ART HIST 172A Final: Questions

23. Compare Christoph Dientzenhofer St. Nicholas on the Small Side (Mala Strana) with Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer St. Nicholas in the Old Town (Stare Mešto.)

review doc

19. What are the components of the "scenographic" installation at Röhr?

scenographic = the art of perspective representation especially as applied to the design and painting of stage scenery

14. What materials did the Dinglingers use to make art?

used a variety of methods on different pieces for August II the Strong which included gold, goldsmithing (guilding), silver, gemstones, enamel painting and sculpting. Made hardstone carvings for a goblet out of rhinoceros horn and enameled a gold dragon

29. Which of Chardin's paintings show a momentary sensation in the mind of the person depicted? Which of his paintings depict a person in the act of perceiving?

Momentary sensation = turnip peeler Act of perceiving = return from the market

34. How do David's Napoleon Crossing the Alps and Houdon's George Washington as Cincinnatus endorse different usages of military power?

Napoleon: Looking calm and collected on top of a wild horse. The names of other conquerors who came before above the alps are engraved on the rocks below. In a quest to free people from monarchy rule, only to become the monarch of monarchs. George: Farmer who was called upon by his countrymen to lead a military campaign against imperialism. After his successful conquest, he was offered a dictatorship, he declined and retired from the military and returned to his farm. Similarly George did not want to be the dictator of the US after our war for independence, and retired to return to his farm. His also shows the fasces which when bound were a symbol for peace and also the possibility of resorting to the power over life and death if he wanted.

22. Be able to recognize a three-dimensional arch in a photo of the interior of a church.

review doc

2. How did sculpture and architecture interact in Absolutist architecture?

Architecture played an important role in politics because it was used by kings in order to enhance their images and awe their subjects. The royal palace had been the favorite architectural expression of absolutist power. The dominant style of the age of absolutism had been baroque, a dramatic and emotional style (supplimented by additional source- https://easternabsolutism.wordpress.com/2013/06/05/absolutism-and-baroque-architecture/) Paired with classical, well executed sculptural religious works enhanced the Kings divine rule and encouraged his claim.

16. How do the exterior and interior of Rococo palaces and houses differ in the way they represent their owner? How did socialism al representation change in architecture in the Rococo period? What effect did the change have upon the appearance of buildings?

Development: Symmetrical ornamentation --> asymmetrical - Exterior was very clean and modest compared to the interior. Lots of smaller sculptures, temple style, colonnades, used windows to break up the wall. Interior was far more extravagant. This was all now meant to be for personal pleasure so these places were hidden in hedges or behind walls, they were only meant for the nobility to appreciate, not for the general public. Exterior became more plain and normal while the interior became highly ornate.

9. Why is the Dresden Frauenkirche like a theater?

- 4 different arms - Organ in the rear - Altar where a stage would be - Balconies in several levels - Box seats for guests that face the organ and altar beneath - Wanted to outdo any of the churches of king Augustus at the time - Huge pipe organ → replacement of visual arts with musical arts in the church - Centralized church - Have a place for the priest to 'teach'/speak, rather than to lead them through rituals - Curvature of the seats to amplify the acoustics

1. What are the main identifying characteristics of the art of Absolutism?

- Absolutism = absolute power to the monarchy - Art and decoration was very decadent - Dominant style was Baroque → enhanced the kings image and power - "The consolidation of large and powerful nation states in Europe in the 17th century led to the rise of Absolute Monarchy, where powerful monarchs claimed absolute power that came directly from god. - - As secular power replaced the central position once held by the church, European monarchs relied on artists to promote their authority. - - Creating the "aura" of Absolute Monarchy was largely a matter of costuming and staging, and - - the exuberant style of the Baroque was well-suited to the representation of monarch's who claimed the divine right to rule." Characteristics of the art and architecture: Clear and simple definition of the masses, straight skylines and roofs, severe unbroken entablature, purity of detail in columns and aesthetics. All of the art is meant to be mead together and presented together. Painting, sculpture, and architecture is all unified under one overarching power. Image: The King Governs Himself, Charles Le Brun

Rococo Decorations: Wurzburg Residenz

- Antonio Bossi, stucco relief sculpture and decor - Weisser saal (white hall) - Pale grey, with chalky white stucco - Highly intricate - Rocai ornamentation is marine and cretaceous and lots of life - Asymmetrical as if everything were crawling - Bones, and chinese decoration influence, vertebrae from mammals, asian dragon and parasol - Goddess of the arts, athena - Good to be very monochrome, because there is so much going on (review images)

15. How is the Rococo decoration of Boffrand and Cuvilliés different?

- Cuvillies = Hall of Mirrors (Germany)→ displayed Rococo Architecture at its height → dazzling the eye with the organic interplay of mirrors, crystal, and stucco relief → much more exuberant than French Rococo (light blue and silver) - Boffrand = Salon de la Princesse Hotel de Soubise, Paris, France → much more subdued → sinuous curves, gilded moldings and mirrors, small sculptures and paintings, and floral ornament → feeling of intimacy and delicacy → room for polite conversation → antithesis of Versailles (white and gold ornamentation)

Rococo: Sanssouci

- Fredrick II of Prussia and Brandenburg with Georg von Knobelsdorff - Built green house terraces so that he could grow his own grapes to make his own wine. In the winter the little greenhouses would have little candles to keep the grapes warm in the baltic winters - "No Cares" - Music room: - asymmetrical frames

10. How did Balthasar Permoser express comedic wit in his art?

- He created comedic characters and satyrs (meant to be satirical and not taken seriously - Contorted faces, use of characters from commedia dell'arte (review slides - small statues of men)

11. Which iconographic subjects were popular in early Meissen porcelain?

- Horoldt was the painter of the scene and he was known for painting chinese scenes which became so popular that they eclipsed the actual value of actual chinese porcelain - We can see a chinese tea party which he made for his wife and father in law. This was not sold in mass quantities like other works This was painted in monochrome and the scene that we see is a traditional chinese tea service. - Asian-inspired patterns - Soon minutely detailed landscapes and port scenes, animals, flowers, galante courtly scenes and chinoiseries, fanciful Chinese-inspired decorations, were to be found on Meissen porcelain

Rococo: Hotel de Subise

- Hotel de Soubise, begun by Pierre A. Delamair. Paris - Back facade is elegant and reserved and inviting - Exclusion of the public - Front facade doesn't quite exist, it's just a reserved and hidden away blocked space on the street. - Windows now function to allow illumination of the interior. As functions were more important inside than outside now - Restraint on the exterior balances out the exuberance of Rococo - Princess room said to be one of the most beautiful room in the world - Use of mirrors, shapes of seashells, sea animals, aquatic forms present - Symmetrical: early rococo

5. Why does Félibien say that sensibility is the key to interpreting The Tent of Darius?

- I think this has to do with the way that emotions are portrayed in The Tent of Darius (Mignard) Felibien comments that they "erred, for in imagining to make their figures appear more lively and active they have in many places draw a thousand extravagants postures not having having direction enough to preserve what was necessary and decent." -- relating it to behavioral psychology (I couldn't really find much else??) fear, and confusion, slowly realizing that they are in no danger. Each character shows their own person feelings, fear, anger, begging. Body language seems accurate If a person is unsure, their body language shows Communication error Emotion was originally supposed to be the motion of the mind, if the soul moves it is reflected by emotions It was believed that artists were great if they could relay the full spectrum of emotions through their work, As a reaction to Italian Baroque Exaggerated emotion Rational understanding of psychology - Alexander is telling the family that their head of the family is actually alive and well and will be returned to them, but only a few of the servants understand the words that Alexander speaks. The family members are in poses of mourning, fear, and confusion, slowly realizing that they are in no danger. - This is contrasted to The Family Before Darius (le Brun) because here we can see that he is a skillful painter because he is able to create emotions in the painting. - Felibien asserted that there are two kinds of motion--the motion of mind and the motion of body. The motions of mind = emotions. The motions of the body proceed that of the foul. Skillful painters can relate passions to motions of body, which Le Brun was able to do with his painting, The Family of Darius before Alexander.

24. How does the Vierzehnheiligen (Fourteen Holy Helpers) church express a religious idea through its architecture and decoration?

- Idea is to put in as many clear windows as possible - Built to accommodate thousands of pilgrims - All of the white sort of leads to this chaotic middle

13. Which works of Dresden baroque art exhibit the influence of Asian culture and art? What is Chinoiserie?

- Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer Church of St. Nicholas in the Old Town 1735 → uses exotic asian roofs in two parts - Chinoiserie is chinese style furnishings and porcelain. - Also the porcelain made by Meissen with the plates and the trumpet vase which highlight the chinese figures and the tea services. (But maybe also the fact that they wanted to replicate the porcelain in Europe and the different evolutions of the porcelain like the brown stoneware, and the iron porcelain. )

4. a) What are the main identifying characteristics of the Regency style of interior design? b) What are the most important examples of Regency and which artists and architects were involved in their construction and decoration?

- Large rectilinear forms of Louis XIV furniture - Graceful, easily moveable furniture designed to showcase craftsmanship - Rooms divided into smaller more intimate spaces - Flat curving motifs - The style itself was a turn toward intimacy, comfort, distraction, and pleasure - Moldings were thinner and less assertive than under Louis XIV → in low relief - Examples include the Palace of Versailles--flat skyline broken by statuary groups Louis XIV's succession brought about a change in the arts → baroque designs were giving way to much lighter elements with more curves, patterns, and natural colors

32. Why was the Neoclassical style associated with the French Revolution?

- Many consider neoclassicism to be the start of modernity, in tie with the industrial revolution Neoclassicism is the new revival of classical antiquity - It formed an integral part of Enlightenment, the in its radical questioning of received notions of human endeavour. with the revolution, French painting resumed its moral and political purpose and embraced the style known as neoclassicism → turning away from Rococo → with revolution near, artists sought subjects of public virtue and personal sacrifice → painted with restraint - neoclassicism triumphed—and became inseparably linked to the revolution—in the work of Jacques-Louis David, a painter who also played an active role in politics

18. How did the Asam brothers intensify the visitor's experience when visiting Weltenburg Abbey church? What comprised their Gesamtkunstwerk at Weltenburg?

- Oval interior is the emphasis - Total artwork - Incorporates every kind of art you could think of, stucco, painting, polychrome and monochrome sculpture, furniture and architectural ornamentation - Channeled lighting from hidden sources to illuminate things to make them more theatrical and dramatic - St Jeorge and the dragon Egid Quirin Asam, Stuccoist and sculptor - Backlight is enhanced by gold silver and gold-plated plastic - Technologically advanced sculpture for its time - Silver and chrome all over, by the damsel in distress is polychrome as is the dragon - Flanking Jeorge are all white saints, polished and has just a little bit of lifelike painting in the face - Ceiling is painted and has lots of ornamentation. - The brothers make portraits of each other in the ceiling, the sculpture sculpted the painter, the painter painted the sculptor

12. Who was the premier sculptor and who was the premier painter of Meissen porcelain in the first two decades of manufacture? What are the identifying characteristics of their respective styles?

- Sculptor: Kandler is the most famous sculptor in porcelain and he was known for the realistic nature of the work that he produced as well as the skill the delicate curves in the cranes neck which might have collapsed in other media. As well as the way that he is able to depict the personality of the monkey and its body gestures as it eats the grapes. We can also see his skill in the small greyhound with its facial expressions while scratching himself and in the crane because of the way its plumage looks and how its as if you can feel its feathers - Painter: The painter is Horoldt and he is characteristic because of the chinese scenes that he depicts and the tea parties on the Chinoiserie (chinese styled furnishings and porcelain)

7. Compare and contrast the architecture of Versailles with that of the Würzburg Residenz.

- The Wurzburg Residenz is one of europe's largest palaces and it is built in only a couple of decades, it has also been built in a perfectly unified design with balance of ornamentation and rococo. - It is a reflection of french architecture and meant to be like Versailles it incorporates several different styles with pre rococo, rococo, and post rococo. There is french influence to the Wurzburg Residenz because of the U shaped front which is similar to Versailles. However, Versailles just looks like a community of buildings with lots of independent parts. Wurzburg is more perfect because it is unified and Versailles looks small in comparison. - Wurzburg shows the culmination of wanting to be very grand and extreme.

26. How is the architecture of Vierzehnheiligen similar to that of a medieval church? How is it like a church by Guarini? How is it different from both of these models?

- Vierzehnheiligen takes on the traditional cruciform shape (long nave intersected by a transept, creating a cross form). - Guarini's church is also cruciform. Adopts the undulating architectural forms used by Borromini in the 17th century and applies them to the medieval template. - Extremely complex plan which pushes the boundaries of plan organization. There are two alters, one alter for sighting of saints and another at east end, and no aisles. - There are no right angles in the church, the twirling forms have no structural significance, the ceiling vaults seem to "open."Use of reflected ceiling plan because ceiling has become the most important design elements

3. Where and when did the French Classicist style called Regency (or the Louis-XIV style) begin? Which artists were responsible for its inception?

- Where & When: It became the official style in France during the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), imposed upon artists by the newly established Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) and the Académie royale d'architecture (Royal Academy of Architecture). - Louis XIV's succession brought about a change in the arts → baroque designs were giving way to much lighter elements with more curves, patterns, and natural colors - Artistic change became more established first in the palace and then in French high society The palace of Versaille was thought of as being the center of the universe and versaille was an art factory - François and Louis Le Vau (Architect - Hotel Lambert, Vaux-le-Vicomte, The Louvre, Versailles • J.H. Mansart (Architecht - Versailles • Charles LeBrun (Interior design - Hotel Lambert, Vaux-le-vicomte, The Louvre, Versailles ) • François Girardon • Antoine Coysevox

31. How is Chardin's painting technique different from that of seventeenth-century Dutch genre painters?

-Chardins technique made the painting the focus where others would place it on objects in their paintings - brush strokes as a physical object

8. How did staircases reflect or dictate social relations in the Age of Absolutism?

-less important people had to walk up all the stairs to greet the king. If you were important, the king would meet you at the middle landing and walk you up the rest of the way. - In Wurzburg, their stair room was large enough so that they could enter the palace in their carriages. This is where all of the official greetings would occur. The largest painting in Europe is above the stair room in the Wurzburg Residenz

30. How does Chardin show the nature of a conversation between two or more people? What thoughts are implied, suggested, or otherwise indicated, within the minds of the persons depicted? Precisely how did Chardin impute, imply or suggest thoughts in the minds of persons depicted?

Chardin -used art as a metacognitive vehicle where Chardin draws attention to painting as a medium for surface quality. Created paintings that would call for a closer look to understand the inner dialogues and actions of figures pictured.

28. Compare the still lifes of Huysum and Chardin. Which is more luxurious and ostentatious and which is more austere and frugal? How did Chardin's "broad manner" differ from Huysum's finely painted realism?

Chardin's attention is turned to more humble objects → his paintings focus more on representing sense and sensation as phenomena worthy of investigation → sort of a reaction against the peak of rococo opulence Chardin painted in very broad/abrupt manner (brush strokes as physical objects that you perceive), different from Huysum's very fine and detailed manner

Rococo: Amalienburg

Francois de Cuvillies and Michael Leveilly The Amalienburg hunting lodge (pleasure palace or Lustschloss) in the Nymphenburg Palace Gardens, Munich, Germany, ca. 1737 - All the architecture and decoration to depict hunting lodge - Pale salmon pink - White stucco tops Salon de la lune - Mirrors everywhere - Gilded in silver not gold, silver represents the moon - Silvered stucco and silvered furniture - At the ceiling the silver stucco shows realistic depictions of nature - Sea forms and marine forms found in the stucco as well as nets, in reference to hunting are everywhere - Images are becoming asymmetrical - The beginning of advanced rococo

27. How does Chardin draw the viewer's attention to their own sensory perception? Point to specific details in his paintings that seem to address the viewer's awareness of their own sensory perception.

He emphasized the senses and how one's eyes communicate other senses, (like taste, lots of food imagery) Also how when you look close at Chardin's paintings they just seem like frantic/ random brush strokes but when you look farther away they come together as a cohesive piece which is different from the dutch painters because of how real everything looked. Chardin was using the idea of sensory perception to call to attention that we can perceive we can perceive what it is despite its ac

36. What things about Houdon's sculpture could be associated with the Enlightenment?

He made portraits of Enlightenment figures, such as Diderot and Voltaire.

38. What about Houdon's sculpture was new for the time? What is innovatory and what is old about his sculpture?

He was a Neoclassical portrait sculptor, his work was very realistic and lacked idealism Innovatory → an anatomical study of a flayed man, L'Écorché → incisions in the eyes of portraits to capture the transient expression of the person He also carved into the irises to make it seem like they were gazing at something and make them more realistic. He also produced his sculpture en masse in his studio and unlike other artist and workshops, he carved everything himself

35. How did Houdon's method of making sculpture enhance his fame?

His production of an anatomical study of a flayed man, L'Écorché (1767), brought him immediate fame and served later as the basis for replicas widely used for instruction He was also able to create these statues in mass quantities and that was through hand carving the figure in terracotta and then being able to use that in order to create other works in different mediums such as marble, bronze and plaster. He also made sculptures of pretty influential people such as Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Jefferson, and George Washington

37. How did Houdon show children?

Imbues them with a sense of dignity that is reminiscent of imperial Roman portraits. The children also were sculpted to seem like they were given noble countenance and dignity that was only really seen in noble portraits. He also showed them looking really perfect and this was seen in the sculpture of Louise Brongniart where we can see the smaller strands of her hair clinging to her head and in a later sculpture that was done in marble we can see how he tries to make her more perfect and beautiful through elongating her neck (which might also seem a bit unnatural).

33. Compare and contrast David's Portrait of Paulze and Lavoisier with his Death of Marat.

Lavoisier and Paulze: This painting shows the life size figures of Lavoisier and his wife Paulze with the details of their home. A lot of space is devoted to the interior of their home with emphasis on the high ceilings and the columns in the background as well as the velvet table and the chemistry instruments. This painting also plays on the idea that his discovery of oxygen is debated. With the way that he is looking at his wife he is almost look at her as if asking what he should do/write next and is looking to her for inspiration and she is looking at the audience as if she is letting us in on the secret that she is actually doing all of the work as she stands over Lavoisier with her fist on the table. Another thing that was talked about was all of the line in the painting, like with Paulze's arm on the table and the the extension of Lavoisier's leg Lavoisier was accused by Marat of selling adulterated tobacco and he was guillotined during the revolution.

6. Compare and contrast the architectural style of the Stockholm palace with that of the Vienna Belvedere. What are the main identifying characteristics of Baltic Absolutist architecture?

Main identifying characteristics: Severe rectangular cubic design; Extreme flat roof - Belvedere: This is associated also with french rococo, this palace has eastern style but it also combines motifs with the separate rooftops (like the chinese roof because they were fascinated by asian architecture) and the oxidized copper which made it turn green. - Stockholm: Baroque. Uniform--massive block like space that is style of the Baltic

20. Be able to identify the artist and location (the building) if shown a ceiling fresco by Rottmayer, Gran, Asam or Tiepolo. (Don't worry about the other ceiling painters.)

Review google doc

25. How did Neumann use geometry in design? How is the kind of geometry he used different from that used in Medieval churches?

Series of intersecting vaults; non-Euclidean geometry He created the the parabolic arch in the Wurzburg palace, he used the parabolic arch in order to distribute the weight better and he also used basalt stone and it becomes thinner and thinner towards the ceiling and the parabola create a very solid structure that is able to withstand lots of pressure. It was able to withstand bombs that fell on it.. They thought that it would collapse and so to prove its solidity they fired a cannon at it too.. That's why in Tiepolo's painting Neumann is sitting on a cannon.

17. What are the main characteristics of Rococo decoration in the following buildings? How do the decorations differ among the buildings? How are they similar? Describe the chronological development of Rococo interior design. (review buildings)

Symmetrical = early rococo; asymmetrical = late rococo

39. What materials did Houdon use to make sculpture? In what order did he make the versions in different materials? Which copy of any given portrait did he make first?

Terracotta → cast → marble He used bronze, clay, marble, and plaster Would keep the original Terracotta works in his workshop so that he could make copies from it in any other type of materials the buyer wanted.

21. How did the syncopated vault systems of the Dientzenhofer affect the appearances of the ceilings?

The new plans involved an intricate geometrical system of interconnected cylinders with a central dome above the transept. The massive nave with side chapels and an undulating vault based on a system of intersecting ellipsoids was apparently built by Kryštof Dientzenhofer in 1704-1711. The pillars between the wide spans of the arcade supporting the triforium were meant to maximize the dynamic effect of the church.