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En plein air
"In the open air" Impressionist practice of painting outdoors so artists could have direct access to the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere
Der Blaue Reiter
'The Blue Rider' artists sought a more spiritual expression in their work.
Die Brucke
'The Bridge' artists focused more on a disillusionment with urban life (critiquing the barbarism, alienation, and degeneration of so-called "civilization")
Cubo Futurism
(Russian movement)Denied Italian influence despite various similarities Precursor to Russian Avant-Garde
Haussmannization
1850-1870s the creation of many buildings,wide streets, parks, and monuments in cities in order to foster civic pride and to prevent rebellions; this process left many families homeless commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III to renovate Paris which was led by Georges-Eugène Haussmann
American Art During Great Depression
1930s Many artists focused on documenting the lives and circumstances of the American people. Social realist tradition (not to be confused with socialist realism), and many were employed by the government under New Deal programs. Art in Harlem tended to focus specifically on Black life struggling with "Jim Crow" segregation. Harlem became a major hub of the "rebirth" of black culture and identity. Encouraged Black artists to seek inspiration from African traditions.
Color-field painting
A form of nonobjective painting characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas (Rothko)
Pointillism
A method for applying paint in small dabs of pure color, which create optical mixtures in the eye when seen from several feet away. Developed by Seurat
Minimalism
A primarily sculptural trend in which artists reduced the "art" object to basic shapes, stripped of external references, and usually factory-made with industrial materials. "sculptures" are so easily confused with ordinary industrial objects (important relationship to Duchamp's readymade) Minimalism, like other "Postmodernist" styles, seems to question notions of skill, originality, etc. and to question our preconceived notions of what art is Focusing less on "objecthood" and more on process and subjective meaning.)
Action painting
A technique in which painters use their entire bodies to achieve rhythm and line. Usually with a large canvas. (Pollock)
The Armory Show
An exhibit in New York in 1913 that introduce European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.
World's fair
An international exhibition of the industrial, scientific, technological, and artistic achievements of the participating nations
Post Modernism
Anti-Greenberg Questions originality and what defines art Artists reject the seriousness of Modernism creating visually interesting and sometimes political images that mock the rules of modern art
Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery Through Reconstruction
Artist: Aaron Douglas 1934 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: commissioned by the government to emphasize change African Americans wanted to have representation of their life as other white Americans did
Brillo Soap Pads Box
Artist: Andy Warhol 1964 Medium: Silkscreen print on painted wood Content: challenged what is seen as art
Violin and Palette
Artist: Braque 1909-10 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: An example of Analytic Cubism
Untitled Film Still #21
Artist: Cindy Sherman 1978 Medium: Black and white photo. Content: used the pop culture identity as a play on overdone cliche roles of women
Impression: Sunrise
Artist: Claude Monet 1872 Medium:Oil on canvas Content: gave the impressionists their name from an art critic
Mont Sainte-Victoire
Artist: Cézanne 1885 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: Influenced Cubism use of color to evoke depth 3D but with the use of simple shapes to counterbalance with 2D forms
Untitled
Artist: Donald Judd 1969 Medium: Galvanized iron and Plexiglas. Content: does not have a meaning but does reference the industrial aspects and process of the work
Migrant Mother
Artist: Dorothea Lange February 1936 Location: Nipomo, CA Medium: Gelatin-silver print Content: pushed for documenting life through photography shows a Cherokee descent woman with her 7 children and a look of worry and strength in her face
Fountain
Artist: Duchamp 1917 Medium: Porcelain plumbing fixture (urinal) & enamel paint. Content: written 'R Mutt' on the urinal and anonymously submitted it to the academy but was rejected
"Untitled" (Loverboy)
Artist: Felix-Gonzalez Torres 1990 Medium: Blue paper Content: focus on the process of 'decay' participants were instructed to take one piece as they walked by alludes to the loss of his partner who died of AIDS the work starts out at 170 pounds of paper (which was the same weight of his partner at his healthiest)
Mountains and Sea
Artist: Helen Frankenthaler 1952 Medium: Oil & charcoal on canvas. Content: use of the soak stain method
The Woman with the Hat
Artist: Henri Matisse 1905 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: contributed to color theory to be expressive painting of his wife intentional clash of colors
Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)
Artist: Jackson Pollock 1950 Medium: Oil on canvas
Improvisation 28 (2nd version)
Artist: Kandinsky 1912 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: An example of Der Blaue Reiter makes a connection between music and color the ides that it can't ever be touched (synesthesia)
Street, Berlin
Artist: Kirchner 1913 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: An example of Die Brücke two prostitutes surrounded by men faceless, dehumanized figures with englogated features criticizes modern society's ability to purchase anything
Suprematist Painting (Eight Red Rectangles)
Artist: Malevich 1915 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: wanted to convey pure emotion with pure abstraction
Lavender and Mulberry
Artist: Mark Rothko 1959 Medium: Oil on paper on fiberboard
The Horde
Artist: Max Ernst 1927 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: claimed to have already see images on the canvas and with the use of 'grattage' to capture texture
Les Demoiselles D'Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon)
Artist: Pablo Picasso 1907 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: inspired by African masks a painting of nude prostitutes
Moulin de la Galette (Pancake Mill)
Artist: Renoir 1876 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: outdoor painting which show spots of sunlight on the peoples clothing which mimics sun peering through trees inspired by the cropped view of photographs
Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?
Artist: Richard Hamilton 1956 Medium: Collage Content: a response to an excess of mass production and media influence
Canyon
Artist: Robert Rauschenberg 1959 Medium: Mixed media, stuffed eagle, found objects, etc. Content: challenged the idea that art has to have meaning
Spiral Jetty
Artist: Robert Smithson 1969-70 Medium: Mud, salt crystals, rocks, water. Content: creation and decay displayed simultaneously in one design only visible during a drought
Birth of Liquid Desires
Artist: Salvador Dalí 1931 Medium: Oil and collage on canvas Content: used the 'paranoid critical method' in most of his works man on the far left may allude to the myth of Sisyphus who was damned for eternity to push a bolder up a hill
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Artist: Seurat 1884-86 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: Allegorical meaning : a mix of different social classes discipline use of dots/lines
Armored Train in Action
Artist: Severini 1915 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: at the start of WWI celebrated the war as a means to revitalize Italy Severini was inspired by the train station below his studio
The Starry Night
Artist: Vincent van Gogh 1889 Medium: Oil on canvas Content: Painted outside of his asylum window nature's takeover; the idea of how small human life is large cypress tree dominating the left of the scene symbolizes death reaching up to the sky
Olympia
Artist: Édouard Manet 1863 Medium:Oil on canvas Content: Manet was the Father of Avant Garde Art reminiscent of Titan's Venus of Urbino as a mockery of women's discretion stark outline of woman's body with no chiaroscuro
The Rehearsal on Stage
Artist:Edgar Degas 1874 Medium: Pastel and ink on paper Content: the reason why this work was seen as radical was due the the association ballerinas had with the lower class and portrayed vulnerability conveyed a tilted atmospherical perspective (photography inspired) most of his works were posed
Analytic Cubism
Breaks forms and figures into fragments as if to analyze them Objects are picked apart and rearranged across the canvas
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
Post-Impressionism
Continued the Impressionist use of vivid colors and loose brushwork, but were not interested in capturing spontaneous "fleeting" impressions of atmospheric light and color. More abstract than Impressionism Instead, Post-Impressionists worked independently and developed their own unique styles, with their own unique aims. Some Post-Impressionists (like Seurat & Cezanne) focused on the compositional, formal structure of their work While others (like van Gogh & Munch) focused on expressive potential.
Abstract Expressionism
Emerged as WW2 came to an end in the mid-1940s. Placed the US at the "center" of the art-world. Most Ab-Ex artists shared the goal of producing a more universally felt art—something capable of resonating with any audience Inspired by Carl Jung, whose idea of the "collective unconscious" Some critics (like Clement Greenberg) Ab-Ex marked a sort of pinnacle of Modernism. This was based on a formalist perspective, and promoted a purist definition of "Modernism" that many "Postmodernists" would soon reject.
Impressionism
Exhibited their work independently in order to subvert the Academy's strict system. Impressionists' colors were vivid and their brushstrokes rapid and choppy. sought to render instantaneous impressions of fleeting moments, focusing on visual sensations of color and light. Subject matter usually has to do with modern life (especially middle-class leisure) & landscape. Many Impressionists were heavily inspired by the following sources: Manet, the Haussmannization ,effects of photography (cropping, aerial perspective) and Japanese prints (flatness).
Surrealism
Founded by André Breton, Surrealism shared Dada's disillusionment with war and western society Heavily influenced by Freud's writings on psychoanalysis and the unconscious—specifically, the idea that the conscious mind works to suppress our unconscious urges, desires, instincts, etc. Believed to liberate human behavior from the shackles of reason and convention creating illusionistic yet absurd/irrational imagery. Depicting familiar objects in unlikely scenarios, or creating unusual juxtapositions between disparate things.
Italian Futurism
Founded by Filippo Marinetti in 1909. "Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism" Attacked all things old, dull, & safe; celebrated all things powerful, thrilling, fast. Style: Combined Cubist forms w/more color & a greater sense of movement Themes: Revolved around speed, power, machines, & war. Championed war as social cleansing, making way for a stronger Italy. Marinetti declared, "We will glorify war, the only true hygiene of the world."
Cubism
Founded by Picasso & Braque in Paris also heavily influenced by Cezanne Deconstructing & rearranging the subjects of their work. Flattening of pictorial space by blending foreground & background Attempt to capture multiple perspectives and vantage points within a single work. This pictorial effect is sometimes described as a "simultaneity" for the way it suggests the collapse of temporal and spatial duration into a single instant.
La Bouteille de Suze (Bottle of Suze)
Pablo Picasso 1912 Medium: Pasted paper, gouache, & charcoal Content: An example of Synthetic Cubism
Combine
Rauschenberg used this term Similar to an Assemblage combining a series of different art forms into one such as sculpture painting drawings and sometimes incorporating readymades
Pop Art
Style & subject matter based on popular culture, advertisements, & mass production. Artists are responding to a superficial, image-saturated world of excess. Use of media in order to show how mass media apes/manipulates us (playing on our emotions, desires, needs, etc.) for profit. Blurring the lines between "high" art & "low" pop culture. (Very Duchampian)
Automatism
Technique to reveal unconscious mind; like "doodling," letting one's hand wander without thought
Japonisme
The French fascination with all things japonese. Second half of 19th century. Impressionist and Post-impressionist were especially impressed with bold contour lines, flat areas of color, and cropped edges in Japanese woodblock prints.
Suprematism
The first truly "avant-garde" movement to come out of Russia. Associated with Malevich's attempt to achieve a purely abstract art, detached from the world of objects, in order to visualize pure feeling He felt these shapes were universally understood. (Although his emphasis on feeling and spirituality didn't resonate with more socially-engaged artists in Russia, his visual idiom inspired Constructivist designs for communist propaganda.)
Synthetic Cubism
The idea of adding in other materials in a collage. Artists would use colored paper, newspapers, and other materials to represent the different blocks of the subject. Brighter colors are usually associated with this technique Art historians usually try to find meaning within synthetic cubism than with analytic
Primitivism
The incorporation in early-20th-century Western art of stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of the Americas.
Fauvism
The nickname "Fauves" or "wild beasts". French movement that was united by wild, explosive, and highly expressive use of bright colors. In their work, color is detached from description. In other words, it's not subordinated to the actual appearance of something; instead, it's used freely for the sake of expression.
Assemblage
The practice of combining disparate elements, especially found objects and images, to construct an open-ended work of art that alters meaning on multiple levels. It's basically 3D collage. It challenges Greenbergian Formalism & embraces ambiguity.
Dada
The word "dada" is supposed to be nonsensical. Dada artists were disillusioned by WWI Mocked the senselessness of society and culture, realizing that the modern faith in "reason" had led to the brutality of war. Began with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, 1916. It aimed to challenge authority, cultivate absurdity It often combined social critique and cynicism with a tinge of humor and wit.
Avant-Garde
a military term meaning advance guard in art it refers to artists ahead of their time at the forefront of experimentation
Expressionism
a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the external world
Formalism
a traditional way of criticizing art according to set regulations coined by Greenberg
Impasto
a way of applying paint, specifically a thick, textured application of paint where the marks made by the brush or painting knife stay visible
Salon des Refuses
art show for radical works rejected by the official salon
Paranoid critical method
belief that sane artists can undergo psychosis (self induced insanity) by choice and document their feelings afterward
German Expressionism
employed expressive/non-descriptive colors along with distorted forms, distorted scale & perspective, and agitated brushwork in order to evoke subjective emotions rather than objective descriptions
Readymade
introduced by Duchamp by combining already manufactured objects and calling it art
Soak Stain Technique
pioneered by Helen Frankenthaler in which turpentine is mixed with paint on unprimed canvas to make the paint and canvas as one
Synesthesia
when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of red ants makes you itchy. In literature, synesthesia refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image. Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title,"Taste the Pain," is an example.
