Art History Final

Adolf Hitler, accompanied by Nazi commission members, including photographer Heinrich Hoffmann, Wolfgang Willrich, Walter Hansen and painter Adolf Ziegler, viewing the Entartete Kunst

(Degenerate Art) show on July, 16 1937 For Hitler's visit, the curators deliberately hung askew the works of Kandinsky, Klee, and Schwitters. In Nazi Germany, no modernist artist was safe from persecution, and many fled the country. Hitler ordered the confiscation of more than 16,000 artworks he considered "degenerate." The Nazi's also used that term to identify inferior racial, sexual, and moral types. Ernst Kirchner responded to the stress of Nazi pressure by destroying all his woodblocks and burning many of his works. A year later, in 1938, he committed suicide.

Cubism

1908-1912

Futurism

1908-1914

German Expressionism

1908-1919

Instillation Photo of the Armory Show

1913

Dadaism

1916-1924

The Bauhaus

1919-1933

American Art Between the Wars: Harlem Renaissance, Precisionism, and American Regionalism.

1919-1939

Photo of Heartfield/Grosz "Art is Dead! Long Live the Machine Art of Tatlin!" Photo of First International Dada Fair, June 30th

1920

Surrealism

1924-1945

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)

A major German Expressionists group formed in Munich in 1911. The two founding members, Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. Whimsically selected name based on mutual interest in the color blue and horses. Produced paintings that captured their feelings in visual form while also eliciting intense visceral responses from viewers.

Slavery Through Reconstruction

Aaron Douglas 1934 commissioned by the US government to pain this mural for the Harlem branch of the New York public library. He addressed contemporary rather than religious subject.

Alfred Stieglitz

Alfred Stieglitz was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making photography an accepted art form. Photographed "The Steerage" in 1907

Andre Breton

André Breton was a French writer, poet, anarchist and anti-fascist. He is known best as the founder of Surrealism. His writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".

I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold

Charles Demuth 1928 I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, also known as The Figure 5 in Gold, is a 1928 painting by American artist Charles Demuth. It has been described as influenced by Futurism and Cubism. Painted as an homage to Demuth's friend William Carlos Williams, the painting references Williams' poem The Great Figure,which describes a fire engine speeding through the streets of a city (possibly New York) on a rainy night. The painting's title is a phrase from the poem.

Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California

Dorthea Lange 1936 The Farm Security Administration oversaw emergency aid programs for farm families struggling to survive during the Great Depression. Lange stopped at a camp in Nipomo and found the migrant workers there starving because the crops had frozen in the fields. In this picture, she captured the mixture of strength and worry in the raised hand and careworn face of a young mother who holds a baby on her lap. Within days of Lange's photo appearing in a San Francisco newspaper, people rushed food to Nipomo to feed the hungry workers.

Nighthawks

Edward Hopper 1942 The seeming indifference of Hopper's characters to one another, and the echoing spaces surrounding them, evoke the overwhelming loneliness and isolation of Depression-era life in the United States. Time appears suspended.

Nude Self-Portrait, Grimacing

Egon Schiele 1910

Street, Dresden

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 1908. Kirchner's perspective distortions, disquieting figures, and color choices reflect the influences of the Fauves and of Edvard Munch who made similar expressive use of formal elements.Provides a glimpse into the frenzied urban acitivity of a bustling German city before WW1. The women approach somewhat menacingly. Threatens to push them into the viewers space.

Self-Portrait with Model

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 1910

Self Portrait as a Soldier

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 1915 post war

Gallery 291

Established by Stieglitz, 291 is the commonly known name for an internationally famous art gallery that was located in Midtown Manhattan at 291 Fifth Avenue in New York City from 1905 to 1917. Exhibited works by O'Keeffe

Futurist Manifesto

F.T. Marinetti: Emphasized speed, courage, audacity, glorify war, goes against academia, moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini: "The cry of rebellion which we utter associates our ideals with those of the Futurist poets. These ideals were not invented by some aesthetic clique. They are an expression of a violent desire which boils in the veins of every creative artist today." "Comrades, we tell you now that the triumphant progress of science makes profound changes in humanity inevitable, changes which are hacking an abyss between those docile slaves of past tradition and us free moderns, who are confident in the radiant splendor of our future." "Elevate all attempts at originality, however daring, however violent." "Regard art critics as useless and dangerous." "splendidly transformed by victorious Science" Boccioni on sculpture: "The aim of sculpture is the abstract reconstruction of the planes and volumes which determine form, not their figurative value." "It is only by a very modern choice of subject that one can succeed in discovering new plastic ideas" "It is necessary to proclaim loudly that in the intersection of the planes of a book and the angles of a table, in the straight lines of a match, in the frame of a window, there is more truth than in all the tangle of muscles, the breasts and thighs of heroes and Venuses which enrapture the incurable stupidity of contemporary sculptors."

The Armory Show

February 17 to March 15 in 1913, organized by Walt Kuhn and Arthur B. Davies, included more than 16,00 artworks by American artists such as Matisse, Derain, Picasso, Duchamp, Kandinsky, Kirchner etc. Featured painting was Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2, received a lot of criticism.

Fate of the Animals

Franz Marc 1913

The Two Fridas

Frida Kahlo 1939 Two sides of personality, mini Diego painting, traditional mexican dress (tehuana) on the right and traditional European on the left. The heart, depicted in such a dramatic fashion was an important symbol in the art of the Aztecs, who mexican nationalists idealized as the last independent rulers of their land.

Charles Demuth

From Pennsylvania, was a leading precisionist. Rejected pure abstraction and favored more American subjects.

Giacomo Balla

Futurist artist, expressed their interest in movement in "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash"

Umberto Boccioni

Futurist, codesigner of Futurist manifesto, produced the definitive work of the Futurist movement "Unique forms of Continuity and Space"

Fit for Active Service (The Faith Healers)

George Grosz 1916-17 depicts a bare skeleton being judged as physically fit for conscription (the military doctor declares: "KV," which abbreviates kriegsdienst-verwendugsfähig, or "fit for active service"1). The German soldiers and military doctors around the conscript are well-rounded, some with dispositions of indifference, some grinning. The industrial smokestacks in the background windows are characteristic of Modernist and avant-garde art, symbolic of the social disillusion associated with rapid industrialization and urbanization. The military doctor dons the Iron Cross, a military medal awarded for bravery and leadership, debased by its often wide and undeserved distribution during the First World War.

Blood is the Best Sauce

George Grosz 1919 from the "God with Us" portfolio In Die Kommunisten fallen—und die Devisen steigen (Blood is the Best Sauce), uniformed soldiers beat unarmed protestors as an officer and a profiteer enjoy a decadent meal. Elsewhere, a dead body washing ashore does not disturb a soldier's cigarette break. Grosz sharpens his visual attacks with captions printed in three languages—English, French, and German. These statements are not always direct translations, but sometimes different phrases that together heighten Grosz's satirical attacks. "Gott mit Uns" (God with us), taken from the inscription on German soldiers' belt buckles, originally meant to invoke God's support, becomes in the English caption "God for Us," a nationalist cry to smite the enemy.

Still Life With Violin and Palette

Georges Braque 1910

New York, Night

Georgia O'Keeffe 1929 As did other precisionists, she reduced her image to simple planes, punctuated by small windows that add rhythm to the painting

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

German Expressionist leader. Criticized for sexualizing young girls and sexism. He moves to Berling and his focus in then prostitution. Their idea of destroying the old leads them to sign up for the war. He then becomes depressed after the war and paints in a different tone.

Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash

Giocomo Balla 1912 demonstrates movement through force lines, the effect of motion through repeating shapes. Simultaneity of views as in Cubism, was central to the Futurists as well.

American Gothic

Grant Wood 1930 Became an American icon. Farmer and spinster daughter standing in front of a neat house with small lancet windows, a motif originating in Gothic architecture and associated with churches and religion. They are traditional and severe which he enhances with meticulous brushwork. Seen as "quaInt, humorous, and AMERICAN."Rejection of avant-garde for realism. Some Iowans considered the depiction of life in their state insulting. Some viewed it with staunch nationalism. Regionalism as a means of coping with the national crisis through a search for cultural roots.

Grant Wood

Grant Wood announced a new art movement known as Regionalism, which he described as focused on American subjects and as standing in reaction to the modernist abstraction of Europe and New York. He published an essay "Revolt against the City" that underscored their new focus. Rural life= American backbone.

Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany

Hannah Höch 1919-20 seemingly haphazard fashion of arrangement, typical wicked Dada humor, however with closer inspection one can see she carefully selected and placed photographs. Ex: the key figures in the Wiemar Republic are together in the upper right (identified as anti-Dada). Some of her fellow Dadaists appear among images of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, aligning Dada with other revolutionary forces in what she prominently labeled with cutout lettering "Die grosse Welt dada" (the great Dada world). A photograph of her head appears in the lower right corner, juxtaposed with a map of Europe showing which countries had granted women the right to vote-a commentary on the power both women and Dada had to destabilize society.

"Karawne"

Hugo Ball reciting sound poem at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich, 1916. Nonsense words, the way they were printed influenced how the words were said.

Salvador Dali

In his paintings, sculptures, jewelry, and designs for furniture and movies, Dali probed a deeply erotic dimisnsion, studying Richard von Krafft Ebing and Freud, creating what he called the "paranoiac-critical method."

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Inaugurated and gave the name to the Futurists. Was a charismatic Italian poet and playwright. Futurism began as a literary movement and then progressed into visual arts, cinema, theater, music, and architecture. Wrote The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism.

Otto Dix

Initially optimistic, as the war progressed, Dix's faith in the potential improvement of society dissipated. Many of his most famous include unflinchingly direct and horrific portrayals of the war.

Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance

Jean (Hans) Arp 1916-17 A work created with an "element of chance." He took sheets of paper tore them into roughly shaped squares, haphazardly dropped them onto a sheet of paper on the floor, and glued them into the resulting arrangement. Adoption of chance had another purpose, "to restore to the work of art its primeval magic power and to find a way back to the immediacy it had lost through contact with... classicism." There is also the aspect of the unconscious mind. Reinforcement of the anarchy and subversiveness inherent in Dada.

Johannes Itten

Johannes Itten was a Swiss expressionist painter, designer, teacher, writer and theorist associated with the Bauhaus school.

Woman with Dead Child

Käthe Kollwitz 1903

Cadeau (Gift)

Man Ray 1958, similar to Dada humor, this is a found object without its original function. He equipped it with tacks that would tear to shreds any garment the recipient of the "gift" would press with it.

Marcel Duchamp as Rrose Selavy

Man Ray made up with makeup and hands not his own. Rrose Sélavy, the feminine alter ego created by Marcel Duchamp, is one of the most complex and pervasive pieces in the enigmatic puzzle of the artist's oeuvre. She first emerged in portraits made by the photographer Man Ray in New York in the early 1920s, when Duchamp and Man Ray were collaborating on a number of conceptual photographic works. Rrose Sélavy lived on as the person to whom Duchamp attributed specific works of art, Readymades, puns, and writings throughout his career.

Wassily Chair

Marcel Breuer 1925 Chrome and leather also known as the Model B3 chair, was designed by Marcel Breuer while he was the head of the cabinet-making workshop at the Bauhaus, in Dessau, Germany.

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

Marcel Duchamp 1912 Shown in The Armory Show, Duchamp's figure is moving in a time continuum owes a debt t Cubism and Futurism. The press gave it a hostile reception.

Fountain

Marcel Duchamp 1917 Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz Porcelain urinal presented on its back, signed "R. Mutt" and dated 1917. The "artists signature" was in fact a witty pseudonym derived from the Mott plumbing company's name and that of the shorter man of the then-popular Mutt and Jeff comic-strip duo. Forcing the viewers to see it in a new light. He chose it.

L.H.O.O.Q.

Marcel Duchamp 1919

Meret Oppenheim

Méret Elisabeth Oppenheim was a German-born Swiss Surrealist artist and photographer. Oppenheim was a member of the Surrealist movement of the 1920s along with André Breton, Luis Buñuel, Max Ernst, and other writers and visual artists.

Georges Braque

One of the first to see Picasso's Les Demoiselles, changed style from Fauvism to Cubism. Together Braque and Picasso formulated Cubism.They pursued the analysis of form central to Cezannes artistic explorations by dissecting everything around them.

The International Dada Fair

Organised by Grosz, Heartfield and Hausmann, the fair was to become the most famous of all Berlin Dada's exploits, featuring almost 200 works by artists including Francis Picabia, Hans Arp, Ernst and Rudolf Schlichter, as well as key works by Grosz, Höch and Hausmann. The work Tatlin At Home, 1920, can be clearly seen in one of the publicity photos taken by a professional photographer; the exhibition, whilst financially unsuccessful, gained prominent exposure in Amsterdam, Milan, Rome and Boston.[12] The exhibition also proved to be one of the main influences on the content and layout of Entartete Kunst, the show of degenerate art put on by the Nazis in 1937, with key slogans such as "Nehmen Sie DADA Ernst", "Take Dada Seriously!", appearing in both exhibitions.

Pragerstrasse

Otto Dix 1920 man begging for spare change, man in front w/o legs pushing himself, girl graffiting, signifying broken Germany, doll-like

Gertrude Stein

Pablo Picasso 1906-07 Inspired by ancient Iberian sculpture of his homeland and other "primitive" cultures he created the portrait. Picasso had left the portrait unfinished after more than 80 sittings earlier in the year. Upon finishing, he painted her head as a simplified linear planar form, incorporating aspects of Iberian stone heads. Most importantly, he discovered a new representation of the human form.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Pablo Picasso 1907 Influence of "primitive" art and opened the door to a radically new method of representing form in space. He began the work as a symbolic picture to be titled "philosophical bordello" portraying to male clients intermingling with the women in the reception room of brothel on Avignon Street in Barcelona. One was a sailor and the other carried a skull (representation of death). By the time he was finished, he eliminated the male figures altogether and simplified the room to a suggestion of drapery and schematic foreground still-life. He fractured the women's shapes and intertwined with the space. He also depicted the figures inconsistently. Ancient Iberian sculptures inspired the three on the left similar to Gertrude Stein. However, the energetic, violently satiated features of the two on the right came from his fascination with African sculpture. He also broke their bodies into a combination of planes, suggesting multiple viewpoints. "I paint forms as I think them, not as I see them"

Still Life With Chair Caning

Pablo Picasso 1912 The work marking the beginning of Synthetic Cubism. A mixed media painting in which Picasso imprinted a photolithographed pattern of a cane chair seat on the canvas and then pasted a piece of oilcloth on it. Framed with rope, the work challenged the viewers understanding of reality. The chair caning, though looks real is actually just illusion of an object. The letters JOU which appear in many Cubist paintings, formed part of the masthead of the daily French newspapers. They also liked to make puns like jouer and jouir the French verbs meaning "to play" and "to enjoy."

Guernica

Pablo Picasso 1937 As Picasso watched his homeland descend into civil war in the late 1930s, his involvement in political painting grew stronger. He made Guernica for the Paris International Exposition for the Spanish Pavilion. He only accepted the invitation once he received word that Guernica, the capital of the Basque region had been almost totally destroyed in an air raid on April 26, 1937. Nazi pilots acting on behalf of Francisco Franco bombed the city and the busiest hour of a market day, killing or wounding many of Guernica's 7,000 citizens as well as leveling buildings. Despite the title, the painting makes no specific reference to Guernica, no bombs, no german planes, just a universal visceral outcry of human grief. The bull overlooking the scene represents brutality and darkness. The fragmentation of figures now signifies dismemberment. The palette is black and white to emphasize severity and starkness.

Bull's Head

Pablo Picasso 1943 Bull's Head is a found object artwork by Pablo Picasso, created in 1942 from seat and handlebars of a bicycle. It is described by Roland Penrose as Picasso's most famous discovery, a simple yet "astonishingly complete" metamorphosis.

Pablo Picasso

Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Cubist Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Blue and Rose period before Cubism. Started out with a realist technique when he entered the Barcelona academy of Fine Arts.

Basket of Apples

Paul Cezanne 1895 So analytical was Cezanne in preparing, observing, and painting still lifes that he had to abandon using real fruit and flowers because they tended to rot. The apples lost their individual character as bottles of fruit / bottles and have almost become cylinders and spheres. Captured solidity by juxtaposing color patches. The table edges are discontinuous and various objects appear to be depicted from different vantage points. Created the architecture of color. Presented the viewer with 2-D and 3-D at the same time. Profoundly influenced the development of Cubism in the 20th century.

Paul Cezanne

Paul Cézanne was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavour to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century.

Paula Moderson-Becker

Paula Modersohn-Becker was a German painter and one of the most important representatives of early expressionism. In a brief career, cut short by an embolism at the age of 31, she created a number of groundbreaking images of great intensity. Known for "primitive" mother and child paintings.

Self Portrait with Amber Necklace

Paula Moderson Becker 1906 employs primitivism

Marcel Duchamp

Perhaps the most influential Dada artist, a Frenchman who became the central artist of New York Dada but was also active in Paris. In 1913, he exhibited his first "readymade" sculpture. The creation of such art he insisted, was free of any consideration of good or bad tast, qualities shaped by a society he and other Dada artists found aesthetically bankrupt.

Collage

Picasso and Braque began to explore the medium of collage during Synthetic Cubism and introduce it into the realm of "high art"

American Regionalism

Regionalism or American Scene painting is an American realist modern art movement that was popular from 1920s through the 1950s in the United States. The artistic focus was from artists who shunned city life, and rapidly developing technological advances, to create scenes of rural life.

The Persistence of Memory

Salvidor Dali 1931 allegory of a space where time has ended

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Viennese Secession

The Vienna Secession was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. Founders included Gustav Klimt.

Die Brücke (The Bridge)

The first group of German Expressionists, gathered in Dresden in 1905 under the leadership of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. They thought of themselves as paving the way for a more perfect age by bridging the odl age and the new, hence their name. They modeled themselves on medieval craft guilds whose members lived together and practiced all the arts equally. They protested the hypocrisy and materialistic decadence of those in power. Kirchner focused on the detrimental effects of industrialization.

Precisionism

The term Precisionism itself was first coined in the early 1920s. Influenced strongly by Cubism and Futurism, its main themes included industrialization and the modernization of the American landscape, which were depicted in precise, sharply defined, geometrical forms.

Analytic Cubism

The term analytical cubism describes the early phase of cubism, generally considered to run from 1908-12, characterised by a fragmentary appearance of multiple viewpoints and overlapping planes

Pioneer Days and Early Settlers

Thomas Hart Benton 1936 Mural for Missouri's State Capitol is one of the major Regionalist artworks. Part documentary, part invention, the images include both positive and negative aspects of state history. Rubbery distortion.

Unique Forms of Continuity and Space

Umberto Boccioni 1913 Bronze (cast in 1931) highlights the formal and spatial effects of motion rather than their source, the striding human figure. The figure is highly interrupted, expanded, broken. As seen from an automobile while moving. Bares a resemblance to "Nike of Samothrace" but gains a sense of motion through distortion rather than through posture and drapery.

Force Lines

Used by the Futurists to show movement in their paintings

Untitled (Abstract Watercolor)

Vassily Kandinsky 1910

Improvisation 28 (second version)

Vassily Kandinsky 1912

Walker Evans

Walker Evans was an American photographer best known for his work for the Farm Security Administration documenting the effects of the Great Depression. Much of Evans's work from the FSA period uses the large-format, 8x10-inch camera.

Walter Gropius

Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School, who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.

Georgia O'Keeffe

Wisconsin-born. During the 1920s, she was a Precisionist. She moved from a small town of Canyon, Texas to New York City. She said "you have to live in today." "Today is something bigger, more complex than ever before in history. And nothing can be gained from running away I couldn't even if I could." While in New York, she met Alfred Stieglitz. He was her staunchest supporter and eventually her husband. Despite her affiliation with the precisionist movement, she is most famous for her paintings of cow skulls and flowers.

Primitivism

a belief in the value of what is simple and unsophisticated, expressed as a philosophy of life or through art or literature

Friedrich Nietzsche

a philosopher who made a remark about those who go under a bridge (against tradition) for they are those that cross over. Ties into German expressionism. His philosophy was called Übermensch. "Creation through destruction"

Bauhaus in Dessau

after encountering increasing hostility from a new government elected in 1924, the Bauhaus moved from Weimar to Dessau in early 1925. By this time the Bauhaus program had matured. Gropius listed the schools goals more clearly: positive attitude to the living environment, vehicles, and machines, avoiding romantic whimsy, restriction to basic forms and colors, simplicity in complexity, economy in the use of space,

Egon Schiele

an Austrian artist, tragically brief but prolific career produced more than 3,000 paintings and drawings. The bulk of them nude figure studies of men and woman using gouache and watercolor. Including many self portraits. He watched the slow, painful deterioration of his father, who contracted syphilis and died when Egon was 15. Associated sex thereafter with emotional pain and death. Protege of Gustav Klimt. Emaciated bodies.

Theosophy

apocalyptic blend of eastern and western religions (among Buddhism and mysticism) founded by Blavatsky. Advances in the sciences.

Bimorphic Surrealism

automatism dominated. produced largely abstract images sometimes suggests organisms or natural forms

Aaron Douglas

deriving personal style from Synthetic Cubism, African American artist who used the style to represent symbolically the historical and cultural memories of his people. Born in Kansas, studied in Nebraska and Paris before settling in New York. Aimed to cultivate pride amongst African Americans and foster racial tolerance. He was one of the most sought after graphic design artists in the African American community. Incorporated motifs from African sculpture into compositions alike to Synthetic Cubism.

Hannah Höch

her photomontages advanced the absurd illogic of Dad by presenting viewers chaotic, contradictory, and satiric compositions.

Weimar School of Arts and Crafts

in Germnay founded in 1906. Under Gropius, the school summed a new name- Das Staatliche Bauhaus (State School of Buildings). His goal was to train artists, architects, and designers to accept and anticipate 20th century needs. He developed an extensive curriculum based on the principles of the Bauhaus Manifesto.

Franz Marc

in not completely nonobjective. very focused on animals, said they were the only true spiritual beings, they will live through any upcoming apocolyspe

Vassily Kandinsky

inspired by children's art, folk art, peasants are the true artists. German Expressionists.

Käthe Kollwitz

poignantly expressed pity for the poor, studied at the Union of Berlin Women Artists. Painted overtly political to deeply personal. Painted "woman with a dead child" in 1903, her own son died in the war

Shop Block (looking northeast)

the Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany, 1925-1926 Gropius constructed this Bauhau building by sheathing and reinforced concrete skeleton in glass. The design followed his dictum that architecture should avoid "all romantic embellishment and whimsy."

Automatism

the avoidance of conscious intention in producing works of art, especially by using mechanical techniques or subconscious associations.

Synthetic Cubism

the late phase of cubism, characterized chiefly by an increased use of color and the imitation or introduction of a wide range of textures and material into painting.

Synaesthesia

to feel colors, trigger between colors and something else

Cabaret Voltaire

was the name of the nightclub in Zurich, Switzerland. Founded by Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings on February 5, 1916, as a cabaret for artistic and political purposes. Events at the cabaret proved pivotal in the founding of the anarchic art movement known as Dada.

Alain Locke

writer who spearheaded (the acknowledged "Dean" of) the Harlem Renaissance.