Art History 101 Midterm pieces

Great Temple of Amun, Karnak

1200 BCE Grew gradually, each kind added to building Most sensual thing that happens is the daily cult to the statue of the god. Housed in darkest least accessible place (only accessed by high priests) Much more technical process Image of god carried out to be met with populus at large Festivals/important days, when all get to see the case carrying the image of the god Hypostyle hall - hall with columns Represent plants growing in water Different pillars represent different types of flowers As you enter, feel like you are descending into primeval darkness Darkest being where god would be kept No congregation or teaching taking place (all about technical aspects regarding the god in the temple)

Chauvet Cave

34,000 BCE One of the oldest caves that has been found. Perspective: technique to show the relation of objects as they appear to the eye. Modeling: in painting, the use of shading to create the effect of roundness and volume. 75% of the handprints were from women. This cave is shocking because: The older caves have more realistic paintings that the newer caves, proves that there is a choice to make the paintings realistic or not.

Aphrodite of Knidos, by Praxiteles

350 BCE Praxiteles is an Athenian Known for softness of rendering and was commissioned to make this for a town of "Cos?" Makes two - clothed and naked People chose clothed one Other place took naked statue Do not have original, but many replicas because of its fame Mortal women would never be depicted naked, but goddesses were fine Ambiguity of undressing or putting on clothes before or after bath Covers genitalia yet draws attention to them at the same time Scholars suggested that she is looking at some beyond the viewer, such as her lover Aries Rings on neck are known as "Venus rings" → shows softness In a round building so she could be appreciated on all sides, gives multiple points of view Roman tourists would often visit and would have a wide range of responses Praxiteles opens the door for exploring the female figure naked just as the male body had been portrayed

Lion Human from Hohlenstein-Stadel

40,000 BCE One of the oldest works of art One of the newest works for art history Found in 1939 Fully free standing sculpture, carved on all sides Why it is important Shows a new level of creativity It takes imagination to come up with a lion human Based on an idea rather than real life It was important to its culture because: It was a foot tall It was made of ivory The process of making it was very intricate. (about 400 hours to make) Why was it made? Buried about 80 feet from the mouth of the cave. Suggests it was used for a religious ritual Shaman: a person believed to possess a special ability to communicate with the spirit world.

Erechtheion, Athens

421-05 BCE Right next to the parthenon Temple for athena polias, and other heroes and deities Karyatid proch The columns are women Graceful and natural Internal geometry Makes the body seem alive Ideas Transformation from conceptual to perceptual representation (stone boy versus boy in stone) Observation and imitation of nature, to achieve the ideal coordination of the human body in form, proportion and motion. Refinement of the doric and ionic architecture orders Integration of architectural form and sculptural ornament Creation of one of the world's most enduring architectural icons, the Parthenon Symmetria Post war, bringing city states under one umbrella

The Parthenon, Athens

447-32 BCE Most elaborate greek building that was ever constructed It was created on a 33' platform to raise it above the other structures Made of pentelic marble 8 columns on front 17 on the sides Columns are fluted and the building is designed to change throughout the day as it interacts with sunlight There is not one single straight line Everything has been adjusted to play with the eye The internal columns surrounding the statue in the middle; so a viewer can walk around it Curvature: the entire platform the structure builds on is curved in two directions that imitates the curvature of the earth This if for practicality and visual impact The intableture also curves All the columns lean in this is called inclination All of this has to be very planned out before the construction The triglyphs are proportional with the columns Corner contraction: the columns were moved in meet the rhythm of the frieze Entasis: the columns are more tapered at the top Built with proportions of 4 to 9 The building was very vibrantly painted This was the most decorated building in greece at the time South Metopes, Centauromachy: battle of Greeks and Centaurs The Frieze is remarkable in many ways It is a procession that starts at west end that culminates in a scene at the entrance The athenians are representing themselves on this building Isocephaly: Clothing is heavy and legs break out from under them to show the human figure The gods Poseidon and Apollo are much larger than the other people depicted The pediments are all about athens and athena East pediment: the birth of athena Inside is the statue of athena parthenos made of gold and ivory

Djoser Step Pyramid, Saqqara

c. 2600 BCE Small toombs Imhotep: architect responsible for the development of these pyramids Mastabe: bench tomb Built of stone rather than mudbrick Building with stones means you can add on to the top of the building later The tomb was surrounded by a wall and rituals could take place in the enclosed space Colonnade: rows of columns The columns are actual the ends of the walls: engaged columns The wall tiles that went over the tomb was designed to mimic a woven rug. Sed festival: the ritual that is thought to be performed in the engraving on the wall in the tomb.

Augustus Prima Porta

c. 18 BCE One of the most famous Roman Portraits Discovered in 1863 that belonged to Augustus's wife in her Villa The emperor is wearing the breastplate and skirt, a military depiction. He looks youthful, not like other Roman Portraits The style is intended to look Classical Similarly carved details like the brows and nose Augustus was 18 years old when he came into power The stance and the bare feet are similar to the other sculpture. The baby next to him is cupid riding a dolphin, and this is being used because it's being used to remind viewers of venus. Augustus traced his heritage back to Venus. The arm gesture is a hand pointing, it's the right hand, it's a oratring gesture (Making a speech). Augustus's arm extends out of the rectangular space of the viewer. The breast plate has a scene on it, a roman soldier is receiving a partheon. The scene alludes to 54 BC of the fight between the Parathenon empire and Roman empire. Augustus's achievements was not going to war with the Partheons but instead getting the standards back without war. The sculpture once had paint, you can tell by looking at the eyebrows and eyes. Carved from a single block of marble, the marble is aryan from Greece. The prima porta portraits were a type of portrait.

Seated Scribe

c. 2400 BCE Found near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara No one knows his name but the idea of a scribe was founded from royal families, and writing was important Made of limestone rock His gaze and stature indicates he's ready to write in the afterlife. Ready to write down offering brought to the tomb owner. His eyes were made of rock crystal

Mastaba of Ti, Saqqara

c. 2450 BCE Rectangular tombs with subterranean rooms for burial and to perform cult. Serdab: room in egyptian rooms where statues were kept. There is a small window looking into the room.

Great Pyramids at Giza

c. 2500 BCE The shape of the pyramids is to seem as a ramp to heaven. No unified scheme of what is inside Two entrances to the tomb (lower and upper) The sphinx is located next to these tombs Combination of the pharaoh and god Nermes: headdress that represents royalty

Book of the Dead of Hunter

1275 BCE The book of the dead is about the designation of the dead It is regarded as a guide book to the life beyond. We see that the rituals come from many different types of healing and A collection of rituals for the deceased rather than narrative The iconography of the book makes it seem very strange to the people reading it. Ra-haraunte: the rising sun surrounded by Baboons? Which scream towards the rising sun. When you are praising the rising son, you are doing much more; you are helping the sun to rise and he reborn from the night This ritual keeps the natural cycles active Osiris: god of the underworld Isis: his sister Nephthys: his sister-in-law Weighing of the heart Anubis - funerary god with head of a jackal Heart weighed against the feather of truth known as Maat "Swallower of the dead" crocodile/lion/hippopotamus Things work out well, Hunefer led by Horus to presence of Osirus "king of the realm of the dead" Negative confessions - confession of bad deeds that have not been committed Weight of heart influenced by amount of bad deeds committed Ritual derived from temple practices regarding fitness to be in the presence of god More to do with ritual purity rather than ethics.

Palace of Knossos, Crete

1400 BCE Palace of Minos at Knossos Inside a palace complex Crete was organized in palace communities Palace communities were spread out, and take over a region of an island Operates from the center out, and the center is the size of an Olympic pool. Rooms are built around that, connected by corridors. Had running water, built to overlook the countryside, you can build onto it, it had different levels (first floor, second floor). The grand stairway wraps around, and the second story is supported by columns. They are made of wood, the base of the columns are stone. Lots of storage area because lots of people lived and worked here. The walls were plastered over and then richly painted. Bull Leaping Fresco , an acrobatic event, huge bull that was captured for sport. An acrobatic sport around the bull, with acrobat leaping over the bull, and one grabbing the horns, and another person that's landed. The figures are in different skin tones, gender related. White represents women, brown represents men. Similar hairstyles and similar body build. Because of the distinction of color of the people, you can assume its three different people and not one in different stages performing over the bull. Symbol of the Labrys or double axe minotaur = minos tauros

Tomb of Rekhmire, Thebes

1410 BCE This in a private monument This tomb is on the western bank of Thebes It is cut from rock Consists of a set of very narrow corridors. Roof is made to follow the slope of the hillside of which it carved this causes an angled ceiling on the interior. The walls depict episodes of the owner's life Walls also depict foreigners bringing tribute to the king There is also a banquet scene in the tomb of Rekhmire This is a party of people doing rituals

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

1450 BCE Built on the westbank of Thebes She placed her place next to the temple of another important person. The funerary temple is located at Deir el-Bahri The interior tiles represent the houses of Punt and his wife The tiles also depict Punt and his wife

Lascaux Caves

15,000 BCE Colors were very fresh like they had just been painted Replica was created because the humans caused the original to fade. Hall of bulls is the most impressive space. Animals painted on top of animals; suggests that they were painted over the course of years. Prehistoric art is dominated by animals Twisted perspective: an artistic convention in which a part of a figure is shown in profile and part is shown frontally (as if seen from the front). Leads to conceptual vs perceptual

Citadel of Mycenae

1600-1200 BCE The Citadel has an entire defensive wall built all the way around it Source of water to the inside Defined by its protectiveness This gives us context to how the people were living at the time Grave Circle A was outside the city wall. This was for practical and hygienic purposes Many objects were found in the city: gold masks; ceremonial dagger; Many of the artwork on the pieces used motifs that were characteristic of ancient egypt This photo is the Lion Gate of Mycenae This door was used to defend the city from enemies Cyclopean masonry: people saw the huge stones and believed that only a cyclops could have moved them The gate itself is made of two huge posts and a large lentil When there is a stone this size in the lintel it has to be "relieved" The architects used a corbelled arch to distribute the weight of the stones to the edges of the piece The city is protected by the lions; they are supposed to intimidate intruders

Stele of Hammurabi

1750 BCE Hammurabi's code King of Babylon / whole of Mesopotamia Stele with inscription with scene above Hammurabi standing in humble gesture in front of seated, sun god Shamas Hierarchal scale, Shamas clearly larger Shamas sitting on throne with feet on mountains (eastern and western mountains where he would enter and leave the world) Hammurabi basically in cap, while Shamas wearing ornate headdress with bulls horns - animal human hybridity showing divinity Sun rays extending from his shoulders Giving him measuring rod and rope symbolizing measuring of justice Code is set of laws If...then laws, absolute laws Very old Near Eastern tradition - image of eye for an eye

Tomb of Mereret

1850 BCE Treasure of Mereret is a chest of goods like jewelry. This was the queen's gallery Mereret had two of these The technique is called claisanne which is a wire of gold that is flattened and sewed onto the background. What is going on in the chest ornament scene ? A vulture is hovering over the scene In the middle are two cartouches which are used to designate a king, this one was for king The riverside features a technique called.. Which is cutting out the gold

Gigantomachy, Great Altar at Pergamon

190BCE Sitting on top of landscape for easy defense Focusing on one building on intermediate terrace Known as the "Great Altar" Overlooking plains 90% of structure was taken and reconstructed in Berlin Frieze on bottom part separated by huge set of stairs Lead up to pillared area and a courtyard in back Figures on frieze are literally on the steps Depicting battle of the gods vs the giants Gods battled them to gain control of the cosmos and create order One of the most important stories as to who the Greeks are and what they believe Athena battling giant with wings and snakes Grabbing Giant by the head while Nike is crowning her Mother of the earth goming up from bottom Generally don't see facial emotion during death Can infer based on body positions Lots of action and texture in the frieze Very little blanks space on the frieze Have to imagine this in color as well to fully understand what it would've looked like Baroque similarities

White Chapel of Senwosret

1950 BCE A building devoted to the gods, amun Its a little structure, a burque/boat station. Buildings like there were made for bringing down large boats. Part of rituals. West Facade was probably the exit. The outside has pictures engraving and inscriptions of hieroglyphs on both sides of the entrance. There is a gargoyle on the south facade. God on the right, king on the left, is one of the drawings inside the column. Amun becomes a fertility god as well, note the erect penis. The god is positioned on a base and is not the same size of the king.

Model Granary from Tomb of Meketre

1981-75 BCE Meketre was buried on the western bank of Thebes Rock cut tomb with underground burial chamber Tomb was looted at the time it was found There was a secret chamber in the tomb that contained wooden models of the boats they used at the time This object was one of the models found in the tomb The figures have movable arms Why would they have made this? The figures are bringing together all the rituals that would have been performed in this place What might be the reason for not putting them in relief rather than models? It is easier and less costly to carve a figure. With models you can make one of the models represent the tomb owner.

Princess Kawit's Sarcophagus

2000 BCE Made of limestone A line of people carrying jars of oils, the 7 sacred oils used in funerary services. Because they was not enough room for 7 people, the last two people carry 2 jars each. At the head corner there is a stack of offerings. Kawit is depicted on a throne like chair wearing garments like bracelets and necklaces, and two servants surround her. Kawit is holding a mirror in one hand and a cup in the other. There is a depiction of a man milking a cow for the queen. The writing can be translated to "have a drink". Behind the maid/servant is an engraving of a structure with doors with eyes engraved on it. Wedjat-eye (Eye of horus) Cavetto Cornice the shape mimics a reave shelter. On the foot end is a row of granaries, and a man filling a basket of grain. Grain was important for making bread and beer. Another scribe in the granary taking notes of what goes in and out.

Woman (Venus) from Willendorf

24,000 BCE Venus Figurines: naked women, have to do with an early concept of beauty. Convention: the way something is done, requires agreement from the group Small size, long shape, exaggerated anatomy, unarticulated heads The interpretation of art based on evidence What is the subject? Femininity What is it for? No one knows What can we infer from the object? Small size: intimate relationship between the holder and the object Material: made of limestone, wasn't easy to carve, made to last Color: she was originally red, color of childbirth? Life? Shape: she is healthy during times of people hunting, means she was of a very high status. What's missing? Arms/hands, feet, face, braids in the hair. Naturalism: a style of art that attempts to portray something as it is in real life, this is not naturalism art

Cycladic Figurine

2500 BCE Compare with Venus de Milo, 150 BCE Both are idealized; both are female figures; made of marble; emphasizing the sexuality of the subject; geometric details; Flattened composition These figures were mostly found in graves The feet are at an angle: this means they would have never been stood up Some believe these figures represent pregnant women and/or fertility The tools they used were flint and emery and obsidian to carve into the marble. The facial features were painted on We should see them as more colorfully depicted rather than solid white. The male figures are more active in their representation: Cycladic Male Harp Player Keros 2500 BCE The male figure is singing and playing the harp

Tomb of Puabi, Ur

2600 BCE Ancestor cult of Egypt often not found in the Ancient Near East Lyre found in tomb of Queen Puabi South Mesopotamia in Ur Unlikely that other people found in tomb would have died at the same time naturally. Most likely they were put to death in order to join royal queen in tomb Killed with a blunt instrument in mark to the head Bodies then were treated with Mercury Leaves many unanswered questions about the rituals during this time Head is made from gold Beard and hair made from lapis lazuli Dark blue Suggested that this is a representation of the sun god Shamas Much of our knowledge is speculative however Inlay made of shell that was cut out then filled with essentially asphalt Top - human figure labeled master of the animals, holding bulls with human heads Royal control of the rest of the world rest - humanized animals giving offerings (somewhat cannibalistic) Scorpian man is at bottom Connected to sun god Shamas Many animals carrying out acts that you would expect at a banquet with human attributes Quite possible that this imagery is not funerary but just with religious festivals or banquets.

Votive Figures from Tell Asmar

2700 BCE Highly stylized Seem to be praying by stance Physical depiction of people being religious - extension of a person as a pious individual Given to temple Found buried under floor next to alter Presumably would have been displayed Size varied - people think larger ones may be gods, while others just think they are larger representations of the same idea

Octagon Room, Domus Aurea, Rome

64-68 CE Golden House Nero was 16 years old when he became emperor Golden house was replacement for Domus Transitoria Oppian Wing, part of golden house that contains 150 rooms All rooms in wing are strictly north south east and west Suites off of Octagon room were not however Eastern side is not excavated but believed to be symmetrical and placing octagon room at center Entire subsequent history of western architecture based off of octagon room - some famous dude Concrete completely changes the post and lintel system Allows for dome space on top of octagon Corners are support for the dome Four dining rooms off of octagon and room directly north of octagon room was fountain room 13 m in diameter Oculus (opening in top of dome) over 6 feet in diameter Allows rain to enter as well All made out of Roman concrete Missing all of the covering of dome and walls which would have been painted marble, mother of pearl, or most likely mosaic Dining rooms have windows set at very top near dome (hidden light) Different times of day would light up different rooms Invented by Severus and Keller (hidden lighting system) Nero's architects Different types of solar effects during the year Specially calculated Two days per year light hits water cascade October 13th (day nero became emperor)

Portrait of a General

75 BCE Romans are the first people in the Mediterranean to create a portrait that is realistic. Very realistic as if they are capturing the accurate facial features and body composure When an elite roman make died, the family would take out the wax masks and a similarly sized person would wear the mask during the funeral as if the deceased person was back to life The wax masks were made from life masks (the person was alive when it was made) These were an important part of the culture of the elite families We call this realistic type of portraiture varistic Most are made of bronze Roman portraits came in two formats Full length Bust: just the upper torso The Greeks did not have bust statues; all of them were full length This statue shows realistic signs of aging The signs of aging were a way of communicating abstract moral values Baldness can be another feature of aging on these statues These portraits do not smile This shows the severity of theses elite roman men These are used to give more information about the individual The leg support has a breast plate this means that the man was a roman general The drapery has fringe on it: this also represents him as an important military leader Mimics standing representations of Jupiter

Dipylon Amphora, by the Dipylon Master

750 750 BCE Dipylon Gate, Athens, the geometric period. Made of clay, amphora is a work that has a broad body and thin neck, tall (like 5'6''). Served as a grave marker, set up outside the city, outside the gate. Decorated with a black slip, concentrated layer of clay that turns black when you fire up the clay. Most of the decoration is geometric patterns. The patterns emphasize the shape of the vessel. The broadest part of the vase is given to a scene with depictions of people. It shows the deceased who is laid on a bed. Its a female because of the skirt. There are men tearing out their hair. There is also a child mourning. Abstrative style of art. Can recognize the artistic signature with other paintings.

Tachara, Persepolis

Completed 486 BCE Ended up ruling from Egypt to Indus valley Oldest and tallest palace in Persepolis Later kings added on to grounds Tachara was originally "winter palace" Whole compound on raised platform Only thing that is left are doors and windows and corvetto cornice carved out single blocks of stone (would have weighed 75 tons) Wrote frames of stone made for palace of king "?" Whole thing is representational in nature Stairs with Soldiers and inscription found in front In 3 languages, their own, babylonian, and idomite See ppt for inscription translation

Vespasian

c. 69-79 CE Nero lost control of the political situation and committed suicide Titus Flavius Vespa.... Establishes new dynasty Flavian dynasty Statue in Florence but carved in Rome By in large, emperors would use youthful image Vespasian returns to Republican values Signs of aging Shows authority and moral weight (gravitas) Dramatic shift in imperial imagery Referring back to the past like general of Tibily Has been restored, missing sections were filled in 16th century Wanted to make sculptures look whole

Garden Room, Villa of Livia at Prima Porta

c. 30 BCE Very end of first century Following the battle of Actium in 31 BCE when augustus became Rome's first emperor "Frescos" which means that artist responsible for painting put pigment directly onto wet plaster. Durable but must work quickly From one specific room at a villa, "Triclinium" - latin for dining room Underground, designed to be cool during summer months Second style of Roman wall painting Divided into four styles Based on surviving frescoes from Pompeii, can distinguish four styles Illusionistic architecture in fresco Main focus is sophisticated garden scene Garden in front of the wall and wild grove behind this wall Wall creates and alcove with pine tree planted in center Very specific plants and flowers and fruit trees. All are in bloom which would not have occured in nature Worked on a bunch works for imperial family Birds are on wall and branches of trees 80 distinct species of birds in paintings Atmospheric perspective Creates a sense of depth by having details in background being less distinct than details in for ground Majority of birds are in motion Resembles impressionist paintings during 19th centuries Wild birds fly through, yet there is a bird cage on top of the marble fence Barrel vaulted ceiling made of stucco. Stalactite on top of fresco Makes painting appear like cave looking out to magical garden

Doryphoros (spear bearer) by Polykleitos

c. 450 BCE This is a Roman copy because of the log behind his leg There is one in naples italy and one in Minneapolis The original was made of bronze while the copies were made of stone Ideal representation of the human body The "canon" of Polykleitos Ideal representation; other things are based off the cannon "Perfection come about little by little through many numbers." The work is hardest when the clay is on the finger nail." The figure is ideally balanced with contrapposto: the weight is on one leg and the rest of the body shows this : hips are angled; neck is turned; the height of the statue is exactly 7 heads tall The head establishes the relationship to the rest of the body This is a figure that looks like it was carved from the inside out People found a similar bronze statue off the coast of italy that is comparable to this. Historians were shocked because they were so used to looking at the marble copies

Delphi Charioteer

c. 470 BCE This was from a representation of a chariot racer "Polyzelos dedicated me... make him prosper, honored Apollo. Bronze He is going to receive his award after the race His garments hand down like columns He is a young man just beginning to get his beard Eyes are made of a separate material The ribbon around his head represents victory Emphasis on volume rather than linear detail

Capitoline Wolf

c. 470 BCE Romans thought the city was founded by romulus The wolf kept the twins alive Made of bronze Encapsulates the basic principles that define roman art and architecture throughout the following one thousand years The artists are keenly observing nature She is snarling We can see teeth and veins She seems to be very agitated She is muscular The teets for the milk keep the twins alive Very detailed snout This is not exactly what a she wolf would look like in nature This is a combination of naturalistic and stylized characteristics This is a way to highlight that this is a special she wolf; the one that laid the foundations for the city of Rome There is an experiential aspect to the sculpture What is the experience? She is reacting to something She is protecting the twins from something: the viewer This makes the viewer become part of the artwork The she wolf became a symbol of eternity; very important symbol of enduring rome

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina

c. 480-500 BCE Monumental architecture, eygptian architecture was an inspiration to the Greeks, and they learn how to build buildings. The temple is made of limestone but the sculptures are made of marble The pediments have athena in the middle and represent battles, the figures on both sides show battle actions. The west and east was 10 years apart, the one we focus on was from the east. The one on the west falls outside the pediment The one in the east falls in the pediment, towards the center. Athena is in action on the east These were richly painted with vibrant colors On the west , the body is positioned in an artsy was, with an arrow in the center of his chest. The one on the east is dying, his hand in caught in his shield, the spine is twisted, less positioned in comparison to the west The statue was carved from the inside out Perceptual imitation: displays the best representation of the figure In the classical period, the sculptors worked from the inside out to imitate life in the most realistic way possible Stone boy to a boy in stone

Kroisos Kouros

c. 530 BCE From anavysos From the archaic period Statue of a nude male youth Connected to the funerary context, he stands over a graph, with an epigraph that reads stop. "Stop and mourn beside the tomb of Kroisos, whom area cut down, fighting in battle's front ranks" Muscular figure shown through the abs and shoulder Linear pattern on the surface to define the muscles like the abs or on the back to define the spine The arms are carved free from the body, but still placed close to the body There is space in between the legs, which is different from the Eygptian sculptures. This is made of marble from Paros, and people had to work the marble with iron tools To make this statue was an economic effort due to the marble having fine grain and good quality that has to be shipped. They came in different sizes, this one is just over life size

Peplos Kore

c. 530 BCE The woman was clothes Life size or a little under life size Found on the Athenian Acropolis, probably relating to Athena, sacred grounds She is made of important marble, smooth surfaced and rich patterns Her peplos is wool, so its heavy but we still get a sense of the woman's shape like her breasts Young, age 14-25 Her eyes have been enlightened with color like her hair She has jewelry, like an earring This was given by someone to Athena, we don't know who it represents and who gave this to athena. The mystery of the missing left forearm and hand, they would insert the arm into the empty sockets No one knows what the peplos kore held in her hand thats missing In her other hand, there is a space for her to hold something Guesses of what she held was pomegranate (Persephone), or a bow an arrow (Artemis)

Amphora with Ajax & Achilles, by Exekias

c. 540 BCE Black figure technique, decoration on pottery, a silhouette painting in black, but then features were carved into the clay with a sharp tool to create the decoration that comes to life in the firing process where the clay and slip changes color from the kiln. Found in Italy but made in Greece by Exekias and we know this because it was signed. We can tell it was valued because it was signed and traded Two armed men are focused on a board game, we know its a game because we can see them calling out the score near their faces there is small writing. We can tell they are warriors based on their garments and spears The one on the left is wearing a helmet, while the one on the right has his helmet on the right. Their names are written on the pottery

Nike of Samothrace

c.150 BCE Samothrace was a sanctuary of the Great Gods In valley framed by two rivers Corinthian Order - ionic order with different capital Organic capital Building dedicated by Ptolemy II of Egypt Outside is Ionic, side facing sanctuary was corinthian Associated with rejuvenation and rebirth as shown by leaves Mystery cult site where you went under initiations to get closer to the gods and hopefully have a better life Those who went had a special bond with each other - one of the promises that they offered Similar time to Christianity gaining traction Discovered in 1863 by Frenchman and taken to Paris Searched often for the head and couldn't find it Shown for about 100 years until curators removed it to clean it up Winged female figure standing atop a prow of a ship which is different marble She had been covered in brownish material to cover up plaster reconstruction Used distilled water to clean up Parian marble Not invasive at all Much of old plaster was removed however Instead were able to glue pieces together Shows how translucent the marble actually was Wings not totally related to birds In reality feathers would've been poking out Shows landing motion Nike would have been landing on top of this ship, bringing victory with her Up until 2014, did not know exactly where she stood on the boat until the block was placed back into the monument Debate on whether you would have been able to see her from the sanctuary - appears that it would have been

Colosseum, Rome

c.70 CE Vespasian is responsible for the creation for the Colosseum Traditionally the Flavian amphitheatre Arena for spectacles (two theatres) Built on the site of the artificial lake of Nero's golden house Vespasian basically ignored golden house Dedicated by Titus in 80 CE Upper two arches had statues in them, based on looking at old coins Awning could be stretched over people to protect them from weather or heat Squadron of sailors were responsible for raising and lowering of this awning Pira Lagorio shows Colosseum from different perspective Has suffered some major destruction due to earthquakes and because it was robbed of marble seating and other stone Clamped together with lead Medieval people mined lead Thankfully lead was not needed, just extra, so removing it did not affect the structure Doric columns on bottom Ionic next Corinthian on upper two stories Least decorative, heaviest is at bottom Most decorative and lightest is at top Followed religiously by Renaissance architects Made possible because of concrete

Temple of Portunus, Rome

ca. 120 BCE The romans were renowned Architects On the banks of the Tiger River, Dedicated to Tunis The Temple is built on a platform, there are a frontal flight of steps and four columns along the front porch Built at the end of the Republican Period, 120 BCE A triangular pediment (Similar to a greek temple), it uses an ionic border for the columns. The building was not made of marble or limestone, it's made of local stone, travertine. It was made of travertine and pepperino because there was not marble available in Rome. Two rows of columns, which gives emphasis to the front porch. This architecture design goes back to early temples, like the Temple for Jupter constructed in the 7th century BCE. There are half columns attached on the side and back of the building. Pseudo Peripheral columns. They serve no structural purpose, while the ones on the porch support the roof.

Macedonian Tomb at Agios Athanasios

late 4th C. BCE Phillip the second had Greece under Macedonian control His son Alexander the Great pressed kingdom outward and expanded greatly Formed cities as he went and influenced much of the artwork in various places Hellinistic - "Like things Greek" Takes place during the middle of the fourth century BCE Macedonian empire subsequently fell apart Agios Athanasios is name of town nearby Looks like a dirt mound from outside Recent discover (past two decades) One of the more ornate tombs Greeks did not place a huge emphasis on tombs originally Made to look like a small temple Rocks blocked of front "Vaulted" chamber - more associated with Romans even though Macedonians knew it well and often used it in tombs and hydraulic works Technically speaking it is a "facade" No structural importance, just for appearance Macedonians introduced idea that decorative language is a way of organizing a building Most paintings do not survived this long, so tomb is a great example of what would have painted on walls etc Figures on walls similar to early renaissance artwork Two shields above that cast shadows Continuous frieze thats is on top of facade wall Smaller figures that depict warriors on right and people on left holding torches Similar to parthenon with frieze and facade Changes our ideas about hellinistic art Tombs made by generals of Alexander's army returning after his death