience, usually not in a formal theatrical settings. artists don't create anything durable. They perform in front of an audience or in nature.

purpose of easter island heads

figures represent ancestors who have taken on spiritual power placed on raised platforms overlooking small settlements along the coastline. It protected the island and oversaw activities below

Define Claude Monet's style

impressionist. objective and less emotional. strokes of pure color placed to each other rather than colors premixed or blended on the palette. paintings quickly created under constantly shifting conditions, painting as traditional artists might make sketches. Direct observation and studies from physics, he learned we see light as a complex of reflections received by the eye and reassembled by the mind during the process of perception. Saw beauty of world as a gift and the forces of nature as aids to human progress

who was Auguste Rodin

innovative in sculpture; instituted a level of innovation not seen since Bernini. Studied work of Renaissance masters. Primarily a modeler in plaster and clay, rather than a carver in stone. expressive style. combined a superb knowledge of anatomy with modeling skill to crate the fluid, tactile quality of hand-shaped clay. Restored sculpture as a vehicle for personal expression after it had lapsed into mere decoration and heroic monuments.

define houseposts including their components

it is the pillar of the community; you place it in front of a tomb to add significance and honor the chiefs memory

define House Post and components

literal support for a roof and meditation on the idea of support.

meaning of the birds in New Zealand

many birds would appear with human like figures and would act as guides or messengers between the physical world of living and spiritual world of deceased ancestors. Bird held by protective prow figure from a war canoe from the Solomon islands guides voyagers by acting as protective spirit that watches out for shoals and reefs.

who were the Aztecs

most powerful kingdom in Mexico at time of Spanish conquest, art respects summarization of preceding styles. principal temple was duel pyramid in honor of storm and war god where they made human sacrifices of prisoners. Thought sacrifices meant continuation of world

define the Prairie style by Frank Lloyd Wright

omitted or minimized walls between living rooms and dining rooms, and between interior and exterior spaces. Open space plan changed the way ppl design living spaces.

define Kachina

one of many defied ancestral spirits honored by the hopi and other Pueblo Indian people; usually depicted in doll-like form variety of forms including birds, animals, clowns, and demons

what are the main characteristics of Romanticism

opposite of enlightenment. A literary and artistic movement aimed at asserting the validity of subjective experience; characterized by intense emotional excitement, and depictions of powerful forces in nature, exotic lifestyles, danger, and suffering and nostalgia. Emotions more valuable than reason. Nature is less corrupt than civilization and human beings are essentially good. Celebrated nature, rural life, common people, and exotic subjects. Asserted validity of subjective experience and sought to escape Neoclassicism's fixation on classical forms

best words to describe pop art

popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, and big business.

what are some characteristics of Van Gogh's style

post-impressionists of an expressive bent. emotional intensity and desire to make thoughts and feelings visible. often used color contrasts, shapes with clear contours, bold brushwork, and vigorous paint textures. moved from outer impressionism of what the eye sees to inner expression of what the heart feels. From impressionism, he learned the expressive potential of open brushwork and relatively pure color, but style did not provide him enough freedom of expression. He intensified the surfaces of his paintings with textural brushstrokes that recorded each gesture of his hand and gave an overall rhythmic movement to his paintings. strong color in effort to express his emotions more clearly. developed a new sense of design from studying japanese prints. Japanese led him to adopt bold, simplified shapes and flat color areas. Strong desire to share personal feelings and insights. symbolic images.

who was Brancusi

sculpture who worked under Rodin's influence but later moved his work toward abstraction. Radical, yet graduale, break with the past. Romantic naturalism. Journey toward abstraction and back to a pre-classical style of carving. Studied ancient art. gradually eliminated the surface embellishments he dominated European sculpture since the Gothic period, instead he created shapes that were recognizable but simplified. His sculpture invites contemplation. Transforms inert mass into an elegant, uplifting form.

define Neoclassicism

social structure and values changed, so the tastes changed in response to the French Revolution. The luxurious life that centered on the French Court ended abruptly and the French society was disrupted and transformed. Jacques-Louis David is the pioneer of this style and he believed the arts should serve a beneficial social purpose in a time of social and governmental reform, what rejected the form of rococo style. The emulation of classical Greek and Roman art; much of the subject matter in Neoclassical art was Roman because Rome represented a republican or non-hereditary government. women and african americans gained acceptance from society. it is new classical. Infected architecture. Greco-Roman portico, topped by a dome, contemporary French Neoclassical architecture.

define the federal style

the Roman phase of Neoclassical American Architecture. Thomas Jefferson advocated this style as an embodiment of values of New American Republic where Roman civic virtues of courage and patriotism would be reborn. Reflected in much of American architecture found before the civil war.

what do neoclassicism and romanticism agree on

the importance of individual liberty

Define Realism and the main characterisitcs

the mid-19th century style of courbet and others, based on the idea that ordinary people and everyday activities are worthy subjects of art. Employs direct paintings that is neither historical or allegorical, neither religious or heroic. critics thought it was the enemy of art and photography was to blame. Humanity and insight into the everyday world. Actual representation not embellished or photoshopped.