Art History Final Exam

Notre Dame de Paris, 1163-1240s (Flying Buttresses),Kleiner 13.10

-located in paris, which became the intellectual captial of Europe. -a religious center -they can go higher and higher now also courtesy of the flying buttresses. The buttressing at Notre Dame is generally held to show the structure in its finest form, which like the other features of Gothic aims to make the structure lighter and more open. -notre dome is decorated with flying buttresses that has a elegant, lacy quality.Keeps up a light atmospehere,very beautiful. Has a quality of transparency you can tell from the outside and inside how the structure holds up. was the first great cathedral built using flying buttresses

Kleiner, pp. 325-326 Palatine Chapel at Aachen-early medieval art compared to San Vitale

**Note how Charlemagne's Chapel quotes earlier and important Christian churches. Charlemagne put Europe back on the map after the Dark Ages, when art, culture, and just about everything else fell apart at the hands of the Goths, tribes of people from the North which had swarmed over the Holy Roman Empire. *Chrlemagne's chapel is the 1st vaulted medieval structure north of the Alps.The architect transformed the complexity and lightness of San Vitale's interior into simple, massive geometric form. -Charlemagne sought to emulate Byzantine splendor in Germany. The plan of his Aachen chapel is based on that of San Vitale, but the architect omitted San Vitale's apselike extensions making the plan much more simpler. Turned the building into strong, clear structural building which foreshadows the architecture of 11th and 12th centuries of the Romansque. **Charlemagne wished to restore the Holy Roman Empire. In part, he would accomplish his goal by reviving the stylistic language and legacy of antiquity.

Jamb Figures, Kleiner 13.6 (Chartes)- Gothic

**These figures appear alongside the doors to welcome you. They are connected to the new emphasis on the idea of having an intercessor working on your behalf statues of biblical kings and queens of the Royal portal are the royalancestors of Christ.These early gothic jamb figures displaythe first signs of a new interest inanturalism inEuropean sculpture

Christ as Pantocrater, Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, 1090-1100 (Kleiner, 9.23 9.24)- Byzantine

**We know that Hagia Sophia was originally decorated with mosaics. However, they were destroyed during earthquakes, the Iconoclastic controversy and when the Ottoman Turks, who were Muslims, converted the church into a Mosque. It is argued that a mosaic like this one likely appeared in the center of the main dome. -The mosaic of christ as last judge in the Daphni dome is like a gigantic icon hovering dramatically in space, connecting the awestruck worshiper below with heaven through christ

South Porch, 1230, Kleiner, p. 386

*A fire in 1194 burned much of the church. Townspeople claimed it was set by Mary, who wanted a bigger and grander structure. The South Porch is later than the West Façade, which survived the fire, You can see that the porches surrounding the portals now come out into the visitor's space to shelter them and they break up the wall in line with the overall agenda of Gothic design. -the Chartres transept portal jambs are more independent from the architectural framework. The figures are still attached to columns

Notre Dame, Amiens, 1220-1270,Kleiner, pp. 387-88

*Amiens, where French kings were baptized, is held to be the best exponent of this style. Here, we might say that the desigers are pushing the Gothic elements so that the arches become pointier, the stained glass more extensive, the walls more dematerialized. *beautiful gothic catherdal, has decoration -very dominating has 3 porches, 3 levels, the wallis broken up,pointed arches -Amiens cathedral's proportions are more slender, however, and the number and complexity of the lancet windows inboth its clerestory and triforium are greater, The whole design reflects the Amiens builders confident use of the complete high goethic structural vocabulary -Amiens choir vaults resemble a canopy on bundled rhasts. The ,ight entering from the clerestroy and triforium creates a buoyant lightness not normally associated with stone architecture

Jamb Figures, 1194 & 1230, Kleiner 13.19

*The west façade versus those of the South Porch. Note there's been a stylistic change so that the later figures are breaking free from the architecture and becoming more three dimensional. Their bodies are more naturalistic and there are hints of interaction between them. The earlier figures are still part of the supporting column, stiff and formal, and unaware of each other.ex.) Saint Theodoe is clothed in a cloak and chain-mail armor of 13th century Crusaders.The handsome, long-haired youth holds his spear firmly in his right hand. His body is gesturing movement. The head is turn to the left and swings out his hip to the right, this statue emboides the great changes French sculpures had undergone since the royal portal jamb figures of mid-12th century***

Angel Warns Three Magi/ Flight into Egypt (historiated capitals)1125**

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Monastary of S. Catherine, Mount Sainai, Apse Mosaic, Transfiguraton of Christ(mandorla), ca. 565 CE (Kleiner,9.16)

--The Feast of the Transfiguration has been celebrated in the Eastern church since at least the 6th century and it is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of Eastern Orthodoxy, --The Transfiguration of Jesus is an event reported in the New Testament when Jesus is transfigured and becomes radiant in glory upon a mountain. ... On the mountain, Jesus begins to shine with bright rays of light. Then the prophets Moses and Elijah appear next to him and he speaks with them. --The earliest known version of the standard depiction is the apse mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt, dating to the period of (and probably commissioned by) Justinian the Great, where the subject had a special association with the site, because of the meeting of Christ and [3] Moses, "the 'cult hero' of Mount Sinai". -This very rare survivor of Byzantine art from before the Byzantine iconoclasm shows a standing Christ in a mandorla with a cruciform halo, flanked by standing figures of Moses on the left with a long beard, and Elijah on the right. Below them are the three disciples: Saints Peter, James, and John the Evangelist.[4] --the mandorla surrounding Christ as well as the rays of light emanating from his body --suggest his transformation from the spiritual to the physical --and in keeping with the style of early Byzantine Art --we see that Christ's body is flattened --the folds of his robe show only minimal modeling --and his pose is completely frontal --and the artist rejects a specific setting --and instead sets the scene in a field of gold --and you can imagine what happens when the light shines on that field.

Vishnu Relief from Udigarya Caves, Kleiner 15.19

--in this example, we see the Hindu god Vishnu, in his incarnation as the boar-headed Varaha , rescuing the earth symbolically represented by the figure clinging to the boar's tusk as described in Hindu mythology. -oldest Hindu cave temples are at Udayagiri a site that also boasts some of the earilest Hindu stone scupltures such as this relief

Baptistry of St. Louis, ca. 1300 (Kleiner 10.35)

--one of the most striking examples of brasswork This basin, made in Mamluk Egypt in the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century by Muhammad Ibn al-Zain (who signed it in six places), is among the finest works of metal produced by a Muslim artist. Used for washing hands at offical ceremonies. The central band, inlaid with gold and sliver depicts Mamluk hunters and mongol enemies --Though made in Egypt, the basin became known as the Baptistery of St. Louis, because it was acquired by the French sometime before the end of the fourteenth centuryand it was used for royal baptisms. --in vigorous poses that nevertheless remain distinct by means of hatching, modeling, and framing. The exterior face is divided into three bands. The upper and lower depict running animals, and the center shows scenes of horsemen flanked by attendants, soldiers, and falcons —scenes of the princely arts of horsemanship and hunting. In later metalwork, such pictorial cycles were replaced by elegant large-scale inscriptions.

Moissac, Façade, 1115-1130, Kleiner 12.13(Second coming of Jesus/Christ in Majesty, Tympanum: of the south portal of Saint-pierre, Moissac, France- Romansque

-Above the doorway to the cluniac abbeyat Mossaic Christ enthroned as king and last judge flanked by the judge,flanked bythe signs of the four evagelists and angels holding scrolls to record human deeds for judgment -this was chosen to underscore the role of the church as the path to heaven -Jesus is flatten, not 3rd dimensonal,the extremely elongated bodies of the angels recording each soul's fate.,the figures disorted turning in different ways to intimindate people. This depiction was to remind the worshippers that they will be judged -meant to put fear into the worshippers to make sure they obey

Memorial Head of a Oba, 16th century CE**

-Also called a rolled collar head. It represents an Oba, or King, from Benin. The heads, made of bronze, were placed on altars. The king's headdress and collars were made of coral, a material that had to be transported from the Mediterranean sea and one that only the King was allowed to wear. Which was a sign of power and authority. Displays the power structure in Benin -shows the office/authority *British discovered the heads and destoryed the evidence. -were originally displayed on a altar -very naturalistic face, not really indiviualisitc

Shiva as Lord of the Dance, 11th century, Kleiner 15.31 (Hindu)

-As an expression of his power and creative energy, he is often represented as Lord of the Dance -He dances within a ring of fire, his four hands holding fire, a drum, and gesturing to the worshippers (the multiple hands and legs emphasize the gods ability to multitask) -Shiva is balancing on one leg atop a dwaf representing ignorance -purpose was to create a portable image of the gods for worship

Tetrarchs, 300 CE, pp. 223-224

-Both statues are made of porphyry, a very hard stone, found only in Egypt and reserved for the Emperor's use. -are less individualized, more stiff like the Egyptian korous stance, more on formality -all figures look the same, same facial expression to emphasize that they are interchanagable -more about representing the office, rather than the the individual. -rome was spilt into four territories at the time, and it was very divided, many of the citizens revolted and saw their region as its own territory, seperate and not apart of the roman empire & didnt want to pay taxes -purpose of the Tetrarchs was to unify Rome, & also to soldified the power of the Roman office which is why its not indiviualisitc, and interchangable. depicts different tetrachs governing the different regions of the empire, again reflecting that they are interchangable and identical partners in power. -They are only identified by the formal regala -the embracing gesture symbolizes unity

Medieval Pilgramage Routes, Kleiner p. 342

-Large crowds of pligrims paying homage to saints placed a huge burden onthe churches posessing their relics & led to changes inchurch design, principally longer and wider naves and aisles, transepts and ambulatories(space for walking) with additional chapels. Pligrim traffic also established the routes that became major avenues of commerce and communication in western Europe

Yakshi, from gateway of Great Stupa, Kleiner, 15.10

-Note how freely the figure moves and keep in mind that the Yakshi comes from Southeast Asian folkloric traditions. A symbol of fertility(female earth spirit), it was meant in part to provide something familiar to new converts to Buddhism. -Yakshi are nearly nude women goddresses who personify fertility and vegetation, *this particular one is on the great stupa. she reaches up toholda mango tree branchwhile pressing her left foot against the trunk which causes the tree to flower

Plan, St. Denis (Abbot Suger, St. Dionysos the PseudoAeropogite, Choir), Kleiner, pp. 375-76 (Gothic era)

-St. Denis was the first church to receive the Gothic treatment at the hands of Abbot Suger, who remodelled the church. AS had written that light was the embodiment of Christ, and so Suger said, "let there be light." Suger, who surely had the assistance of a Master Builder, focused work on the choir, that is the area around the apse. Not only was he inspired by the pseudo Saint, but he also believed that St. Denis should be grander and more unique. That was because it was dedicated to St. Denis, the patron saint of France, and it was where the French kings were buried. -features rib vaults with pointed arches spring from slender columbs, Stained-glass windows invite light in -made the interior space more open and vast, with the windows emitting light contributing to the aireyness of the enviorment -had a elegant extension of a circular string of chapels by virtue of which the whole church would shine with luminous light shining on the gold mosaics -had exceptionally lightweight vaults springing from the slender collumns allowed the builders to elimate the walls, and open up the space and instill stained glass windows *the choir goes around the apps, allows light into the church.

Ile de France, Kleiner, pp. 373-74

-The development of the Gothic style was concentrated in the area around Paris, known as the Ile de France. -churches become more welcoming & inviting not dark like Romansque

Flamboyant Style, St. Maclou, Rouen, completed 1500-1514, p. 391

-The flamboyant style, exemplified at St. Maclou, succeeded the Rayonnant. It might be seen as the final phase of the Gothic. You can see that the designers are now pushing the style to its limits to the point where the tracery (lace-like stonework) is almost devouring the façade. The flamboyant style, then, presents an intriguing paradox because it uses the Gothic style to hide or conceal the structure rather than revealing its spatial organization and engineering. -late gothic sculpture is elegant and mannered, the shrine is intimate compared with the grandiose 13th century cathedrals and its facade constasts sharply with the high gothic style. the five portals are not aligned but for a convex arc. -its ornate tracery of curves and countercurves forms brittle decorative webs masking the buildings structure -tricks the viewer from the outside in terms of how the building holds up, its very elaborate, dematerialized/ disappearance of thewalls

San Vitale, Ravenna, consecrated 547 CE/ Justinian (Kleiner 9.1, 9.13) -Byzantine art

-The intersection of religion and politics. Justinian aimed to revive the Roman Empire and built a number of churches, including S. Vitale. Here, he and his attendants carry objects for the mass. Note that Justinian actually never visited Ravenna, so this image became a stand-in for his rule. This is also a good example of the Byzantine style. -Church has famous mosaics -Justinian is wearing purple & halo is surrounded by members of clergy -The positions of the figures are all-important. The emperor is at the center, distinguished from the other dignitaries by his purple robe and halo, which connect him with the savior in the vault above. -symbolized by place and gesture the imperial and churchly powers are in balance -Bishop Maximianus importance by labeling his figure with the only identifying inscription in the composition

Deogahr Temple, 550, dedicated to Vishnu,Kleiner 15.22

-Then in the 4th to 5th century CE, the first free-standing Hindu temples were constructed with features such as towers and projecting niches. -one of the 1st masonry Hindu temples, the Vishnu temple @ Deogarh is a simple square building with a tower(constructed of stone blocks). Sculpted guardians protect its entrance.

Empress Theodora(Kleiner 9.1, 9.14)

-Theodora was Justinian's wife. This mosaic appears opposite that of Justinian. Also never visited Ravenna. -dressed in purple the figures are flat, drapery is indicated by the lines -not 3rd dimensional -Theodora was not intially "holy" she was a daughter of a mother who was an actress, Justinian saw her and fell in love with her. Interesting b/c she was able to be depicted despite her shady past -Justinian used architecture in order to reestablish the status/legitimacy of Rome

St. Matthew from the Coronation Gospels, 795, Kleiner 11.14 -early medieval

-Were it not for the halo, we might identify the figure as an ancient philosopher. Note dress, activity. Legacy of classicism is also found in the articulation of space and the presence of modelling to create the sense of three dimensionality as well as the furniture which could be found in ancient Rome. Exemplifies Charlemagne's commitment to reviving antiquity. -the painter used light, shade, and perspective to create the illusion of three-dimensional form

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), 72-80 CE, Kleiner, pp. 202-203

-a complex system of concrete barrel vaults once held up the seats where 50,000 spectators could watch gladiatorial combats,horse races, animal fights and wild animal hunts (the participants in the wild animal hunts were gladiators but usually in most hunts it was prisoners who basically were prey for the animals -most expensive and impressive spectuacles, and enterainment occured in the Colosseum such as naval battles being staged inside. They would flood it to stage the naval battle -is a Flavian Amphitheater, world's largest amphitheater -the facade of the C is mixed with Roman arches and Greek columns -could not have been built without concrete, concrete allowed for a complex system of barrel-vaulted corridors to hold up the enormous oval setting area -the spectators sat according to their place in the social hierarchy

Hypostyle Hall/ Horseshoe Arches, Kleiner 10.11- located in Spain at the Cordoba islamic

-apart of the Visgoth era -In the great Mosque's hyposstyle prayer hall, 36 piers and 514 columns support a unique series of double-tiered horseshoe-shaped arches. -most important building in the Umayyad dynasty, when Arabs had overthrown the Christian Visigoths -two-story system was the builders' response to the need to raise the roof to an acceptable height using short columns that had been emploted earlier in other structures, both Visgothic and Roman -the horseshoe arch quickly became closely associated with Muslim architecture. These arches seem to billow out like windblown sails, and they contribute greatly to the light and airey effect f the Cordoba mosque's interior

Catacomb of Priscilla, Christ as Good Shepherd (Kleiner, 8.6)- Late antiquity

-christ is represented as a good shepherd/ -The image of the shepherd is symbolic, allowed christans to disguise themselves because it was illegal to practice christianity recycling images of paganism. Plebian class can identify with this image of an average citizen. Images were a way to speak to the average person who could not read/Adopting pagan imagery that people are familar with in order to mask the fact that they are worshipping Christ -Along with the symbols standing for Christ, the Good Shepherd tells the story of early Christian imagery

African Plaques 19.1

-depicts king on horseback with attendants from Benin, Nigeria. -the benin king wears a elaborate headdress, multistrand coral necklace and coral and agate bracekets and anklets (emblems of the high office) -the figures sizes varies greatly according to their importance in Benin society.

Last Judgment, Autun, 1140, Kleiner 12.15

-depicts the realm of the damned. Shows the souls waiting inline to be judged -shows last judgment in a apocalyptic setting -more chaotic, forbidden, condeming, Jesus is shown in the halo, frontal, it is more flatten. Very graphic shows creatures/serpents representing hell. the intention was to scare the worshippers into obeying the word of God. and to seek salavation through the church. *Christ looks like a flattened, alien presence. The vision of hell makes heaven look really good. Note the poor soul seventh from the right who has encountered the plyers of hell reaching down to pluck him and plant him among the damned. Also note that the demons are trying to tip the scale in their favor and that the saved are clothed while the damned are naked.

Gu Khaishi, Detail from Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies, 5th-8th century CE**

-handscroll features an outline and color technique capturing the importance of representing inner viality and spirit -records a virtuous act of heroism-Lady Geng saving her emperor's life byplacing herself between her husband and the bear thathad escaped fromthe circus. Lady Feng's courage and selfnesses in risking her own life to save the emperor were perfect models of Confucian behavior. Confucianism, the teachings of Confucius during 500 BC, has played an important role in forming Chinese character, behavior and way of living. Its primary purpose is to achieve harmony, the most important social value. Confucianism strongly emphsizes: Mercy.

Great Mosque of Djenne, 1906-07 (latest version), Kleiner 19.10-

-in mali, Africa made of mud and brick -built in 13th century by the first Djenne king to convert to islam -features soaring adobe towers and vertial buttresses resembling engaged columns that produce a majjestic rhythm, -has many rows of protuding wood beams for the workers to recoat the sacred clayonthe exterior that occurs durning an annual festival(became a communial effort/celebration)

Alhambra, begun 1354-1391 (Kleiner, pp. 298-299)

-on a rocky spur at Granada, the Nasrids constructed a huge palace-fortress -the dome rests on an octagonal drum supported by squinches and pierced by eight pairs of windows. Is difficult to discern because of the intricately carved stucco muqarnas. The prismatic forms reflect sunlight, creating the effect of a starry sky, has beautiful abstract patterns, The lofty vault in this hall and others in the palace symbolize the dome of heaven. The lacklike muqarnas ceilings to "the heavenly spheres whose orbits revolve" -originally called the red port; islamic fortress -was conquered by Ferdinand and Isabella--> vision is maniupulated in the Alhambra. They decided to preserve the fortresses as a political trophy (defeat of Islam) -Physically higher than the town, the town could look up, but not look in. The royals inside could view down on the outside on the people. only accessible to the ruler, the power relationship between who gets privacy/who doesn't

Diagram of Portal, Kleiner, p. 350 (Romanesque era)

-one of the most significant and distinctive features of Romanesque art is the revival old stone sculpture -Typanum: the prominent semicurcularlunette above the doorway proper Voussoirs: the wedge-shaped blocks that together formthe archivolts of the arch framing the tympanum Lintel: the horizonatalbeam above the doorway Trumeau: the center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway Jambs: the side posts of the doorway

Early African Rock Art from Apollo 11 cave, 23,000 BCE, Kleiner, 19.2

-one of the oldest artworks ever discovered is this stone plaque with a charcoal painting of an uncertain animal species -rock art at this time period depicted not only animals, but also humans in many different positions and activies, singly or in groups, stationary or in motion -called apollo 11 because durning the time of moonlanding

Scholasticism

-paris became the intellectual captial and artistic center of the gothic world and for scholaticism at that time growth of universities, a way of learning and a way of analyzing a question--> like a philosophical debate promoted the idea of transpacy, claims had to be proven. Connected to the growth of gothic architecture because they are also transparent (tells us on outside how the structures are built)

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 CE (Kleiner, 8.1): Late antiquity period

-sarcophagus were usually designed with stones -wealthy christians ordered sarcophaguses, they were concerned with status -Junius Bassus: a son a council, responsible for the adminstration of rome, converted to christianity on his death bed. The sarcophagus is decorated with scenes of the old testament. shows christian and jewish biblical stories -pagan imagery was adopted to be given a christian meaning -Has Jesus enthroned as a long-haired youth. Below him is the personified Roman sky god. Signifying that Jesus is above him, and is the ruler of the cosmos. Also depicts scenes of Jesus entering jersusalem on a donkey. Using Imperial motifs to give visual forms to scenes from the Life of Christ. Christ enters Jerusalem after spending 40 days in the desert, an event marked in the Catholic calendar as Palm Sunday. Christ is elevated to imperial realm. -the crucifixion is not depicted & was rarely depicted in Early christian art, they emphasized his life as a teacher/miracle worker rather than his suffering and death @ the hands of Romans.

Jade Cong, Kleiner p. 466

-the chinese first used jade -the intricately shaped jade bi required hours of grinding, piercing,engraving,and polishing to produce(shows that China had highly advanced techinques). Dragons were Chinese symbols of good fortune and flew between heaven and earth -found from grand burials for the elite from which a wealth of objects have been excavated. -Evidence that the Chinese were very skilled in carving jade at a very early stage. No one is sure what this object was used for or what it symbolized. - Jade is a sacred stone assoicated with immortality -set in a square could be used to make contact with the spirit world

Column of Trajan, 106-113 CE (Dacians), Kleiner p. 208-Roman

-the only part of the Forum of Trajan that was preserved -this column was created to incorporate a pictorial record of the emperor's military campaigns in a monument. It is to celebrate Trajan's successes in Dacia. -the sprial frieze of Trajan' column tells the story of the Dacian wars in 150 episodes. The reliefs depict all aspects of the campagins, from battles to sacrifices to road and fort construction. -the sculptors recorded the general character of the campaigns. battle scenes take up only a quarter of the frieze. Romans spent more time constructing forts, transporting men & equiment, preparing for battle. The main focus is the emperor who appears repeatedly, shows him directing military operation, and his campaign to expand Rome's empire.

Arch of Constantine, 315 CE (pastiche), Kleiner, 7.73

-the senate erected a grandiose triple-passageway arch next to the Colosseum to commemorate Constatine's defeat of Maxentius. *The arch was the largest erected in Rome at the time --> is a triumphal arch -Much of the sculptural decoration of CA came from monuments of Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius, and the collumns date from eariler era --> the importance of incorporating the decoration from these successful rulers was a way from Constantine to associate himself with the likeness of these great rulers -the sculptors refashioned the 2nd century reliefs by recutting the heads of the eariler emperors to subsitute Constantine's features. -added new labels to the old reliefs to reference to the downfall of Maxentius and the end of civil war -it exhibits the respect for its past in its use of second-century spoila while rejecting the norms of Classical design in its frieze while shows the transition from the ancient to medivial world

Pantheon, 118-128 CE, Kleiner, p. 211.

-the temple of all the gods -the ancient world's largest dome -concrete was used to form the dome -apears on the outside it is a square frame with traditional collumns, conceals the incredible dome -the interior symbolized both the orb of the earth and the vault of the heavens (light enters through the oculus which forms a circular beam that moves across the dome as the sun moves across the sky) -the light not only illminates the darkness but it also creates drama and underscore the the symbolism of the building's shape -builders faced the problem of constructing the dome --> the solution was to build up the cylindrical drum level by level used with concrete mixed of varied composition -the dome's thickness decreases the higher it gets closer to the oculus -the vistors do not sense the weight of the walls, but the vastness of space they enclose, it encloses people without imprisioning them, opening the oculus allows the light of the Gods' to shine down on them

notes about Hindu temples*

A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, seat and body of the god. --the form imitates that of the "cosmic mountain" which is the abode of the deity honored by the temple. incorporates all elements of Hindu cosmos—presenting the good, the evil and the human, as well as the elements of Hindu sense of cyclic time and the essence of life —symbolically presenting dharma, kama, artha, moksa, and karma. --The spiritual principles symbolically represented in Hindu temples are given in the ancient Sanskrit texts of India (for example, Vedas and Upanishads), while the structural rulesgoverning the building of the temples are described in various ancient Sanskrit treatises on architecture. --many, actually most, temples are decorated with sculpted reliefs --which are arranged to aid the viewer in his or her quest for spiritual release. --though common beliefs inform most hindu temples --display different construction methods --and are adapted to different deities and regional beliefs In contrast with other organized religions, in Hinduism, it is not mandatory for a person to visit a temple. --as it would be for a Christian to visit a church --or a Muslim to visit a mosque.

Ding with Taotie (Sumptuary Laws), Kleiner, p. 464

Another bronze object that was commonly found in the tombs of the wealthy and well connected. The number of the dings found in the tomb would indicate the deceased's wealth and status. The government was forced to enact sumpturary laws to limit the number the deceased could have buried with him or her since people were prone to exagerrate their own importance.

Arch of Titus, 82 BCE & Relief of Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem being Paraded through Rome, Kleiner, pp. 204-206

Arch of Titus: created by Domitian on the road leading into the Roman forum to honor his brother, emperor Titus who passed away -the arch depicts his victories along the passageway *is a triumphal arch: usually TA were usually crowned by glided bronze statues; they comemorated a wide variety of events such as victories -the dedicatory inscription on the attic states rhat the senate erected the arch to honor the god Titus, states he is a son of a god & to underscore Titus' divinity , at the center of the vault of the passageway has a reflief showing Titus's apotheosis referencing the elevation of someone to divine status. -inside the passageway of the arch shows the triumphal parade of Titus down the Sacred way after his return from the conquest of Judaea at the end of the Jewish wars (shows the Roman soliders carrying spoils from the Jewish temple in Jersuasalem *Victory crowns Titus in his chariot --> has present personfications of honor and valor. first known instance of the intermingling of human and divine figures in a roman historical relief

Hindu Caste System

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation and wisdom. *had to reach the top for enlightenment

Priest-King from Mohenjo-Daro, 2600-1900 BCE, Kleiner 15.3 - Indian

Bronze statuate -naturalistic -the king is wearing a headdress, decorative garmet has a stotic expression -earilest piece of art in India -half-closed eyes,alow forehead,has a beard

Reception in the Palace, Rubbing of Stone Relief from Wu Family Shrine, 151 CE, Kleiner 16.9

Confucian subjects turn up frequently in Han art. Among the most famous examples are the reliefs from the Wu family shrines built in 151CE. The pieces were Carved and engraved in low relief on stone slabs, -spilt into 3 registers depicting people attending to worship the emperor the scenes were meant to teach Confucian themes such as respect for the emperor, filial piety, and wifely devotion. The legendary archer Yi saves the world by shooting the extra sun-crows that were threatening it. The procession of visitors in horse-drawn chariots on their way to the palace. Men—and the emperor—receiving visitors on the lower floor. Birds and small figures, possibly alluding to mythical creatures or immortals. Women—and an empress—receiving visitors on the upper floor *model/shows social status and order to society on what to follow, emphasizes on human affairs

Terra Cotta Army of the Emperor Xin, 210-209 BCE, Kleiner 16.1

Emperor Xin was the first ruler of the Chinese Empire. Estimates from 2007 were that the three pits containing the Terracotta Army held more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remained buried in the pits nearby Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. Other terracotta non-military figures were found in other pits, including officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians. The terra cotta figures mark a shift away from sacrificing humans to burying replicas of them. Archaeologists estimate the creation of the terracotta warriors alone to have taken over 10 years, which represents only a portion of the massive effort that went into creating the Emperor's tomb complex. *Note the different faces. Though the figures were somewhat individualized, they were mass produced. Standardized parts of the bodies were made in mass quantities. These parts were then assembled and the faces individuated.

Parts of Hindu Temple, Kleiner 15.28, 15.29

Hindu temple architecture has many varieties of style, though the basic nature of the Hindu temple remains the same, with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the garbha griha or womb-chamber, where the primary Murti or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell. Around this chamber there are often other structures and buildings, in the largest cases covering several acres. On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like shikhara, also called the vimana in the south. The shrine building often includes an ambulatory for parikrama (circumambulation), a mandapa congregation hall, and sometimes an antarala antechamber and porch between garbhagriha and mandapa. There may further mandapas or other buildings, connected or detached, in large temples, together with other small temples in the compound

Palace of Charles V, begun 1530 (addition to Alhambra)**

How did Charles's approach to the Alhambra differ from that of Ferdinand and Isabella?--> sticks out to establish his power. Big, colassal, incredibly imposing, different from the approach of Isabella + Ferdinand. His courtyard is empty, very authoritative, not human scaled. Vs. the court of lions from Isabella + Ferdinand, has a lot of verstality, vegegation, reflective pools of water & water fountains (water represents stablity, luxury)

Fan Kuan TRAVELERS AMONG MOUNTAINS AND STREAMS Song dynasty, early 11th century CE. , Kleiner, pp. 479-480, fig. 16.22

In his teachings, Confucius had extolled the importance of the pursuit of knowledge and the arts. Among the visual arts, painting was felt to reflect moral concerns, while calligraphy was believed to reveal the character of the writer. (each brush stroke was very precise and deliberate, believed to be an expression of the artist) Calligraphy is regarded as one of the highest forms of artistic expression in China. Chinese established landsape as an independent genre, i.e. type of painting. It relates, of course, in the Daoist belief that man must relate to nature. Unravelling the scroll and scrutinizing the landscape was seen as akin to actually walking in a landscape. Landscape paintings did not depict an actual place, but instead an imagined setting. Here, the landscape unfolds in three "acts." The rocks in the beginning set the stage. The misty area between the rocks and the mountain add complications to the landscape, as the second act of a play often does. Finally, the climactic third act occurs in the mountain peaks.

Tympanum in Vezaley, 1120-1132, Kleiner, pp. 353-354 (France)

Keep in mind that Vezaley was associated with the second and third crusades. Those efforts launched from the church. Unlike the first crusade, the aim of which was to recapture Jerusalem, the two later crusades aimed to convert Muslims to Christianity.

SEATED BUDDHA, CAVE 20, YUNGANGNorthern Wei dynasty, c. 460.**

Most people sought answers in the magic and superstitions of Daoism in its religious form. i Yet ultimately it was a newly arrived religion—Buddhism— that flourished in the troubled China of the Six Dynasties. -the buddha is often potrayed sitting down with streched earlobes, ( due to his years as a prince wearing heavy gold) dressed elaborated garmet, and half-closed eye lids in a meditated stance in order to acknowledge the worshipper but also continue in his mediatated trance

Bascilica Ulpia, 112 CE vs. Old St. Peter's, begun 326 CE (Kleiner 8.9) rome, late antiquity

Old St. Peter's: First Christan church devives from a secular form that dates to the Roman empire -built by Constantine, 1st imperial patron of Christianity, huge church stood over Saint peter's grave. Important bc Saint Peter was romes's first bishop and head of pope. -The building's plan and elevation resemble those of Roman basilicas -capable of housing 3,000-4,000 worshippers, the church enshrined Peter's tomb, one of the most hallowed sites in Christendom in Vactain City. Different from any Greco-Roman temple becayse it had a wide central nave with flanking aisles and an apse @ the end(longitudinal plan)

Guang, Ritual Pouring Vessel, 13th c. BCE, Kleiner, p. 464 fig. 16.3

One of the major types of vessels producing during the Shang dynasty. Like the fang ding, often found in the tombs of the wealthy as a sign of their status. --another type of vessel that has been found is a ritual pouring vessel, or pitcher the guang usually shows a highly sculptural rendition of animal forms. --The pouring spout and cover take the form of the head and body of a tiger, while the rear portion of the vessel and cover is conceived as an owl. The surface is covered with geometric forms which combine with suggestive Zoomorphic, that is animal-like forms. Scholars have related these animal-like forms to the Shang culture's love of hunting. but their deeper significance is unknown. --In any event, The Shang creatures are usually strange and fearsome and mysterious --and because they have been largely found buried in tombs --give us an idea of how the Shang conceived the supernatural world. --another type of vessel that has been found is a ritual pouring vessel, or pitcher

Vezaley, Pentecost and Mission of the Apostles,1120-1132, Kleiner 12.16(France)-Romanesque

Pentecost marks the descent of the Holy Spirit to encourage Christ's apostles to spread the Word. Given the emphasis on conversion, it was an appropriate subject given the church's connection to the second and third crusades. - In the tympanum of the church most closely associated with the Crusades(were mass armed pligrimages whose stated purposes was towrest the Christian shrines of the holy land fromMuslim control), light rays emanting from Christ's hands instillthe Holy spirit inthe apostles,whose mission is to convert the world's heathens

Great Mosque of Kairouan, 9th century, Kleiner, p. 291 Islamic

Question to consider:How does this structure differ from the dome of the Rock? How does it accommodate worshippers? What are the key components of a mosque?? -consists of a columnar prayer hall (with two domes) facing south toward Mecca,Mihrab and Minbar, an aracaded forecourt resembling a Roman forum, and a minaret to call Muslims to worship. -Islamic religious architecture is closely related to Muslim prayer, the Qibla (a wall pointing toward Mecca) that Muslims face while praying is important

Crucifixion and Iconoclasts, Chludov Psalter. Mid 9th century (see Kleiner, p. 271)

Question to consider:What is Iconoclasm and what point is the illustration making? icons:small portable paintings depicting Christ, the virigin, or saints, angels (messengers). Angels had to have a halo, wings, same facial expression. Strict guidelines when depicting icons usually made on portable wood panels. Eastern Chrisitans considered icons a personal, initimate, and indispensable medium for spirtiual transaction with holy figures -colors often used: gold-divine, red-divine,blue-human -many christians were deeply suspicious of the practice of imaging the divine -Iconolclastic controversy early 700s to mid 800s-called for a systmatic destruction of images of icons because of the fear of idoltary, also to stop the growing power of monsairs. -although their purpose was only to evoke the presence of holy figures, the icones became identified with the personages represented, it became confused with idol worship and that led to a imperial ban. -iconoclasts destroyed countless works from the 1st several centuries of Christendom

Reims, Annunciation and Visitation, Kleiner, pp. 388-89

Reims was where the French kings were crowned. Gothic cathedrals were often built over many decades and thus we see stylistic changes with the same building., unlike the Parthenon, for example, which shows stylistic unity. Here are some jamb figures with the Angel Gabriel, the Virgin, the Virgin again, and Elizabeth. Mary One is the oldest of the four statues while Gabriel is the latest. You can see how MaryTwo and Elizabeth show contropposto poses and more elaborate drapery. Gabriel's elongated figure, small head, and simpler drapery exemplify the style of the Late Gothic, (several sculptors working in diverse styles carved the jamb statues all the figures of Mary resemble freestanding statues engaged in motion and the bibilical figures converse using gestures -Reims catherdral is a prime example of the high gothic in sculpture.The statues and reliefs of the west facade celebrate the Virgin Mary. Above the central gable, Mary is crowned as queen the Virgin Mary.

Reliquary of St. Foy(Saint Faith), 1050-1120, Kleiner p. 341, 12.2 (Romansque era)

Reliquaries housed relics. in this case, the relics were fragments of the skull of Ste. Foy (St. Faith). It must have thrilled pilgrims, and it shows off the wealth of the church. St. Faith was a young girl who had been martyred by Roman soldiers for her refusal to participate in Pagan rituals(pay homage to Roman Gods). -Fashioned of gold leaf and silver gilt over a wood rore, the reliquary prominently features inset jewels and cameos of various dates--> the donations of pligrams and church patrons over many years -the head is an ancient roman helmet and the cameos are donations from pilgrams -

Symbolic Representation of Buddha**

Remember that the Buddha was not shown in human form until the 1st century AD. Before then, symbols showing his presence were used. Compare this to the way that Christ was referred to symbolically. -Buddha: fully enlightened being,member of the upper class.was formerly a prince

Augustus of Primaporta, 1st century AD, Kleiner 7.27

Roman, 1st emperor -statue purpose is to emphasize Augustus' military prowess -very detailed, idealized and individualized -he is dressed in military garb (his chest plate depicts his militaristic victories--> illustraes scenes of the standard being given back to rome -has the orator gesture -cupid standing next to him to represent his divine lineage , also barefoot to suggest divinity

Romansque Vs. Gothic

Romansque buildings &churches were forbiddening, gloomy, imposing & images and scupltures always depicted a condeming God, tried to scare people into worship vs. Gothic buildings were more welcoming of worshippers

Sainte Chapelle, 1238-1248, Kleiner, p. 390 fig. 13.25 9 (Rayonnant style-final stage of Gothic era)

Saint Chapelle exemplifies the Rayonnant style of the Late Gothic period. The style is characterized by a pushing of Gothic's key features even more than in the High Gothic. The structure is located in what was Louis IX's palace. Louis, better known at St. Louis (he was canonized after his death), built the church to house the Crown of Thorns, obviously a very important relic, which he claimed to have rescued during the Crusades. It turns out that he bought it from his cousin. -Built by Louis IX -beautiful inside, has stained glass, brings in ample light -The artitect succeeded in dissolving the walls to such an extent, 6,450 sq ft of stained glass account for more than 3/4 of the structure -the emphasis is on the extreme slenderness of the architectural forms and on linearity in general. Saint-Chapelle's enormous windows filter the light and fill the interior with an unearthly rose-violet atmospehere.

Moissac, Side of South Portal Avarice and Lust (Romansque)

Scenes to the left. On the bottom, the panels show Avarice (greed) and lust(Sexual misconduct), which the Medieval church counted among the worst of sins. Keep in mind you see these figures as you are walking in. -depicts two biggest sins. Has very distrubing imagery, a woman potrayed as lust engaging with the devil.Meant to scare its worshippers

Chartres, begun 1194-1514 (portal, triforium, clerestory), Kleiner 13.4-Early Gothic Style

Some will tell you that Chartres is the epitome of the Early Gothic Style. Pilgramages continued in the Gothic period and Chartres was a featured stop, the attraction being its relic, the cloak Mary wore while giving birth. The Gothic style, in addition to being the brain child of Abbot Suger, represents the Church's attempt to make itself more accessible and transparent to its followers. It might be said that the Cathedrals gave visual form to a new alliance that formed in the 11th century. That alliance involved the Church, the monarchy, and the merchant class. The Church hoped to strengthen its position vis-à-vis Rome and the Vatican. All three wished to increase their power over the feudal aristocracy, which owned much of the land in their jurisdictions and exacted heavy taxes for its use. The 11th century also marks the emergence of towns and cities. The cathedrals have been called engines of commerce. In addition to the Pilgrims, you might also find moneychangers in the nave alongside wine cellers and people looking for work. Markets often formed around the structure which was also used to settle legal disputes. Even today, the cathedrals are usually the tallest and largest structures in the town. -has jamb statues -only early gothic facade was all that remained of Chartes Cathedral after 1194 fire

Dome of the Rock, 687-692 (Kleiner 10.2-10.3) islamic

The Dome of the Rock contained the rock, which marks the place where Adam is buried, Abraham was ready to sacrifice Isaac, and Mohammed began his Night Journey. It's exterior decorations of mosaics is relatively new, but the dome is original. -The interior has the famous rock. No services as such were held in the building. Instead, visitors were intended to circumambulate the rock, while reading inscriptions from the Koran, which they could see on nearby mosaics. Note that circumambulation is common to the Buddhist Stupa, the Hindu Temple, and even the Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals. The reasons, however, differ. -1st great islamic building, commissioned to display the power and wealth of Islam, not a mosque -walk around it, and see various inscriptions and meditate as you make your way around the rock. has meaning for 3 different religions (Christanity, Judism, Islam) -the outside has mosaics outside it toped with a gold dome. -has vegetation on inside which represents paradise

Painted Banner from Changsha, 2nd century BCE, from Tomb of Marquess of Dai, Kleiner 16.6

The early Han dynasty marks the twilight of China's so-called mythocentric age, when people believed in a close relationship between the human and supernatural worlds. The most elaborate and best-preserved surviving painting from this time is a T-shaped silk BANNER AND IT summarizes this earlier worldview. It was found in the tomb of a noblewoman The banner dates from the second century BCE and is painted with scenes representing three levels of the universe—heaven, earth, and underworld —and includes a portrait of the deceased. The heavenly realm appears at the top, in the crossbar of the T. In the upper-right corner is the sun, inhabited by a mythical crow; in the upper left, a mythical toad stands on a crescent moon. Between them is an image of the Torch Dragon, a primordial deity shown as a man with a long serpent's tail. -- Dragons and other celestial creatures swarm underneath him. --we see A gate guarded by two seated figures where the horizontal of heaven meets the banner's long, vertical stem. Two intertwined dragons loop through a circular jade piece known as a bi, itself usually a symbol of heaven, dividing this vertical segment into two areas. The portion above the bi represents the first stage of the heavenly realm. Here, the deceased woman and three attendants stand on a platform while two kneeling attendants welcome her. The portion beneath the bi represents the earthly world and the underworld. Silk draperies and a stone chime hanging from the bi form a canopy for the platform below. Like the bronze bells , stone chimes were ceremonial instruments dating from Zhou Dynasty. On the platform, ritual bronze vessels contain food and wine for the deceased, just as they did in Shang tombs. The squat, muscular man holding up the platform stands on a pair of fish whose bodies form another bi. The fish and the other strange creatures in this section are inhabitants of the underworld.

Royal Portal (Incarnation/before time, Apocalypse/end of time, Virgin and Child/ human time, Kleiner 13.5 (Chartes)

The portals on Gothic churches were by comparison with Romanesque ones more inviting and less forbidding. The church's agenda by this time had turned to making itself more welcoming and more accessible. During this period, the idea of the intercessor, that is a sacred figure, who would argue on your behalf at the Last Judgment, came into vogue. -the sculptures of the royal portal proclaim the majesty and power of Christ. The tympana depict from left to right, Christ's ascension,the second coming,and the infant jesus inthe lapof Virgin Mary

St Mark The Evangelist Book of the Gospel of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. (c. 815-835) Kleiner 11.15

There are elements of the classical style here. However, the figure shows much more energy than that of St. Matthew. -St. Matthew writes frantically and the folds of his drapery writhe and vibrate. Even the landscape rears up alive. The painter merged classical illusionism with the northern European linear tradition

Moissac, Trumeau, Kleiner 12.14

Two lions appear on the front of the trumeau, or doorpost. Lions were thought to have guarded Christ's tomb, and the church. On the side we see appears one of the prophets, whose identify has been debated. -The prophet displays the scroll recounting his prophetic vision. His position below the apparation of Christ as last judge (apocalypitc) is in keeping with the tradition of pairing Old and New Testament themes.

Vishnu, preserver, 530 CE, Kleiner 15.23(Hindu)

Vishnu: Vishnu is the second member of the Hindu trinity. -He is a benevolent god who works for the order and wellbeing of the world. -which is periodically created by Brahma and periodically destroyed by Shiva to prepare for the next creation. -He is often represented lying in a trance or asleep on the Cosmic Waters, where he dreams the world into existence. -Vishnu sleeps on the serpent Ananta,whose multiple heads form a kind of umbrella around the god'sface (he dreams the universe into reality)

Hindu male torso Kleiner, 15.4

fleshy compared to European statues, shows how Inidan bodies would be portrayed in the future -minature figure with its emphasis on sensous polished surfaces and swelling curves of the abdomen reveal the Indus' artists interest in the fluid movement of the living body unlike the logical antomical structure of Greek sculpture **fleshier body represents the air of breath pulsating through you

Lakshmana Temple, Erotic Scenes, Kleiner, 15.30

has erotic scenes,loving couples in various sexual positions, symbol of divine devotion and untity (symbolic of spiritual movement) -suggests the propagation of life and serve as protectors of the sacred precint--> on the exterior of the temple -depicts mortals as well as gods embracing or enganed insexual intercourse,even some engaging with animals(to represent we are one with the universe) -karma: connection beyween the unification of the soul & body (sexual pleasure) joy in human sexuality

On the pilgrimage routes, Kleiner, p. 342

in the romanesque era, Pilgrimage was the extremely important, was the pligrams way for proclaiming their faith in the power of the saints. -For the sake of salavation the pligrams braved bad roadsand hostile wilderness infested withrobbers who preyed on innocent travelers. The journeys could take more than a year to complete & was their way of seeking repentace or a cure for disablity or sickness -in this depiction,shows a weary pligram resting

Great Stupa at Sanchi, begun 3rd century, Kleiner, pp. 441-442- Buddism (located in India)

main religious structure in Buddhism originally built up with rubble and stone. Worships by walking in circular motion, put them in a meditated state in order to be enlightened. (Circumambulation)--> the circular motion echoing the movement in a clockwise direction like the earth and the sun. -the interior is solid -contains a relic from the Budha himself -restricted to the four gates -the domed stupa itself represents the world mountain, with the cardinal points marked gateways -at the top of each pier was a fly-whisk bearer standing beside the Buddha's Wheel of the law

Hagia Sophia, 532-537 CE, (Kleiner, 9.5-9.9)-byzantine (Istanbul,turkey)

question to consider: How does this "eastern" church differ from a "western" one like Old St. Peter's? (has a dome) -The church of Holy Wisdom -is a domed basilica, recognized for its incredible dome -Buttressing the great dome are eastern and western domes whose thrusts descence into smaller half domes -was the most magnificent of the 30 churches Justinian built -combined the vertically oriented centeral plan building and the longitudinally oriented basilica -when Ottoman empire conquered Rome, Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque -the illusionof the windows at the base of the dome appears that the dome rests on light pouring through them -looked like a "golden chain from heaven" -the light contibutes to the vastness and provides a mystic element that dematerializes the interior, the light glitters across the mosaics (is a spiritual experience)

Vaulting, Kleiner p. 381 (High Gothic cathedrals)

the masonary blocks filling area between the ribs of a groin vault -major elements of the gothic forumla for constructing a church in the opus modernum style were rib vaults with pointed arches in the nave and aisles, flying buttresses and stained glass windows -flying buttresses helps absorb the weight

Plan of Lakshmana Temple, Kleiner 15.29

takes on a longitudual plan -the womb chamber is guarded,only priest were allowed in,

Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London, 1503-1519, Kleiner, 13.43

the chapel of Henry VII Is the prime example of the decorative and structure-disgusing qualities of the Perpendicular style in the use of fan vaults with lacelike tracery and pendants resembling stalactites -the chapel represents the dissolution of structural gothic into decorative fancy. The architects released the gothic style's original lines from their function and multiplied them into the uninhibited architectural virtuosity and theatrics of Perpendicular style.