Art Appreciation Final Exam Study Guide

The term outsider has come into common use only recently. What other terms have been used over the past century to cauterize work by nonprofessionals?

Intuitive, naive, folk, primitive, art brut.

All color is dependent on light. Who observed that the ray of sunlight refracted into different colors?

Isaac Newton.

He is considered one of the leading figures in 20th century American art. He studied at the Harlem Art Workshop and was one of the many prominent artists to work for the WPA during the Great Depression.

Jacob Lawrence

He is one of the most delightfully eccentric figures in the history of art. Name this Japanese painter and woodcut designer.

Katsushika Hokusai

A porcelain vase, glass beaker, or wool tunic might have been made for the social elite, but the materials were common. However, jade, ivory, and lacquer are rarer materials. Jade was prized for its translucence. Where does lacquer come from?

Lacquer comes from the sap of a tree originally grown only in China.

The ability to make images is uniquely human. No society that we know of has lived without some form of art. The impulse to make and respond to art appears to be as deeply ingrained as our ability to ______________.

Learn language.

During this time in history, the term "art" was used roughly in the same sense as "craft." Name this historical period.

The Middle Ages

Foreshortening

The visual phenomenon whereby an elongated object projecting toward or away from a viewer appears shorter than its actual length, as though compressed.

Name the ancient Chinese symbol that embodies a worldview of mutual independence.

The yin-yang.

When judging the success of a work of art we must consider the intent of the artist. The portrait of the Mona Lisa painter by Leonardo da Vinci looks miraculously lifelike. Andy Warhol, who is associated with pop art, also did a work of the Mono Lisa in which he portrays her as an endless celebrity. What did Warhol call his famous work of the Mona Lisa?

Thirty are Better Than One

Prince among Thieves with Flowers Chris Ofili used pencil as his medium. Although the outline of the prince looks like tiny dots, what are they in reality?

Tiny heads with afros.

What is the characteristic of watercolor that sets it apart from other painting media.

Transparency.

Duane Hanson did a work which uses extreme optical fidelity. What is the French word for "fool the eye"?

Trompe l'oeil

In buon/true fresco, the pigment is mixed with water and applied to ___________.

Wet lime plaster.

The use of scale to indicate relative importance is known as ________ scale.

hierarchical scale.

What development in the 19th century introduced the widespread use of color in posters?

Color lithography.

An outline defines a two-dimensional shape. What is the difference between contours and contour lines?

Contours are the perceived edges of a three-dimensional form. Contour lines are used to indicate these perceived edges in two-dimensional art.

Define the term line.

A path traced by a moving point.

The lost-wax process of casting dates back to

3rd millennium BCE

This work, by Jeff Wall, is a photograph that refers to a print.

A Sudden Gust of Wind (after Hokusai)

The styles of expression- representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational- categorize art by how it relates to the appearance of the visible world. A term that helps us categorize art by its own appearance is style. Define the term style.

A characteristic, or number of characteristics that we can identify as constant, recurring, or coherent. In art, the sum of such characteristics associated with a particular artist, group or culture, or with an artist's work at a specific time.

Mike Kelley did a work titled Kandors Full Set. What is Kandor?

A fictional city on the fictional planet Krypton.

What is a cartoon?

A full-scale preparatory drawing for a fresco or mural.

Contrapposto

A pose that suggests the potential for movement, and thus life, in a standing human figure. Developed by sculptures in ancient Greece, contrapposto places the figures weight on one foot, setting off a series of adjustments to the hips and shoulders that produces an "S" curve.

The predecessor of the graphite pencil, especially popular during the Renaissance, is metalpoint. Historically, what is used to create the lines in metalpoint?

A thin wire made of relatively soft metal, such as silver.

What is gouache?

A watercolor with inert white pigment added.

Raymond Pettibon's drawings are traditional in scale, but he rarely exhibits them alone; the effect is more of an installation. What is an installation?

An art form in which an entire room or similar space is treated as a work to be entered and experienced.

The work, Black Bean, signaled the arrival of a new kind of subject matter and is a portrait of graphic design. Who designed this work?

Andy Warhol

Leonardo Da Vinci's Mona Lisa, according to the author, looks almost miraculously lifelike. What is the present value of this work?

Approximately $2.65 billion

Which method brings together individual pieces, segments, or objects to form a sculpture?

Assembling

The main difference in the color consistency of different types of crayons and pastels is due to the use of different _______.

Binders

What media did Pettibon use in No Title(Not a single armour...)?

Brush, pen and ink on paper.

Which work by Calder deals with actual movement?

Carmen

Which method is a substitution/replacement/indirect method of sculpture? (involves a mold)

Casting

Archeologists have formed some tentative conclusions about how the cave paintings were done. Describe these methods from the book.

Charcoal, natural tinted red and yellow clays (ochers), and a black mineral called manganese dioxide served as pigments. They were ground into a powder with stone mortars, then mixed with a liquid (blood, animal fat, calcium-rich cave water, etc.) that bound them into paint. Paint was applied to walls using fingers, animal hair brushes, or sprayed through a hollow reed by mouth. Some images were engraved/scratched into the rock; others were drawn with a chunk of rock or charcoal held like a pencil.

Over 300 images of drawings and paintings were discovered in a cave. When and where were these images found?

Chauvet Caves, France, 1994.

What culture is credited with the invention of paper in 105 CE?

China

There are three basic line directions: vertical, horizontal, and diagonal. Each of these line directions has the ability to suggest emotions to the viewer. Ex: Vertical lines seem assertive/denote growth and strength, while horizontal lines appear more calming. What are the characteristics of diagonal lines? Each of these linear characteristics can be seen in The Biglin Brothers Racing by Thomas Eakins.

Diagonal lines are dynamic - they imply movement/action.

Your book discusses two ancient painting techniques which are still used today:

Encaustic and fresco.

Andy Goldsworthy uses natural materials to create sculptures that are ephemeral. Define ephemeral.

Ephemeral - temporary, fleeting.

List two factors associated with high relief and give an example from your book.

Forms boldly project from the background. May be in the round/unattached to the background. Ex. Durga Slaying the Buffalo Demon.

What technique did Diego Rivera use in his work Mixtec culture?

Fresco

He created posters for the Moulin Rouge. Name this artist.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

According to the author, creating order and structure, exploring aesthetic possibilities, and constructing images and form that carry meaning deal with our basic human ____________ to create art.

Impulse

Who is Maya Lin and what is the famous work created by this artist shown in this chapter?

Maya Lin is the artist who created the Vietnam Veterans memorial.

What style of expression are Swinging by Vasily Kandinsky and Chin Up by Rebecca Purdum?

Nonrepresentational.

List three factors associated with low relief and give an example from your book.

Not meant to be viewed in the round Not finished on all sides Often used to decorate architecture Ex. Eagle-Headed Deity. Also, Sarcophagus lid.

Iconoclasm means the destruction of images based on religious beliefs. It was coined to describe one side of a debate. How long did this debate last?

Over a century.

Encaustic

Painting medium in which the binder is wax, which is heated to render the paints fluid.

The memorable logos for IBM, UPS, and ABC were designed by:

Paul Rand

What media did Manabu Ikeda use in his work History of Rise and Fall?

Pen and acrylic ink.

The subjective nature of perception explains why a work of art may mean different things to different people. Define the term perception.

Perception - the recognition and interpretation of sensory data.

Sculpture, architecture, and all forms of mass exist in three dimensional space. It has height, width, positive and negative space. Two dimensional space has only height, width, and the illusion on positive and negative space. Therefore, space can be two dimensional or three dimensional, implied or actual, positive or negative. Define: Picture plane.

Picture plane - the literal surface of a painting imagined as a window with subjects placed at varying "depths."

During the 18th century, beauty and art were discussed together because both were felt to provide pleasure. But is pleasure what we always feel when looking at art? Sadness might be appropriate for the painting Pieta by Giovanni Bellini. What does Pieta mean?

Pity

What pottery technique did Betty Woodman use in Aztec Vase Number 5?

Slab construction.

Symbols are given a meaning by the culture or society; they have no meaning within themselves and may change radically with time. Define symbol.

Symbol - an image or sign that represents something else because of convention, association, or resemblance.

What is the Italian name for clay that has been fired to make it hard?

Terra cotta.

Which graphic design team developed the familiar set of symbols used today to communicate information across language barriers to international travelers?

The American Institute of Graphic Arts.

Iconography is often referred to as the story within a work of art. Define the term iconography (icons)

The identification, description, and interpretation of subject matter in art.

Define stained glass and give the example from your book.

The technique of creating images/decorations from precisely cut pieces of colored glass held together with lead. Ex. Tree of Jesse.

Vanitas paintings meditate on the fleeting nature of earthly life and happiness. Audrey Flack, a modern day painter, did a vanitas painting she titled _______________.

Wheel of Fortune (Vanitas)

The art movement surrealism grew out of Dada and fantasy art. Hieronymus Bosch did a "fantasy" triptych. Define the term triptych. Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty is an example of land art, AKA an _____________.

a. A composition consisting of 3 panels side by side, generally hinged in such a way that the outer two panels can close like shutters over the inner one. b. Earthwork.

Textures can be described as a perception of smooth or rough, fine or coarse. There are two types of texture discussed in your book. Artists can create illusions actual texture through ranges of value, line and often pattern, which requires repetition Define: Actual texture, visual texture, and pattern.

a. Actual texture - texture you can experience through touch. b. Visual texture - texture experienced through sight. c. Pattern - a decorative, repetitive motif or design.

Which British artist said "all art is basically Paleolithic or Neolithic"? Define the terms Paleolithic and Neolithic.

a. Anthony Caro. b. Paleolithic - older stone age. c. Neolithic - newer stone age.

Define and give an example of a type of paint which would be considered aqueous or nonaqueous.

a. Aqueous media can be diluted with water. ex: watercolors. b. Nonaqueous media must be diluted with something other than water. ex: oil paints.

Who painted Fisherman's Cottage on the Cliffs at Varengeville? What media did he use?

a. Claude Monet b. Oil on canvas

Define: Glazes, alla prima, impasto, and grisaille.

a. Glazes - a thin, translucent layer of color generally applied over another color. b. Alla prima - "at first." In oil painting, the technique of painting directly in opaque colors, as opposed to constructing the image gradually by layering underpainting, opaque colors, and glazes over a detailed drawing. c. Impasto - "paste." A thick application of paint. d. Grisaille: a painting technique executed in gray-scale values before colored glazes.

Define: Hue, value, and intensity.

a. Hue - the name of the color according to categories of the color wheel. b. Value - relative lightness or darkness. c. Intensity - relative purity of a color.

Define: Illustration, logo, typeface, and layout.

a. Illustration - an image created to accompany words. b. Logo - symbols of an organization or a product. c. Typeface - a style of type. d. Layout - the disposition of text and images on a page, or the overall design of typographic elements on the page, spread, or book.

Define: Medium/vehicle, support, and primer.

a. Medium/Vehicle - a liquid compounded with pigment to make paint. b. Support - The surface on which a work of two dimensional art is made. c. Primer - a preliminary coating applied to a painting support to improve adhesion of paints or to create special effects.

Define the terms: Model, value, chiaroscuro, hatching, cross-hatching, and stippling.

a. Model - stimulating the effects of light and shadow to portray optically convincing masses. b. Value - the relative lightness or darkness of a hue. c. Chiaroscuro - the technique of using values to record light and shadow. Literally "light/dark." d. Hatching - closely spaced parallel lines that mix optically to suggest values. e. Cross-hatching - superimposed layers of hatching at various angles. f. Stippling - a pattern of closely spaced dots or small marks.

Color conveys emotions. There are four color harmonies: Monochromatic, complementary, analogous, and triadic.

a. Monochromatic - works using only one color, possibly in varying shades. b. Complementary - works using hues that intensify each other when juxtaposed and dull each other when mixed (colors opposite from each other on the color wheel.) c. Analogous - juxtaposition of hues that contain the same color in differing proportions. d. Triadic - works using three hues equidistant from each other on the color wheel.

Silk, cave walls, fired clay, and papyrus are all materials that have provided support for drawings. Define: Papyrus, parchment, pigment, and binder.

a. Papyrus - a paper like material developed in ancient Egypt made from pressed plant stems. b. Parchment - made from treated animal skins, widely used in the Roman Empire and medieval Europe. c. Pigment - a coloring material made from various organic or chemical substances. d. Binder - a substance in paints that causes particles of pigment to adhere to one another.

Where was Robert Rauschenberg born? How did he support himself when he moved to New York in 1950?

a. Port Arthur, Texas b. He created window displays for 5th avenue stores.

Primary Colors/Secondary Colors/Tertiary Colors

a. Primary colors - red, yellow, blue. Cannot be made from any other colors. b. Secondary colors - orange, green, violet. Made from a combination of two primary colors. c. Tertiary - products of a primary and secondary color.

He was one of the greatest draftsmen of the 17th century. Name the artist and the media he used in Cottage among Trees.

a. Rembrandt b. Pen and brown ink, brush and brown wash.

Define the terms representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational.

a. Representational depicts forms in the natural world; means "to present again." b. Abstract uses the world only as a starting point; subjects are usually simplified or otherwise distorted. c. Non-representational does not represent the visible world.

Define the terms shape and mass.

a. Shape - a two dimensional area having identifiable boundaries created by lines, color, or value changes. b. Mass - a three dimensional form often implying bulk, density, or weight.

Many theories have formed about why the Stonehenge was built and for what purpose. Recently, archeological research has confirmed one theory. What is the theory and how did archeologists form this conclusion? In what era was Stonehenge erected?

a. Stonehenge was a burial site - cremated remains of up to 240 people were discovered. b. Neolithic era.

Visual weight refers to the apparent "heaviness" or "lightness" of the forms arranged in a composition. When visual weight is equally distributed to either side of a felt or implied center of gravity, we feel that the composition is balanced Define: Symmetrical/formal balance, relieved/approximate symmetry, asymmetrical/informal balance.

a. Symmetrical/formal balance - both sides of an implied center correspond to each other in size, shape, and placement. b. Relieved/approximate symmetry - the visual weight of each side is balanced even if it isn't the exact same. c. Asymmetrical/informal balance - weight of the sides is not balanced and the sides do not match.

The Egyptians imagined the afterlife as resembling earthly life in every detail. Who were the pyramids built for? Which is the largest of the three pyramids in your book?

a. The Egyptian Pharaohs b. Khufu

Graphic design as we know it today has its roots in two developments. They are:

a. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century. b. The industrial revolution in the 18th/19th centuries.

To understand the icon within a work of art we must know the story. Experts still debate the icons in the double portrait by Jan van Eyck. Your book discusses more than one theory about Jan van Eyck's work. What are the two theories from the book?

a. The painting might record a private marriage/engagement ceremony. b. A commemorative image of a man with his deceased wife.

What is a palette? What is the difference between a restricted palette and an open palette?

a. The range of pigments an artist uses. b. Restricted palette - limited number of colors. c. Open palette - all colors are permitted.

Define forging. What profession would use this art?

a. The technique of shaping metal, usually by heating it until it softens and then beating or hammering it. b. Blacksmiths/goldsmiths.

Eugene Delacroix's painting Liberty Leading the People glorifies violence in the service of democracy, but Pablo Picasso's painting Guernica was done for other reasons. What were the two reasons discussed in your book?

a. To condemn the violence unleashed against the citizens of Guernica. b. To protest facism.

Types of Unity

a. Unity - a sense of oneness, of things belonging together and making a coherent whole. b. Conceptual unity - unity through ideas. c. Variety - difference which provides interest.

Define the term megaliths. Which work from this chapter is best associated with the term?

a. Very large stone. b. Stonehenge.

Define: Warp and weft.

a. Warp - (in weaving) fibers that are held taut. b. Weft - fibers that make the design by interweaving through the warp.

Four basic methods for making a sculpture:

modeling, casting, carving, and assembling