Art History Survey II Exam 3

divisionism

(pointillism)

Figure 22-36 Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875. Oil on canvas.

-positivism -realism -artist studied painting and anatomy, briefly studied medicine

daguerréotype

A photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal; developed by Louis J. M. Daguerre.

Pop Art

A term coined by British art critic Lawrence Alloway to refer to art, first appearing in the 1950s, that incorporated elements from consumer culture, the mass media, and popular culture, such as images from motion pictures and advertising. -began in England in 1950s -reasserting a representative art -commodity culture - after WWII there is a shift from mass production of war materials to commodities -subject matter is the stuff of mass culture

mobile

A type of hanging sculpture that is activated by the wind or a motor (Calder was the first to make this type of sculpture)

color-field painting

A variant of Post-Painterly Abstraction in which artists sought to reduce painting its physical essence by pouring diluted paint onto unprimed canvas and letting these pigments soak into the fabric, as exemplified by the work of Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Louis

biomorphic abstraction

Abstract forms that look organic/resemble living things

Op Art

An artistic movement of the 1960s in which painters sought to produce optical illusions of motion and depth using only geometric forms on two-dimensional surfaces.

The Blue Rider

An early 20th century German Expressionist art movement founded by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. The artists selected the whimsical name because of their mutual interest in the color blue and horses. -Published a journal - Blue Rider - to spread their ideas Kandinsky writes "Concerning the Spiritual in Art" on Color Theory -art is less about torture and angst that the Bridge group is concerned with

The Bridge

An early 20th century German Expressionist art movement under the leadership of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. The group thought of itself as the bridge between the old age and the new.

the Berlin Secession

Artists were setting up their own exhibitions - Munch's The Scream

Graffiti Art

Contemporary art style Jean Michel Basquiat is a key figure in this movement Used some stylistic elements of graffiti art

Degenerate art exhibition

Exhibition by the Nazis where they gathered modern art and organized it in rooms according to what it "offended/went against" in order to mock it The Nazis saw Modern Art as evidence that society was declining -because of the Nazis some artists in Europe left and went to America or other places

Farm Security Administration

FSA Funded documentary photographers to go and shoot propaganda-type images during the depression to move American viewers to supporting certain policies

Figure 22-26 Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849. Oil on canvas

Realism -glimpse into a life of rural menial laborers -Positivism: Observation and measurement -Scientific approach to everything -Showed workers in a heroic way that was controversial at the time

Second Empire

Regime of Napoleon III from 1852-1870

Women's suffrage

Right of women to vote

Japonisme

The French fascination with all things Japanese. Japonisme emerged in the second half of the 19th century.

Imperialism

The act of a country extending it's power by the acquisition of territories, usually involves the exploitation of those territories and the indigenous people.

Figure 23-12 Mary Cassatt, The Child's Bath, 1893. Oil on canvas

-1893 -American artist who moves to Paris -subject matter tended to be more domestic scenes because that was socially acceptable for female artists at the time

the Armory show

-1913 -put together by American artists using European and American Avant-Garde art -European Avant-Garde art became very popular, American art in the show was ignored for the most part

Figure 23-11 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket), ca. 1875. Oil on panel

-Art for arts sake -lawsuit w/ John Ruskin over this painting -Aesthetic Movement - -while Neoclassicism is art for society's sake the Aesthetic Movement is art for arts sake -inspired by music

Figure 23-40 Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris, France, 1889

-Built in 1889 for the World Fair in Paris -celebrated France's centennial -desire was for a modern and sophisticated symbol of technology and the modernity of France

Figure 22-38 Henry Ossawa Tanner, The Thankful Poor, 1894. Oil on canvas.

-Combined Eakins careful study with portraying the dignity of working people

Figure 22-48 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Still Life in Studio, 1837. Daguerrotype

-Daguerrotype - photography process -1st photography process Talbot developed a calotype process around the same time Daguerre - made on a metal plate, no negatives, very fragile, can easily scratch off, one of a kind positive print Talbot - paper is soaked and made into a negative then placed on top of another piece of paper to make a positive print.

Figure 23-9 Edgar Degas, The Tub, 1886. Pastel.

-Impressionism -artist helped to organize exhibitions -grew up as a member of nobility -revived pastel as an art form -starts out w/ aspiration to make academic art -shows the influence of Japanese art in the composition, subject matter and pose, as well as the tabletop on the right

Figure 23-7 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876. Oil on canvas.

-Impressionism -gentle focus on light -still pastel tones -Renoir is more popular as a portrait painter -sunday dances - leisure and entertainment

Minimalism

-Industry and Modernity -sometimes the artists don't make the pieces themselves -makes use of repetition and seriality -Tony Smith is an important figure in this -makes use of industrial materials -artist as intellectual, less focus on the craft -objects, not sculptures -not paintings or sculptures, but borrowed things from both

Figure 23-29 Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893. Tempura and pastels on cardboard

-Northern European artist -Symbolism -exhibits w/ Berlin Secessionists -possible explanation for the Scream might be Krakatoa exploding around the same time Munch described the experience that inspired the painting -most famous work -trying to evoke a symbolist subject matter/concepts -distortion/abstraction

Figure 23-23 Paul Cézanne, Basket of Apples, ca. 1895. Oil on canvas

-Post Impressionism -left Paris after getting offended, became somewhat of a myth, works would show up from time to time - Excerpts from Cezanne's letters are very influential on Cubism 2 main principles in his letters --1. Always work from nature/object/subject --2. Find the basic shape of the form - represent the cylinder the cone the cube -strove for pictorial logic and harmony -considered by some the father of Modern Art

Figure 22-32 Édouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), 1863. Oil on canvas.

-Realism -influential in articulating realist principles -also played a role in the development of impressionism -contemporary genre scene with all four individuals based on someone -nude looks at the viewer without shame/flirtatiousness - no idealization w/ portrait like features -artist - history painting, portraiture, pastoral scenes, nudes, religion scenes -Art of the 2nd empire 1863 -scene of prostitution -salon de refuse -similar to a pastoral concert

Figure 23-15 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jane Avril, 1893. Color lithograph

-South France -Nobility -had a problem with his bones - legs didn't grow due to a horse accident that damaged his growth plates, was shorter than most people - used flat areas of color in compositions that is suggestive of Japan woodblock prints -best known for the large lithographs advertising dancers

Figure 22-47 Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, England, 1850-1851.

-housed the first of the events called "worlds fairs" universal exposition (1851) -Built with glass and cast iron -mass produced sections of the building (6 months) -mimics the forms of a christian naval

Figure 23-25 Gustave Moreau, The Apparition, 1874-1876. Watercolor on paper

-precursor to symbolism - saw himself as an academic painter -Salome, daughter of Herod, asks for John the Baptist's head -historical/biblical narrative -associated w/ symbolism

Figure 23-30 Gustav Klimt, The Kiss, 1907-1908. Oil on canvas

1st president of the Vienna secession -started out as a decorative painter -allusion to geometric abstraction -Gold Period - lots of gold leaf -Symbolism

Expressionism

20th century art that is the result of the artist's unique or personal vision and that often has an emotional dimension. Expressionism contrasts with art focused on visually describing the empirical world.

Regionalism

A 20th-century American art movement that portrayed American rural life in a clearly readable, Realist style. Major Regionalists include Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton.

color theory

A body of practical guidance to color mixing and application

Neo-Impressionism

A category of Post-Impressionism, also called pointillism. -Artist applies pigment tin little dots to make optical colors -disliked by Impressionists Seraut is a classic example of this art style

allover composition

A composition in a painting with no distinct focal point

collage

A composition made by combining on a flat surface various materials, such as newspaper, wallpaper, printed text and illustrations, photographs, and cloth.

Symbolism

A late 19th century movement based on the idea that the artist was not an imitator of nature but a creator who transformed the facts of nature into a symbol of the inner experience of that fact Gaugin is a good example of this art style van Gogh's Starry Night can be put into this category as well -reaction to positivism, and the objective art of realism -heightened emotion and irrationality -suggested not described -references to occult/spiritualism --mystical reinterpretation of Christian doctrine. -term was coined in response to Gaugin's vision after the sermon

Impressionism

A late-19th century art movement that sought to capture capture a fleeting moment, thereby conveying the elusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions. Subject matter was still carrying on after Realism Early on - more cityscapes later on- more landscapes -some figure artists -optical record of fleeting moments -emphasis on light --Style -tends to be broken brushwork, visible strokes, not as polished -lighter in tone and saturation --Social Terms -Important because in 1874 the Impressionists have a group show outside of the influence of the Academy, thus weakening the Academy's influence

Synthetic Cubism

A later phase of Cubism, in which painting and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper and other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction.

Modernism

A movement in Western art that developed in the second half of the 19th century and sought to capture the images and sensibilities of the age. Modernists art goes beyond simply dealing with the present and involves the artists critical examination of the premises of art itself.

Realism

A movement that emerged in mid 19th century France. Realist artists represented the subject mater of every day life - especially subjects that had previously been considered inappropriate for depiction - in a relatively naturalistic mode.

calotype

A photographic process in which a positive image is made by shining light through a negative image onto a sheet of sensitized paper

Second Republic

A short lived republican government of France between 1848 and 1851

Surrealism

A successor to Dada, Surrealism incorporated the improvisational nature of its predecessor into its exploration of the ways to express in art the world of dreams and the unconscious. Biomorphic Surrealists such as Joan Miro, produced largely abstract compositions. Naturalistic Surrealists, notably Salvador Dali, presented recognizable scenes transformed into a dream or a nightmare image.

first wave feminism

A wave of feminism that mainly focused on legal rights, specifically the right to vote

Performance Art

An American accent-garde art trend of the 1960s that made time an integral element of art. It produced works in which movements, gestures, and sounds of persons communicating with an audience replace physical objects. Documentary photographs are generally the only evidence remaining after these events.

Earthworks/Environmental Art

An American art form that emerged in the 1960s. Often using the land itself as their material, environmental artists construct monuments of great scale and minimal form. Permanent or impermanent, these works transform some section of the environment, calling attention to both to the land itself and to the hand of the artist. Sometimes referred to as earthworks.

Precisionism

An American art movement of the 1920s and 1930s. The precisionist concentrated on portraying manmade environments in a clear and concise manner to express the beauty of perfect and precise machine forms.

Post-Painterly Abstraction

An American art movement that emerged in the 1960s and was characterized by a cool, detached rationality emphasizing tighter pictorial control.

Futurism

An early 20th century Italian art movement that championed was as a cleansing agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology.

Fauvism

An early 20th-century art movement led by Henri Matisse. For the Fauves, color became the formal element most responsible for pictorial coherence and the primary conveyor of meaning.

Dada

An early 20th-century art movement prompted by a revulsion against the horror of World War I. Dada embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive. A disdain for convention, often enlivened by humor or whimsy, is characteristic of the art the Dadaists produced.

Cubism

An early 20th-century art movement that rejected naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes and forms abstract from the conventionally perceived world.

Salon des Refuses

An exhibition of works that were rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon Also used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863

silkscreen

An industrial printing technique that creates a sharp-edged image by pressing ink through a design on silk or a similar tightly woven porous fabric stretched tight on a frame

The Aesthetic Movement

Art for arts sake Focused more on creating beautiful art rather than art with any sort of deep meaning

Appropriation Art

Art where the subject matter is pre-existing objects with little to no transformation applied to them.

Charles Baudelaire

Coined the term "Modernity" to refer to the fleeting experience of life in an Urban metropolis -Poet and art critic who called for contemporary art form

Abstract Expressionism

Considered the first major American avant-garde movement, emerged in NYC in the 1940s. The artists produced abstract paintings that expressed their state of mind and that they hoped would strike emotional chords in viewers. The movement developed along two lines - Action Painting and Color Field Painting

De Stijl

Dutch, "the style". An early 20th-century art movement (and magazine), founded by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg, who's members promoted utopian ideals and developed a simplified geometric style.

the New Woman

Feminist ideal that emerged in the late 19th century of an educated, independent career woman.

avant-garde

French "advance guard" (in a platoon). Late 19th and 20th century artists who emphasized innovation and challenged established convention in their work.

femme fatale

French, "fatal woman". A destructive temptress of men.

the Third Republic

Government in France from 1890-1940

the Vienna Secession

Gustave Klimt's The Kiss

Sigmund Freud

His idea of a place in the mind where all the bad things that we cannot handle go and that these things come out in dreams in confused language/symbolism inspired Berton and the Surrealists

Figure 23-1 Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882. Oil on canvas.

Impressionism -wouldn't exhibit with the Impressionists -believed in changing the art scene from w/in the Academy

. Figure 23-5 Gustave Caillebotte, Paris: A Rainy Day, 1877. Oil on canvas. Figure 23-7 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876. Oil on canvas.

Impressionist -exhibited w/ the Impressionists, frequently bought their work, w hen he died he left his entire collection to the state -Artist's work has emphasis on perspective and light in modern Paris streets

Figure 23-17 Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884-1886. Oil on canvas

Neo-Impressionism -Pointillism -poses are references to classical egyptian sculpture -strove to make art that offset the fleetingness of the modern world -wanted a "scientific" approach to artmaking - figures are static to achieve the effect of "offsetting the fleetingness of the modern world"

Secession movements

People receding away from something, breaking away from local academies

flaneur

Person who walks the city and watches According to Baudelaire the ideal artist will be a flaneur

Harlem Renaissance

Significant as a multi-disciplinary art-period when the African American community became very prosperous and strong -unique contributions in style

Formalism/formal experimentation

Strict adherence to, or dependence on, stylized shapes and methods of composition. An emphasis on an artwork's visual elements rather than subject.

the Surrealist object

Surrealists' emphasis on the object, not complying with sculpture traditions/categories

Figure 23-21 Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? 1897. Oil on canvas

Symbolism -Influenced by Japanese art -French artist -worked in the market industry then quit to become a painter -interested in visionary art -wanted to get out of civilization because he felt it was stifling his creativity -sees other cultures more "uneducated" in art and therefor have no idea what art is supposed to be, decides to move to Tahiti, dies there -painting is the style of Gaugin's when he is in Tahiti -religious themes are common in his work

Figure 23-19 Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889. Oil on canvas

Symbolism/Expressionism -Dutch Artist -comes from an artistic family -moved to the Mediterranean coast in the hopes of starting an artist community -this painting was done in an attempt to apologize to Gaugin by painting in Gaugin's style - observe the subject, dream on it, then paint - never working directly from the thing you are painting - Symbolist method -easily his most famous painting

Abstraction

The act of distorting or representing forms without reference to the depiction of an object

Analytic Cubism

The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pectoral whole.

Primitivism

The incorporation in early 20th century Western art of stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of the Americas.

action painting

The kind of Abstract Expressionism practiced by Jackson Pollock, in which the emphasis was on the creation process, the artist's gesture in making art. Pollock poured liquid paint in linear webs on his canvases, which he laid out on the floor, thereby physically surrounding himself with the painting during its creation.

Post-Impressionism

The term used to describe the stylistic heterogeneous work of the group of late 19th century painters in France, including van Gogh, Gaugin, Seurat, and Cezzane, who more systematically examined the properties and expressive qualities of line, pattern, form, and color than the Impressionists did -term was coined by an English art critic i reference to a group of artists who were really just doing their own thing -artists were generally dissatisfied with some aspect of Impressionism but were still inspired by it. Cezanne is the artist who most neatly fits in to Post-Impressionism without having to be put in Neo-Impressionism or Symbolism

Kinetic sculpture

Three-dimensional sculptures that are powered by the wind or a motor

Napoleon III

Wanted to Modernize Paris and turn it into a modern city - placed Baron Haussmann in charge of this -Paris' streets were widened and underground sewage systems were put in place, sidewalks, gas lines, wider avenues -this process is known as Haussmannization -this increased the homeless population in Paris because homes were demolished for construction and in their place lavish apartments were built that were too expensive for most of the previous tenants to afford. -artists are fascinated with the urbanization and processes and this is reflected in the art of that time

Japanese woodblock prints

When Japan opened their borders for trade there is a flood of Japanese art, especially woodblock prints -popular subjects are courtesans -emphasis on contour line -generally there is something between the subject and the viewer

pointillism

a system of painting devised by the 19th French Painter Georges Seurat. The artist separates color into its component parts and then applies the component colors to the canvas in tiny dots (points). The image becomes comprehensible only from a distance, when the viewers eyes optically blend the pigment dots. Sometimes referred to as divisionism.

readymade

art that is made of found objects that are mass produced. emphasis on choice as intellectual activity

lithography

the process of printing that usually uses a porous stone that has the design drawn on with an oil pencil/crayon and then has water brushed onto it, an oil based ink is then applied to the stone and then the stone is run through a press and a print is made

appropriation

the use of existing objects in art with little to no change made to the object

machine aesthetic

use of Cubism's geometric forms to take the human figure and make it more robotic and geometric