Art History Final

Parmigianino, Madonna with the Long Neck

Baby is extremely elongated Stylized version of the baby, affectation Neck and figure of the virgin are also elongated St. Jerome in background holding a scroll Obscure inclusion with a saint No clear balance or stability to composition

Michelangelo, David, 1501-04

18 feet high marble block Intended for cathedral of Florence on a buttress with other figures of the old testament Granted commission in 20s Contrapposto, musculature Large hands, slender body Concentration on the face, intense focus Due to heaviness, it was decided to not be moved and then go to the town hall, but medici are ousted from authority Response to donatello's original david

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, july 28, 1830

2nd most important romantic painter after Gericault Depicts july Monarchy Emotionally charged moment, charging the barricade Figures come from all walks of life Heroes of modern life, boy, homeless Classical allegory of liberty Bare breasted Phrygian cap Freed slaves wore Becomes favorite headgear of french revolutionaries Holding modern bayonet, even though dressed in classical garb

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral

3 different realities of one spot Series painting Observed at different times of the day in different weather conditions Captures personal experiences

Bronzino, Allegory with Venus and Cupid, Florence

Became diplomatic gift to french king Emblematic to themes of 16th century florentine court culture Cupid is fondling venus (his mom) People enjoyed viewing art and attempting to decipher events happening Old man pulling back curtain to reveal, might be a personification of time Figure in background to left is night Little kid with rose petals might be folly or fickleness of time Snake with woman's head holding honey comb Might be fraud or pleasure All figures are pushed to front of figure plain, nothing is balanced or clear

Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing, 1766

Studied with Boucher Produced erotic paintings for aristocrats Not sure who it was commissioned for Elegantly dressed lady pushed by a bishop Her lover hides in the bushes as her show falls off Cupid is shushing in the background Immoral and licentious Diderot considered father of modern art criticism Inspires bringing of neoclassicism

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Cornaro Chapel

Angel approaching Saint Teresa with an arrow Pediment and facade split open, emphasizes bulging element Architectural elements became sculptural Rich colors St. Teresa were members of the carmelite order Didn't wear shoes Floating on cloud, contrasts smooth vs rough Arrowing repeatedly penetrating heart Sexual nature Also representative of spiritualism Inspired by Jesuit order Features members from the cornaro family Multimediality Inspired by counter reformation Sensory drama inspires religious fervor Counter reformation

A View of the World, Page from the Codex Fejervary-Mayer

Animal hide and paint Mesoamerican cosmology depicted Cardinal directions, plus 5th direction which is center God of fire and time, calendar mixed into it Trapezoidal shapes with dots, 260 dots for each day of the calendar Days and months correspond with placement in accordance with images Cities, streets laid out based on directions 4 trees associated with directions Different flowers and birds with different trees

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la PRincesse in Hotel de Soubise, 1732

Aristocratic style, fine, fanciful Depicts a living room with large mirror Became a focal point for intellectual discussion Detail decorations featuring painting framed by plastered gilt putti, arabesques, and ornamental garlands Images depict images of love

Rachel Ruysch, Flower Still Life, after 1700

Artist usually painted flowers in still life Painted for french queen since she really liked them Carefully contrived, flowers would never bloom like this at the same time Idealized vision, cut flowers will die Vanitas

Pieter Claesz, Still life with Tazza, 1636

Artists became known for his paintings of still lifes Included inflections of human presence, such as a peeled lemon Tazza - silver goblet, elaborate, symbol of wealth Allows for study of reflection of light off of silver Shows off skill as a painter 3Dness of light through water of clear glass

Virgin of Guadalupe, 1779

Became huge pilgrimage site, dedicated to virgin Appears to mexican peasant, speaks to him in native language Juan diego Tells him that he must build a church to her on the former site of an aztec temple Speaks to archbishop, who ignores him Appears to him consistently, but consistently rejected Miraculously causes roses to bloom everywhere, which he was supposed to take to archbishop This image depicted after he dumps the roses off on his clothes Miraculous image Acheiropoieta - not made by human hands Becomes symbol of mexico, legitimized christianity Oil paint on copper

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784-85

Became most important neoclassical painter Won rome prize in italy, came back to paint a series of didactic history paintings Inspired by Horus play Set in 7th Century BCE Rome Scene about giving civic duties over personal feelings Sons taking oath to avoid war Also shows women grieving Oath contrasts with personal interest, renounce personal interest to fight for rome, self sacrifice Revolution Painter was commissioned as minister of propaganda of the assembly Then becomes court painter for Napoleon Fits into genre of history painting Large, epic quality Balanced composition Pinnacle with horus holding 3 swords, vanishing point Evenly composed, simple classical architecture

George Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909-10

Best friend of picasso Analytical cubism Style invented by Braque and Picasso where forms are fractured into series of individual planes, lines and contours and organized in a grid-like pattern on the picture plane, emphasizing flatness of picture surface Violin is fragmented and broken Rendering object across the surface, fracturing forms Includes distortion of all objects on the painting Then organizing into gridlike pattern

El Greco, Burial of the Count of Orgaz

Bizarre lighting Creates luminous faces emerging from dark background Packed compositions flushed from the picture plane Fuses venetian and central italian mannerist tradition in conjunction with byzantine icons Stems from a legend that develops around a 14th century figure Count Orgaz Major donor to Church of Tome? According to legend, St. Augustine and other St. come down to lower body into ground and his spirit is scene rising up to heaven Commissioned by a parish priest El Greco depicts himself and son in the painting

Mosque of Selim, Edirne

Built by sinan for the son of suleiman Considered to be pinnacle of Sinan's work and career Larger than hagia sophia Surpassing ancients in the name of the new sultan Wide dome and spindly minarets Unity between exterior and interior Buttresses divert the thrust of gravity Integrated with interior designs, give sense of harmony Mosque flanked by shops and schools Base of dome has ring of windows as well Hybrid of a central and basilica plan, incorporates subsidiary places into the central area Multi colored tiles, flowers, leaves and abstract designs Glazed to give a sheen Designed specifically for the mosque Similar to chinese porcelain Pigments when oxidized become hard and bind together Allows glaze to be fired at a lower temperature

Chateau of Chenonceau, Touraine, France, original building (at right) 1513-1521; gallery on bridge finished ca. 1581

Built on the site of a demolished castle and water mill Given to king of france who turned it into a hunting lodge Bridge was added when the former mistress of Henry II got the castle, establishing it's history of the Castle of Ladies Hospital in WWI, bridge became an escape route in WWII Has some influences of french gothic castles Base rectangular court based on italian palazzo architecture Has library and chapel corbelled out over the river Francis I ends up with castle shortly after is was built Painting attempted to convey absolute authority Extensive

Jan Gossaert, St. Luke Drawing the Virgin Mary

By artist who is working in netherlands In this century when artist turn toward Italy for inspiration Has moses and 10 commandments with classical temple in background Rendered as a kind of vision Based on rogier van der weyden's virgin and child Hybrid creatures in designs

View of the Sistine Chapel showing paintings

Cardinal area for electing new pope Built by Sixtus IV One of first popes wanting to renew rome as a major urban center Greatest florentine artists come to decorate inside of the hall Perugino, Christ Delivering the Keys to the Kingdom of St. Peter Defining linear perspective, prime example One point perspective, vanishing point in temple door Clear orthogonals, painted into marble floor Depicts reasoning for pope to rule Focus on classical architecture Classical ideal Revival of glory of ancient rome Representation of renaissance ideal city

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1614-20

Carried on caravaggio's legacy Prime example of narratives that she was fond of Trained by father Orazio, also influenced by Caravaggio Tenebrism displaying brutal realism Judith delivers Jerusalem from their enemy Decapitates general while hes sleeping Drama is central to scene Fond of painting strong biblical women Hard for women painters Couldn't enter guilds, draw nudes, less opportunity Begins to change and gives emergence of artemisia

Atrial Cross, Before 1556, Chapel of the Indians, Basilica of Guadalupe

Carved in low relief INRI - Jesus of Nazareth, king of the jews Surrounded by angels, flower aspects Tree of life Face of jesus, same place that his face would be located if he were crucified Crown of thorns Shroud that covers him Arma christi - arms of christ that jesus uses to defeat the devil Strong emphasis on blood Also represent life force

Palazzo del Te, Mantua, 1527-34

Commissioned by Federigo II Gonzaga Luxury palace of pleasure - villa Made for his mistress Mixes classical elements Mannerisms and mannerist architecture Friezes and metopes associated with greek doric order Arches break apart instead of making lintels Foundation for baroque architecture

Aerial view of Saint Peter's, Vatican City, Rome

Completed in 17th century Centrally planned structure Inspired by greek round temples Renewed religious fervor and emphasis on christian history Carlo Maderno, Facade of Saint Peter's Longitudinal axis and nave, shaped by pagan architecture Helps accommodate new obsession with processions makes regular classic facade and pushes it out adds steps to classic facade Innovation of space

Tilman Riemenschneider, Altarpiece of the Holy Blood, Church of St. James, Rothenburg ob der Tauber

Contains relic of the holy blood of jesus Workshop was known for sculpture out of limewood Triptych, scene of last supper flanked by 2 scenes Judas is shown as the center of the scene, joined by the rest of the apostles, opposite of jesus Crucifix with body of christ in the perdella

Theodore Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1818-19

Could be a modern history painting, large scale Criticizing monarchy, so it cannot qualify as history painting Scandalous shipwreck called the Medusa Carrying colonists bound for Senegal Captain was incompetent, used all 6 lifeboats for captains and officers Rest 152 had to assemble makeshift raft, floated in see for 13 days Only 15 survived Picks emotional moment of the last 15 remainders Ship on horizon, sailors waving to catch attention of ship Exhibited at salon, well received but king did not like it King refused to buy it, so artist took it on tour to Ireland and England for 2 years Unified composition balance, criticizes state to shock and horrify the masses Hero of the story is Jean Charles, blackman from Senegal who exhibited tremendous fortitude Depicted at apex of composition Freedom is often dependant on the most oppressed people in society Essential to grand manner Did not depict the survivors as they would appear, instead emphasized musculature Applied to conventions of history paintings

Caravaggio, Calling of Saint Matthew, Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, 1597-1601

Counter reformation Theme of conversion = drawing people back to the church Sharp chiaroscuro Tenebrism - tenebroso - shadowy Ambiguity No clear light source Unclear which is matthew Unclear whether its inside or outside Bothered clerics because matthew deserved more dignity First adam vs second adam Jesus is barely illuminated Fall vs redemption embodied in motiff

Rubens, Self Portrait of the Artist and Isabella Brandt

Court appointed painter both in venice (duke of mantua) and later antwerp (habsburg regent of flanders) Patrons included Philip IV, Queen Marie de Medici (france), Charles I (England) Inspired and influenced by italian painting Intelligent and charismatic Painted around time of his marriage Full length portrait dominates entirety of space Engaging with audience

Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, begun 1678

Covered in windows and mirrors Facade facing gardens and reflecting pool Inspired by italian high renaissance high classical design Arcades on each floor, attic with rectangular windows Porches with classical columns and cornices Painted ceiling with canvas Converted porch into interior hall Tall mirrors reflect light, same size as windows Venetian glass Appeals to pageantry Etiquette, style, fashion Doesn't display other functions besides pageantry Painted by Charles le Brun Used framed paintings, technique in italy at the time Frescos disintegrate quickly, so better to use canvas Painter appointed to head of royal academy of painting Established by Louis XIV

Matthias Grünewald, Isenheim Altarpiece, painted and gilt limewood

Crucifixion, lamentation, SS sebastian, anthony abbot Multiple different views possibly depending on how it is opened Jesus is depicted as dead, not about to resurrect Gangrenous, covered in sores, twisting and contorted Lamentation scene on the perdella Also clearly dead Emulate skin diseases Amputate jesus' leg when opening altarpiece Common for caretakers to have to amputate people in same hospital Allowed for common ground between sickly and jesus Side wings shows different saints associated with skin disease Ss sebastian covered with arrows, both he and anthony are on pedestals Shows mary magdalene, john the baptist Springs in the background convey healing motif Influenced by Bridgette's visions Open panel on sundays depict events of joys rather than suffering Annunciation on the left Vision of gabriel announcing impregnation Nativity on the center God's light flooding down Corral has protective connotation Closed gardens, analogous to purity Figure on the left is unknown, might be lucifer Not looking toward jesus, looks confused Resurrection on the right Rising and bursting from the tomb Transformative experience of the resurrection Potentially associated with experiences of people in the hospital

Jean Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera, 1717

Displays sensuality, luxury "Cotton candy" atmosphere - fete galante Shows venus with groups of lovers leaving the island Fleetingness of pleasure Not a deep meaning Brushy style, forms blend into one another Submitted for entrance to french royal academy However not a category to group painting into So beloved that they invented a new category, fete galante Elegant outdoor entertainment scene

Cezanne, Still life with basket of Apples,m 1880-94

Distortion of perspective Manipulation of objects Use of edge gives 2 points of perspective Apples don't conform to optical illusionistic forms Bottle is presented in a bizarre shape Lips of basket are skewed

Jacob van Ruisdael, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, ca. 1670

Dutch were also famous for landscapes Artist exemplifies landscapes from his area Low horizon line with big sky was characteristic of dutch landscapes Were not painted outside, but rather studied landscapes then returned to studio to paint Caused them to become somewhat idealized Human industrialism depicted in buildings Landscapes were emblematic of dutch civic pride Subdued colors

Edgar Degas, The rehearsal on stage, 1874

Elements of social criticism Uses photography to structure his works Cropping off dancers Collects japanese prints Located at a theater box just to left and above the stage Trained in the academy, son of parisian banker Considered himself a draftsmen Attracted to scenes of modern urban life Pays models to be in the studio Carefully contrived scene Elements of social commentary that are similar to realists Incorporation of social commentary

Albrecht Dürer, Four Apostles

Ended up in nuremberg town hall Declared itself a protestant town, accommodated lutheran art Different than the other keys to St. Peter because it is giving it to John the evangelist and Peter is in the background Equation between word and god manifests in new testament Inscripted signature at bottom of base with painting texts

Bernini, David, 1623 (23-4)

Facade if San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, 1638-41 Plan is based on basic central plan Greek cross plan inspires it, but is brought out to an ovoid space Allows for longitudinal axis Indentations are made on roof to make it appear taller than it is Made from stucco Painted white to look marble Made to appear as dramatic and large as possible "Saint Charles of the 4 fountains" Best known for his sculpture Not rooted in single plane like Michelangelo's Actively moving in space instead Gives a perspective that you are goliath Chose most dramatic point in the narrative Commissioned by cardinal, nephew of the pope Face is inspired by drama Elements of classical design with corinthian-esque columns Transformed into new kind of language concave/convex rippling effect of facade Inspired by counter reformation

Caterina van Hemessen, Self-Portrait, 1548

Female painter Thought that her father was a painter, head of antwerp painters guild Became popular, especially among women She painted many portraits, especially of women 29 years old in the painting Illustrious velvet of the sleeve

Pierre LEscot and Jean Goujon, Cour Carrée, Louvre, 1546

French were obsessed with italian architecture Not much of medieval louvre exists Very italian on the first two levels Classicized, symmetrical, and regular decorum Inspired by Brunelleschi

Jusepe de Ribera, Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew,

From Seville, went to Naples to work (controlled by Spain) Inspired by Caravaggio Perfect subject for counter-reformation Tenebrism Depicting a single moment in time Realism Bartholomew is about to be flayed alive Spotlighting effect, illuminates face of St. as if he sees the light of heaven Falling back into space gives a sense of immersion into the painting

Francisco de Zurburan, St. Serapion, 1628

From Seville, worked for religious orders Serapion revered by Mercedarians Sacrificed life for exchange of christian prisoners in the war in 13th century from Islamic spain Attention to detail, tenebrism, absolute realism Influenced by Caravaggio Study of death and light 3 dimensionality, light playing off of folds of linen Centered, standing out is bright orange insignia of Mercedarian order

Caravaggio, Bacchus, 1595-1596

Gets name from after his town Got into many police incidents Dies on a beach in rome Referred to as antichrist of painting Made for cardinal Bacchus Farmers tan, nails dirty Presented with basket of fruit that's overly ripe Sensual rendition Non ideal of renaissance Caravaggio distains classical masters

Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, engraving, 1504 (22-8)

Goes to italy and encounters italian humanism I nspired and falls in love with the country Influenced by many classical things, such as Apollo Belvedere Enamored with classical idea Engraving of adam and eve, combines with principles of classical idea Depicts perfect humans before their corruption Signs print, notion of claiming work begins to rise Background is non classical, intense focus on the forest Germanic style forest Became obsessed with forests as a portion of their identity Believed they were antithesis to rome and unconquerable Similar to flemish painting Animals in foreground Each have different significance Sanguinity, phlegmatic, melancholy All due to excess of temperaments

Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, begun in 1459

Gradually adjusted and added to until 1850 Located on edge of peninsula Overlooks 2 seas and continents Next to hagia sophia mosque Few have access to Sultan, so he resides in isolated structure Extensive libraries, gardens, kitchens, pavilions Initial building took almost a decade Baghdad Kiosk Added in 17th century Has dome, lower to other mosque architecture Elevated, meant to give a view to city Built on old tower Essentially a central plan, cruciform plan with 4 alcoves Facade is decorated with geometric stained glass windows, marble inlays, Extensive tile work on the interior Low cushioned seat next to windows - sofa Lack of figural decorations allows for lavish floral and geometric designs Calligraphy adorns wall in inlaid tile Inscription of throne verse in quran Converted into a library Cinili Kiosk - 1472 One of the earliest kiosks Pavilions erected in different styles representing contact and dominions of ottoman empire Persian style Produced on top of tall platform with basement Large arcade and colonnade Originally wood but later replaced with stone Facade has extensive tile work Deep blue and geometric patterns Pointed arches highly characteristic of islamic architecture Mosaic tile Floral cute tilework Influenced by chinese ceramics Could not perfect chinese porcelain work so they created a style to emulate it

Rembrandt van Rijn, The night watch, 1642

Group portrait for civic guard company Depicts members of civic guard in amsterdam Depicts specific moment in time Shows Frans Banning Cocq summoning lieutenant to tell citizens to march It was so grimy and filled with dirt originally that it was assumed to be at night Actually a daytime scene, glowing light on foreground Strong tenebrism Paid depending on rank to be included Girl in foreground is luminous Holding chicken Play on name of company Kloveniers - based on klower (dutch for claw) which was the kind of gun they used Pun, emblem is a chicken leg with claws History painting - large scale epic canvases that depict moments from history or mythology This is not really a history painting, but it does have some features

John Constable, The Hay Wain, 1821

Hay wain - large farm cart Loosely painted, captures effects of atmosphere Meant to capture rural idol, farm life that was rapidly disappearing in england during this time due to industry Elicits nostalgia 6 footer - large landscape paintings meant to rival history painting

Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to her children as her treasures, 1785

History, large scale paintings, Inspired by roman mythology Reflects moral and motherhood love, frugality Timeless moral lesson balanced, cornelia is pinnacle, clear even lighting in crisp bright colors Simple background, base of classical column

Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera, The Escorial, Madrid, 1563-

Housed spanish kings under philip II Dedicated to St. Lorenzo, grill shaped Large domed church in the center Classicized temple front Inspired by Andrea Palladio

Feather Headdress of Moctezuma

Important aspect of art Comes from Quetzal bird, harvests feathers Typically given as tribute to aztec emperors, or sent back to Spain Bound together at the base with precious materials Lead to feather paintings of european and catholic things

Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872

Impressionists start exhibiting together in 1874 Successful independently outside of the salon Caused salon to become irrelevant Usually depict impressions of the upper middle class at leisure or landscapes Term was coined at the same time by an art critic Work could not be considered finished About capturing an ephemeral moment Waves of water and reflection of the sun show quick brushstrokes Suggestions of boats and port Depicts part of france that he was from Notion of light and shadow, world is not fixed but rather constantly changing and moving Anti-naturalistic Shows his own personal experiences Pure, decorative abstraction

Joseph Wright of Derby, An experiment on a bird in the Air Pump, 1768

Industrial innovations mixed with enlightenment aspirations, some romanticized aspects Many clients are wealthy self made industrialists and aristocrats Group meets monthly at birmingham, called lunar society Mostly forward thinking aristocrats and industrialists and merchants Intended to popularize science Depicts moment of revival, magic when the bird is getting more oxygen from the air pump girls are personifications, may represent ignorance and enlightenment Tenebrism adds drama to the scene Skull suspended in water, memento mori - fleetingness of life

Georges de la Tour, Mary Magdalene with the Smoking Flame

Influenced by caravaggio Strong tenebrism and chiaroscuro Spotlight effect, clear source of light Appears that subject might be light Meditation on death Hand on skull Transience of life Head appears abstracted, appears ovoid or egg shaped Unique and complex

Hendrick ter Brugghen, Saint Sebastian Tended by Irene

Inspired by caravaggio Spent 10 years in rome, painted in UTrecht with strong ties to rome Confrontational style Utilizes tenebrism Stark darks, bright spotlighting effect Other wordly, golden sky Sebastian's body appears green Tied to a tree and pierced with arrows Irene is patron saint of nurses tending to him Maid helping to untie him from the tree Conveys pain of martyrs experience Knees protrude into space, low horizon line gives feeling that we are immersed in the painting Red and gold cloak - bishops cloak, cloth of Utrecht Belonged to bishop Deep catholic symbolism Wasn't destroyed by protestants during reformation Catholic celebration of civic pride

Matisse, Le Bonheur de Vivre (the joy of life), 1906

Inspired cezanne's large bathers Large scale, pastoral theme Familiar nude, references to idyllic pastoral life Sheep, women playing pipes in the background Avant garde in many respects Lack of detail, forms unmodeled, unnaturalistic colors Also inspired by classical art in the louvre Pays attention to tradition

The Founding of Tenochtitlan, Page from the Codex Mendoza

Island linked to land by causeways In mexico Came from Aztlan according to legend Wandered from their until they found new home city in 13th century Will find new home when they find an eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus on stone Empire expands till 15th century Moctezuma is captured by Cortez, then replaced in 1535 by empire of new spain Page from codex is after 1545 Codex Mendoza Made for charles V, viceroyalty of new Spain Maya screen fold codex Accordion like pages that fold in different ways depending on what you want to see

Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with Saint John on Patmos, 1640

John is paired with eagle Matthew has the angel Painted together Painted for Foscioli, secretary of Pope Urban VIII 2 paintings might be 2 parts of a set of 4 paintings Patron presumably died which is why they were never completed Balanced in same with with 3 registers Positioned in mirrored ways Classicized ruins Balance of trees

Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with St. Matthew and the Angel

John is paired with eagle Matthew has the angel Painted together Painted for Foscioli, secretary of Pope Urban VIII 2 paintings might be 2 parts of a set of 4 paintings Patron presumably died which is why they were never completed Balanced in same with with 3 registers Positioned in mirrored ways Classicized ruins Balance of trees

Francisco Goya, The third of may, 1808, 1814-1815

Link between romanticism and revolutionary mindset Romantic image displaying terror and rage, loose brushwork, sensational subject matter, and dramatic lighting: romantic painting attempted to stimulate viewer response Displays Napoleonic occupation of spain Word got out that they would kill royal family, so revolted Then brought together citizens and had mass arrests and executions Blind terror, rage and death Not about suffering for greater good, but rather to incite passion

Paul Cezanne, The Large Bathers, 1906

Loose brushstrokes, play between color and light Volume and solidity Painted right before he died in 1906 Maybe kind of pastoral scene Often see nudes in pastoral scenes Based on ideal pastoral lifestyle Repousuard - to push back Often trees, mountains to frame subject Provide anchor that directs eye between them Idealized, mythological scenes of nudes Inspired by likes of giorgione, titian Open air landscape with brushy patchwerk, impressionist

Facade if San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Plan is based on basic central plan Greek cross plan inspires it, but is brought out to an ovoid space Allows for longitudinal axis Indentations are made on roof to make it appear taller than it is Made from stucco Painted white to look marble Made to appear as dramatic and large as possible "Saint Charles of the 4 fountains" Best known for his sculpture Not rooted in single plane like Michelangelo's Actively moving in space instead Gives a perspective that you are goliath Chose most dramatic point in the narrative Commissioned by cardinal, nephew of the pope Face is inspired by drama Elements of classical design with corinthian-esque columns Transformed into new kind of language concave/convex rippling effect of facade Inspired by counter reformation

Bramante Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502-10

Martyrium Doric columns in doric order, added tuscan columns

Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Vatican

Massive barrel vault with trompe-l'oeil architectural framework Lunettes and spandrels above window - ancestors/ christ Corner pendentives - old testament senses Pendentives - prophets and sybils Central - 9 scenes from genesis Supposedly did all the work himself because he was so hard to work with and dismissed his assistants 9 scenes of genesis, beginning of separation of light and darkness and concluding with drunkenness of noah Triangular figures with ancestors of christ and prophets and sybils from the old testament Ignudi - nudes that are twisting and contorting Creation of Adam and Eve Worked from entrance to altar even though events take place from altar to entrance Painted first half from 1508-10 with scaffold set up First half (up to creation of eve) officially unveiled on 15 august 1511

Anton Raphael Mengs, Parnassus, 1761

Might be first example of neoclassicism Depicts home of apollo surrounded by muses Rationality, music Mother is a figure of rationality Painted for cardinal of Villa Albani, Rome Made villa with exclusive purpose to display collection of items from antiquity Clear even lighting, balanced Reflects format of a classical pediment Also reflects statue of apollo from antiquity

Joseph Mallord William Turner, The burning of the House of Lords and Commons, 1834

Most influential landscape painter Meant to evoke awe Overwhelming events Incredibly loose composition Non precise outline Capture sense of sublime Something one does not experience in everyday life Overpowering vastness Thrilling and pleasurable Destructive conflagration

The Goddess Coatlicue, Mexico, Aztec. 1500

Mother of huitzilopochtli Necklace of human hands and hearts and skulls Imposing, formidable, conveys force of the Goddess Originally painted in bright colors Might depict sons birth Similar to Jesus' birth Mother takes vow of chastity as shes cleaning the temple Immaculate conception

Painted ceramic dish with birds and flowers, Iznik

Multi colored tiles, flowers, leaves and abstract designs Glazed to give a sheen Designed specifically for the mosque Similar to chinese porcelain Pigments when oxidized become hard and bind together Allows glaze to be fired at a lower temperature

Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863

Realist Based on titian venus of urbino Based on a socially ambitious prostitute of the same name Looking down on us, subordination Flattened out Loosening of brush stroke Not received well by the academy Defies all conventions of the grand manner Defied conventions of nude

Pontormo, Deposition, Capponi Chapel Altarpiece 1525-8

No clear balance Title has changed throughout the years No cross present, not traditional deposition Floating figures Mary falling backwards into space Christ coming toward the audience Reenactment of the sacrifice of christ Potentially self portrait of the artist on Mary's left Contortion and twist

John Henry Fuseli, The nightmare, 1781

Non history painting Swiss, settled in rome Originally neoclassical history painter Begins to become interested in the dark recesses of the mind Woman depicts women dreaming, with incubus on her body About dreams, steals women and has sex with them to survive Horse - fearsome and unknowable painting of terror and unrestrained sexual depravity Made 3 variations, wasn't well received by royal academy by well received by public 1791 print hung in Freud's office

Diego Velazquez, The Surrender at Breda, 1634-35

Ordered to go to Italy by King Inspired by large paintings on town hall walls and other frescos such as in vatican Occurs during dutch revolts Dutch appear weaker through spears

henri matisse, the woman with the hate, 1905

Organized and exhibited by the fauves Nicknames the green stripe due to line down nose Portrait of matisse wife

Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass, 1863

Rejected in 1863 by convention, because it presented a nude woman Inspired by giorgione, pastoral concert Contemporary figures Depicts friends of manet Not presented as goddess or muse Non subtle modulation of form Played important role in influencing the impressionists

Michelangelo, St. Peter's Basilica,

Oriented to the west Original version did not have a dome, built in 4th century by constantine to memorialize st. peter's burial Originally largest and most important site in roman italy Julius II decides to demolish it Warrior pope, takes name after Cesar Revival of ancient rome in renaissance Collects funds through indulgences for reconstruction Final structure is not completed till 17th century Donato Bramante - appointed by Julius to design a new plan Quite different, non longitudinal but rather central plan 4 armed cross of equal length, st. peter buried in middle, dome positioned in middle above burial Made a medal to show the design for new building When Bramante dies, new designs are considered Michelangelo is appointed in 1546 Expanded dome and length Eliminates extra space for simplification and harmony Longitudinal plan ends up Maderno appointed in 1607 Extends michelangelo's plan and elongates the nave Becomes intensified church, more lay involvement Modern building still has basic elements visible from Michelangelo's plan

Gustave Courbet, The Burial at Ornans, 1849

Other painting exhibited Burial at life size Highlights differences between typical and realist history paintings Centrepoint at eye level is giant hole, eye might be pulled to dog Shows side occurrences, not all focused on focal point Criticized for numbness, did not hint to afterlife No idealization Disrespects academic rules of history paintings Intentionally did for this reaction

Michelangelo, Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel, 1536-1541

Painted after completer of ceiling God is immediately above the altar Bartholomew holding skin flayed from himself Depicting himself in the skin Jesus is massive and 3D Part of counter reformation Attempting to revitalise catholic church Council of trent, began inquisition

Joshua Reynolds, Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces, 1765

Painting in london "grand manner paintings" Taking contemporary subjects and enobling and idealizing them Lady becomes a roman priestess in painting Highest form of portraiture Very large, would hang in public areas of london mansions In the process of making an offering to the 3 graces Classical backdrop Reflecting classical themes such as piety in a way that is relevant to 18th century life

Quentin Massys, Money Changer and his wife, 1514

Painting produced on speck Based on Petrus Christus Goldsmith in his shop Similar references, but also different Mirror on table Reflects man sitting reading and a window with a church steeple Ecclesiastical elements? Items on shelves Depicts couple Flipping through book of hours, looking at husband weighing coins Background has men gossiping through open window Reflects importance of acquiring money for wellbeing of family Reflects shifting idea that money is no longer the root of evil but rather beneficial Inscription is leviticus, reflects honest practices in daily pursuits

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Harvesters, 1565

Peasants taking a break from working Colors reflect summer months Atmospheric landscape in background Celebrate bucolic lifestyle Nostalgic view of the countryside

School of athens

Philosophy (school of athens) Stanza della segnatura, Vatican Palace 2 central figures, provide contrasting views of the source of all knowledge Plato gestures upwards - heaven Aristotle gestures toward earth for empirical world Side figures represent various stages of understanding and enlightenment Influenced by michelangelo Stocky, muscular 3D form Balance, harmony amplified

Michelangelo, Pieta, 1500

Piety, mercy = pieta Marble block personally selected Isolation of 2 central figures Much different than german vesperbild Presented as if they are the same age Relates to theology and the bible, virgin as timeless being Mother and son, but also marriage relationship as equals Expansion of lap, large enough for human body to lie in Originally unsigned, no one knew who made it Michelangelo sneaks into cathedral overnight and signs his name on the strap on the virgins dress

Claude Lorrain, A Pastoral Landscape, 1648

Pioneering classical landscape with Poussin Proto-neo classicist Perfected french ideal of the classical landscape Both working in italy but had french patrons and worked for elite of roman More atmospheric Interested in effects of natural lighting Shephard couple in the foreground City in left background contrasts with the pastoral life Highly classical theme, might be influenced by roman poets such as Virgil Balanced

John Singleton Copley, Thomas Mifflin and Sarah Thomas, 1773

Same year as boston tea party Mifflin = delegate in constitutional congress, wealthy politician/ merchant Patriotic painting - silk fringe Copley = leading portrait artist in boston

Francois Boucher, Girl Reclining, 1751

Sensual lady displayed for the king Pastel shades Identity is debated, unsure

Rembrandt van Rijn, The anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632

Presented as a moment in a narrative Depicts guild of surgeons Public dissection Tulp was head of amsterdam surgeons guild Surrounded by members of surgical guild Each paid commissions to be included Pay different amounts depending on placement in painting Tenebrism Diagonal activating composition, feet and legs seem closer to us of the patient Guide - fabric of human body - on bottom right corner Published in 16th century, foundation of medical science Homage to science and author in painting Dr. would not be actually handling body if it were real, someone of lesser status would be instead Spectators also would not be so close to body Anatomy lessons only took place 1 time a year, so it was super important and beloved Used executed criminals Armed robber executed earlier that day

Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, oil on wood, ca. 1505-1515

Produced many commissions for aristocrats Commissioned for count henry III of Nassau in his Brussels town house Thought to maybe rebel against the catholic church Triptych, takes form of altar piece Member of religious, catholic confraternity Features hybrid creatures Themes focused on marriage Left scene has god uniting adam and eve in garden of eden Surrounded by animals Might be an analogy to the chemical process with strangely shaped buildings Middle depicts many people bursting out of fruits Fertility symbol Carefree living, hybrid creatures Could display power of women? Topsy turvy world where women dominate Far right depicts hell Tavern scene within tree man, turning toward the right, maybe looking toward adam or reference of what happened to adam Fishman with cauldron on head swallowing humans and pooping them out, references 7 deadly sins Bagpipes were considered gaudy Format is bizarre When closed is a grisaille vision of the world, presumably on the 3rd day of creation Sent to spain in 1648 to escorial then prado

Pieter Bruegel the elder, Return of the Hunters, 1565

Produced unique compositions that became popular, especially amongst aristocracy Landscape Strong foreground with main characters, expansive snowy ground in background 6 large scale paintings, each referencing 2 months, cycle of the seasons Popular in aristocratic context with calendar scenes in books of hour

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles D'avignon

Proto-cubist work One of the most radical and complex of the 21st century Treatment of space, alternative to traditional systems Fractured, vibrant, abstractive Young ladies of avignon Also name of red light district in barcelona but also a city in france Presented in a large scale 8x8 Tradition of history painting Incorporating classical nude but changing it Influenced by african masks

Starry Night, 1889

Purposefully in light Brushstroke increasingly autonomous, also does it with color Cyprus tree distorts into flamelike element Fascinated with night, says it's more colorful than the day Also writes about death a lot Scene is painted from window in asylum However, not mad but rather probably suffered from something with epilepsy or another illness that was misunderstood Establish relationship between painting artist and viewer Emotional state over fidelity to nature

Georges Seurat, A sunday afternoon on the island of la Grande Jatte, 1884-5

Radical, might be most talked about in last impressionist exhibition Described as circumspect, known as "the communist" Significant in ability to balance opposites Elective and democratic, depicts sunday afternoon Park for working classes, exhibits broad range of parisian society Alienation associated with modern life Representation of facelessness while celebrating utopian life of leisure and pleasure Harmony of opposites No lines, entirely composed of swabs of color, brushstrokes Large painting Scale of history paintings Pointillism - disparaging term by critics at first Filled with points group together Eye is charged with merging the strokes together Typically adjacent and complementary colors Strokes and colors were similar in size Exaggerated color distinctions Carefully spaced, enduring timeless quality Differentiated from other impressionist paintings Remote quality, studied vitruvius Applies concept of ratios Head is 1/7th of body Only painted heads in quarter Quarter, ¾ and profile scene Regimented, spacing of figures Utopia and its opposite - contradictions

Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849

Realism The first avant-garde French military term Break from academic conventions Academic paintings were irrelevant in an industrial society with strong inequality Response to clashing social classes Commitment to painting modern life with idealization Submits 2 large canvases that are accepted to paris Salon Become defining works of realism Young boy and old man crushing stones to make gravel for road Disenfranchised peasants at foundations of society Displays difference between generations, but at the same time unity Grim future vs. obsolete past Dull gritty colors, composition is stilted No clear focal point Surfaces were incredibly thick Covered with encrustation of paint, evoking grittiness of environment Deliberately moody and brutal Depiction of labor First socialist painting ever painted

Benjamin West, The death of General Wolfe, 1770

Shows a more western theme 7 years war, painted 11 years after event Glorifies hero, sacrificing self for country Some drama, Wolfe reflects a jesus figure Pieta, cross is replaced with british flag The dress of the figures was too realistic Very simple, not in classicized garb King george did not present figures as classical figures, but rather as they were After displayed, it sparked a precedent to begin modern history paintings Modern history paintings Same themes, but presented in contemporary ways Not as clearly neo-classical

Albrecht Altdorfer, Danube Landscape,

Small markers of civilization, no humans themselves

Pierre Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette 1876

Social event, Sunday afternoon In a fashionable neighborhood, made for artists and middle class Focused on the figure Different facial aspects Filled with sparkling incandescence New aesthetic devices associated with impressionism In open air Impressionists were criticized for selling sketches that were hardly dry

Cassatt, Mother and Child, 1890

Solidity in representation of figures Draining board in the back Roundedness of the picture Recession into background Exhibited in 4 impressionist exhibitions Had dealers by 1886

Reconstruction of the Great Pyramid (Templo Mayor) of Tenochtitlan, c.

Stairs oriented to the west Sun would rise behind each temple based on the times of year Situated based on cardinal directions North - Tialoc, ancient Rain God South - Huitzilopochtli, solar god of the Mexicana, associated with war Human sacrifice was key to the continuation of life and cosmos Supplied by blood, the life force

Hans Baldung Grien, Death and the Maiden

Student of durer Creates pictures of nude women Often references adam and eve and his other works in works Ran in humanist circles Death and the Maiden, 1520-5 Nude women looking away what was her husband but is now death Death stems from temptations of the flesh Nude body implicates fallenness of humanity No amount of indulgences, good works or faith in the church will change that, but rather only God decides

Frans Hals, Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of St. Adrian, ca. 1627

Style becomes popular Civic guard militia companies, sorta like guilds or fraternities Depicting single portraits places together Portrayed as if he just stumbled upon them In chapter house, drinking, bringing banners into area Pioneers style Militia charged with civic protection of city Wealthy men that volunteer to protect city Must be wealthy Militia's have patron saints, participate in processions, care for each other's social wellbeing Flourish in holland during time Originally were emancipators of peasants from aristocracy Evolves to insure protection of wealthy cities Man coming in to surrender colors Part of ritual of group Allusions to ceremonial customs, not just portraits Pictorial integration Appears to be natural event Members would pay to be included in group portrait to finance paintings Looser brushstrokes, similar to velasquez Underlayer of stability Sashes, cross diagonal with banner, underlying horizontal line with table, verticality of window

Diego Velazquez, Las Meninas, 1656

The ladies in waiting, or Maids of Honor Large group portrait Depicts real figures, down to dog Velasquez might be painting us or painting in large canvas Mirrors in painting display king and queen Inspired by Arnolfini couple Possessed by Spanish King at the time Presents himself as courtier Holding paintbrush with palette Red cross - cross of order of Santiago Christian military religious order Added later either by Velasquez or another artist after death Knighted was an incredible achievement, came after long campaign Style gets looser as he gets older

Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, from The Apocalypse

Trained by goldsmith father Learned how to make woodcuts and how to paint b/c approaching 1500, people thought the world was going to end so they ate up the prints Intricate details Available in latin or german 14 scenes Figure with papal tiara being consumed by a beast (hell) Implies no one is exempt from the end of days Non traditional depiction, overlapping one after the other and not all at once Inspired by schongauer Overlapping forms, dynamism,

Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, ca. 1664

Women holding a balance, 1664 Holding tiny little scale Light reflection makes it glisten Gold on table, most likely material possessions Originally gold the "gold ware" or "girl weighing gold or pearls" Actually not weighing anything in the pans Shifts meaning of painting Last judgment depicted behind her Muddied, tenebrism By Jacob de Backer, 1580 Scale is often included in last judgment scenes Vermeer often included references to actual paintings Woman is calm, serene, contemplative Mirror included to display self knowledge Vermeer's women were often depicted in this way In dutch society they were the moral arbiters of home

Perugino, Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter, Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome, fresco, 1480-1482 (20-20A, 20-41)

hrist Delivering the Keys to the Kingdom of St. Peter Defining linear perspective, prime example One point perspective, vanishing point in temple door Clear orthogonals, painted into marble floor Depicts reasoning for pope to rule Focus on classical architecture Classical ideal Revival of glory of ancient rome Representation of renaissance ideal city

Diego Velazquez, Water Carrier of Seville, 1619

incredibly realistic Folds of skin, scraggly facial hair Inspired by Caravaggio Rendering of texture and 3D Coarseness of pot contrasts glazed pot Details and focus on texture is unparalleled Inspired by still lifes