art history test 1

Claesz, Still Life 17c

watch symbolizes passing of time, vanitas, dont put value into things, enjoy rare things is to have paintings on wall instead of real things

Rembrandt, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 17c

-idea of surgeons guild, representation of a group of students that are attending anatomy lesson by doctor tulp, dead body, establish offcenter forshortened, figures oriented around body, doctor shows how tendens work, other figures attending to doctor, staring at book, or beholder, entering in establish portraiture, maintains indivudual and group as a whole, different faces, attitudes, response, organization, follors lopsided triangle, stability, signing work, freehand signiture, 1632, effort on rembrant's part to advertize, play of light and dark, light as kind of ideal concept, gradation from dark into light. Heavy brush, tracks of paint visible, sense of active brushwork, lingering presence of the work, placing authority over work made by an artist, avoid forgeries new art market. Smaller in size, uses Carvaggio's tennebrism, carvaggio very influenced by him and tennebrism, the strong contrast of darks and lights.. Almost like there are spotlights on the faces of the subjects in the painting... Famous doctor who specialized in anatomy and surgery of the hand...seen here with a cadaver and lecturing to his colleagues / other doctors Similar to Frans Hals, ...artist walked inot a room, took a picture and then painted the grouping...this is very staged...individuals are all looking elsewhere, few are looking down, awkward gathering showing all their faces ( these infividuals paid to have their portraits painted) Dr. is lifting up tendons with forceps, gesturing with the other hand, effective in making it seem more active, audience appears curious, others are looking at book propped up, comparing book to real-life Advancement of science / scientific thinking new in the 17c, the idea of science based on observation...and this only continues...Only that which can be observed and replicated helps us to understand the world. The study of anatomy is new,,prior to that the body was thought of as sacred, not to cut into it, not meant to be understood...now it is okay to learn about this and to gain knowledge

Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes 17c

*light and dark *reds=blood, anger *techinque of chiaroscuro *tenebrism=murky *deep shadows *dramatic light spots *based on the tale from the bible, Judith seduces the invading general Holofernes and then kills him, thereby saving her people from destruction *her hand shadows her face OT= old testament (before Jesus) The jews were attacked by the Assyrian's, they didn't know what to do. Judith is the only one that offered any kind of help for the Jews. Holofernes wants to celebrate even before the battle is won. They are inside his tent, the head has been chopped off..they look as if they had heard a noise, and they both look to the left, fearful that they will be caught...it is the most tense moment / dramatic part of the scene Gentileschi is a follower of of Carvaggiou - she uses tennebrism ( using lights and darks in a piece of art) She is using a candle in the scene. She is blocking the candlelight with her hand....noticre the bright light on her palm...while the top of her forearm is completely dark and in shadow. First time light and dark in connection with a candle...shadows, a showpiece in terms of how light works in a painting. Even more impressive is that in this time period there are no electric lights Something else that is new is the use of diagonals...her arms, the curtain, diagonal lines in art or advertising, it creates instability...uncertainty and tension, fear, passion Judith achieves this and saves the Jews with Gods help...similar to the story of David...2 unlikely heroes with important parallels Women artists = the issue of women as artists is similar to issues of women having a career before the mid 20th century....discouraged from having a career....although not all because of sexism...one reason is also because there was not very good health care and women's role was to have children.....(prior to 60 years ago) ..without good medical care, children died... women needed to have more children to make up for the high mortality rate in children Gentileschi is an exception...she ws trained by her father who was impressed with Carvaggio. Her father was not an important artist, though she became important and innovative, Light of god shining on St. Teresa in St Teresa Ecstasy...by Bernini....

Michelangelo The Pieta 16c

- 1475-1564 - painting: ceiling of the Sistine Chapel - Sculpture: David (1501-04) - humanistic marble sculpture which glorifies the human body; contrapposto stance; facial features are individualistic and emotional. Pieta (1499) - Mary holding limp body of Christ considered perhaps the most perfect marble sculpture ever made - Architecture: designed the enormous dome atop St Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican16th century - Marble sculpture - in St. Peter's church in Rome - makes marble the material to be used - innovative Michelangelo is 22 when he creates this Creates an image of perfection, details in the face, hands, veining nail holes in back of hands Everyone wanted to emulate Michelangelo's work, it was Highly visible being in front of the church...no formal museums at this time...great art found in churches Slow progress using primitive tools... This became an influential form of art visible to so many people for so many centuries, sculpture is larger than life size, very refined especially the folds of the cloth and veil ( she is wearing 3)around Mary's face. The detail of the ribs around the breastbone shows a careful and intense attention paid to detail of the human form, the face of Mary, her eyelids the way the body of Jesus is curved into her arms. The face of Christ that looks as though he is asleep rather than dead...a work of art that challenges every artist that comes after him. Michelangelo's piece becomes a standard that other artists needed to look up to...she is contemplating her dead son.. Composition also like a pyramid, stable scene even though sad, no sadness seen on Mary's face....she is aware that the death was for the salvation of man, almost like she is offering up her son, a gift, knowing that he will be the one to save all of mankind. Michelangelo doesn't focus on the blood and guts, he focuses on the greater purpose of the event, the salvation of man, the viewer would give thanks that Jesus sacrificed himself Virgin Mary dominant (larger) figure than Jesus, the actual size of Jesus would not create as perfect an image because he would overwhelm her with his size.

Michelangelo, David, 16c

1501. David a figure of religious significance (old testament). Set in front of city hall: David became less religious and more political. Michelangelo demonstrates he can surpass ancients with the male nude. Nudity a symbol of the David's inner bravery, self-sacrifice and a testament of his faith. His body is tense in a way that suggests readiness for heroic acts. The focus on his underlying musculature suggests potential lies within us. 13) Compare the Davids - Michelangelo's much larger,17' versus 5'6" of Bernini's- Michelangelo's sculpture takes place before the battle while he is thinking about what is to come. Bernini's shows David immersed in battle, poised to release the stone from his sling....more tension, in Bernini's, muscle tension, a moment in time - Michelangelo's time eternal, no immediacy of action. Even the facial expressions, Bernini - furrowed brow, biting lips, jow clenched intense facial features Michelangelo - deep in thought, pensive, Body position - Bernini full of movement, diagonal lines, twisting, while Michelangelo's David is more at rest, less muscle tension, less movement - no clothing Bernini tells more of the story with his armor at his feet to support his sculpture, naked seems less likely Harp in sculpture has to do with David writing psalms- poetry that was meant to be played with a harp. Harp included in many Biblical images of David

Bernini, St. Peter's Baldacchino 17c

7) 22-3 right of the dome, bronze, gold gilt- in the enormous building the Baldacchino,1) creates a focal point, 2) protects ( symbolically) the Pope and the altar 3) marks the tomb of St. Peter which is directly below the Baldacchino - 4 twisted, bronze columns with angels on top. Bronze is made to look like cloth at the top but in reality is bronze, has little B's (bees) on it - emblem of Pope Urban VIII - he is the one that commissioned the Baldacchino 8)The pope sits under a Baldacchino in this painting - marks a place of honor 9) funeral of Pope John Paul II shows top of Baldacchino and angels on top and marble floor - stairway under Baldacchino leads down to tomb holding many popes...nobody is allowed to go near the tomb of St. Peter except for the Pope 10) Statues all over the place, tomb of Pope Urban the VIII

Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, 17c

723. Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew 1600 in Rome 17th c two different ideas to paint The Carracci Art Academy - everyone can learn, study ancient art, anatomy, Renaissance, nudes, 2) Caravaggio - trained the old fashion way as an apprentice, not interested in studying ancient art, instead, interested in painting ordinary people...not gods He was criticized for this new idea. His people are not images of perfection. Very dark scenes, often look like its done at night Tenebrism (chiaroscuro in Italian) a strong contrast of darks and lights, usually done for dramatic affects. Some of his painting almost look like there is a spotlight affect on the faces. Very theatrical, Each of these artists had their own following of artists who liked their style Caravaggio just started painting no frescoes, while Carracci did a lot of practice sketches first Many of these figures are life size, enormous paintings that allow us to relate to the figures in the scene personally as if you could be one of the figures in the scene....More difficult to be a part of the Carracci scenes of gods, famous people In this painting, the guy in the back is Jesus, he has gathered his apostles, an unlikely group, told through gestures, could be a tavern, Matthew who me?, Matthew was a money (tax collector)manager, counting $ in this picture. Jesus against hording riches Unusual that he would choose Matthew as one of his apostles..the moral is that even if you have had a certain disreputable life, salvation is still available to you..Old man and young man are so busy counting there money that they don't' even look up, salvation is right there in the form of Jesus, and they don't even notice him. The two other men in the picture at least turn around, they are curious...they can be saved...those two that have looked toward Jesus, their faces are alight, light is always symbolic of God's presence...other man may be saint peter, typically in blue and yellow.( though can't really determine color) maybe not fully researched, new ideas, new hypothesis as to meaning of picture. Gray area open to new interpretation.....new scholar said Matthew is pointing at other men not himself? Many reasons why person is illuminated...goes along with title of piece the calling of St. Matthew.... Interpretations always open to discussion......different views, especially of historical work which have a of minimum primary sources to give evidence to the actual thought process of the artist

Carracci Palazzo Farnese Frescoes Rome, C.17c

A Carracci Palazzo Farnese Frescoes Rome, C.1601 First art academy Founded by Carracci family who were from the city of Bologna * "art can be taught" - follow the rules * study Ancient & Renaissance art * study anatomy & life drawings (nude models) Similar to how you learn to be an artist today Learn from a variety of experts Instituted in the 17th century Prior to this people learned through apprenticeships ( boys only) for all careers not just art Art academy idea VERY important for future of how artists are trainedFresco - know how much you can paint in one day, plaster, then paint a section. Plaster dries overnight, and paint becomes a permanent part of the wall and won't flake off - laborious, can't make mistakes, Giornata - one day's work Palazzo - Mansion ( palace) - belonged to the Farnese family Cardinal in the family....nonreligious subjects in this frescoe Frescoes shows love affairs of gods and godesses from Ancient Roman mythology: I in one, Hercules and girlfriend - she has taken his identity, his lion's skin, his club, her body is dominating his ( leg on tope of his leg) and in return has given him her tamborine turning him into a performer, the lowest of the low, the power structure shifted so she has the power and he has none.....all the scenes are warnings about love...(The room was created to celebrate a wedding in the Farnese family)...what can happen...The pictures are painted to look like they have sculpted frames when in fact it is all paint Trompe l"oeil - to fool the eye - This was used first by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel so it looks like a bunch of framed painting on the ceiling Sistine Chapel - shows biblical scenes Tremendous amount of ceiling frescoes done in Rome during this time 22-9 A Carracci Palazzo Farnese Frescoes Rome, C.1601 First art academy Founded by Carracci family who were from the city of Bologna * "art can be taught" - follow the rules * study Ancient & Renaissance art * study anatomy & life drawings (nude models) Similar to how you learn to be an artist today Learn from a variety of experts Instituted in the 17th century Prior to this people learned through apprenticeships ( boys only) for all careers not just art Art academy idea VERY important for future of how artists are trained

Le Vau & Hardouin-Mansart, Palace of Versailles 17c

Commissioned by King Louis 14th, located where his father once had a hunting lodge.. Palace is "U" shaped with two wings on etiher side, flower beds, fountains, and pools located behind it. All built on an AXIS, a very strict geometrical axis, use of strict geometry, symmetry and had 3 approaches or avenues leading to the palace ...- strict symmetry is all about Italian Classisicm....strict harmony, symmetry, clean lines, Called that because one wall is covered with mirrors, Mirrors were originally concave, A mirror was a tremendous luxury...may have been used as a ballroom...room has a ceiling painting )like in Rome) Ceiling paintings are about louis 14....how brave he is ,how smart he is, Classical sculptures holding up chandeliers as well as hanging throughout the hall....a new invention ( Italian) very expensive...at that time, candlelit..One family could live in enormous wealth, while many others just get by...tremendous wealth, power, gold, luxury, marble, overkill....so much Gardens carefully controlled, trees, plants pruned to exact sizes, Louis 14th is even controlling nature, exact size all the same...many many fountains in Versailles, Fountain of Apollo...the gardens should be included as part of the building All over there are references to the Roman god Apollo who in Roman mythology was the sun god...this is in reference to Louis the 14th who thought of himself as the sun god...symbolically reference..the world revolves around him like the sun Roman mythology...Apollo carried the sun across the sky with his chariot and horses Bottom of the "U" shape..and one of the wings, Louis the 14th was over the top...everything is bigger, grander, lavish, more expensive probably because he was king from a very young age and so was use to getting whatever he wanted, and everyone would do exactly as he wanted What's new and different in the garden façade is remeniscent of the classical columns, round windows and archesof St. Peter's along with projecting features on the façade that stick out...the protrusions create a sense of interest. There are also sculptural images along the top, similar to St. Peters....reflecting pools with classical sculptures throughout the garden

Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, 17c

Date: 1624-1633 Notes: * Very dramatic artist (high contrast between light & dark) Tenebrism - Strong Baroque traits * Elements of performance - almost stage-like setting of the scene -The contrast of light and dark was a key feature of Caravaggio's style. In this painting Christ almost unseen, summons Levi the tax collector to a higher calling. (Boroque) -oil on canvas

Vermeer, View of Delft 17c

Dutch

4) Bernini, Colonnade at St. Peter's 17c

Gianlorenzo Bernini, Colonnade at St. Peter's Surrounded the edges of the piazza, sort of like motherly arms that gather you in, the welcoming arms of the church You can go through the colonnade, it is permeable for easy access Pope comes out onto the balcony to bless the thousands of people in the piazza, sacred site

Hals, Militia Company of St. Adrian 17c

See lots of group portraiture in Holland in 17c. Represents their democratic spirit. These are officers of the militia...they are proud that they fought Spain and are liberated...Very Innovative...Hals is a specialist in portraits, artists in other countries ( Italy for example; Bernini did all sorts of stuff..architectue, sculptures, paintings..in Holland, there are often specialists. Painting shows celebration (banquet), food, wine, a casual gathering, a split moment in time almost like a photo..sort of an invention of Hals..a candid looking grouping of individuals...he took sketches of the officers, then combined them into a group portrait.....prior to this, portriats would all be lined up in a row, more posed,Hals creates a more interesting effect by showing individuals in a variety of poses and actions... Hals also uses a lot of diagonal lines...sashes created liveliness...movement on the page, your eye follows the lines...the bright gold of the sashes Makes his painting more visually interesting, even though we know no one in the painting....individuals are captivating the viewer, we connect with the individuals, ask us to join them, elbow is sticking out into our space.

Bernini, St. Teresa in Ecstasy, 17c

Very dramatic sculpture..shows St Teresa of Avila, a Spanish nun, who had recently become a saint....Martyrs are canonized ( turned into a saint) during this century, often in reaction to the protestant movement...Catholics play-up sainthood...after they have died, have to have performed miracles, Mother Teresa on her way to canonization / Pope John Paul II on his way to becoming a saint as well. St. Teresa had just become a new saint in the 17th c. and is being remembered in this chapel. St Teresa in Ecstasy, 11'6'' high Cornaro Chapel (Roman baroque tends to be very large) Bernini creates a lavish framework with different colored marble, elegant / sophisticated, often compared to a stage set. This time period, theater and opera are becoming more prominent....the art is very theatrical and dramatic Found in the Cornaro Chapel.....often there are lot of chapels in the church...the wealthy / powerful people purchased a family chapel and this is an example of this...Members of the family are sculpted on either side, showing marble portraits of the Cornaro family in the balcony, witnessing something that is happening Cornaro commissions the sculpture...family members buried in these chapels, ( more important family members.....this idea goes back centruies Original first church / St. Peter's is built on top of the tomb of St. Peter Bernini was in great demand during the 17th c to create sculptures, he had a very large workshop and he was in charge of it....he was CEO, did the fine tuning of work creates lots of art, lots of architecture.....artists are flocking to Rome because it is being rebuilt.....that's where the money was so that's where artists went

Rigaud, Louis XIV 17c

plays role of legit power in Europe, looking down on viewer, sword believed to be charalmaines, he is claming his legitancy, set standard for man fashion One of many portraits of him, large, What's new and important? By 17c kings and nobility want their portraits done, and they want them huge and full length Get a sense of his lifestyle...velvet curtain and robe...perhaps satin...inside of robe was Ermine on the blue side there is a design fleur-de-lys which in French means lily....which refers to France tapestry carpet., crown on stool, a sword, he wears a wig... ( like a soft fur ) men in the 17th century would wear wigs..term Big-wig comes from this because important men wore these large wigs..posed with his scepter, a symbol of power....with a fleur-de-lys ..symbol of france He invented high heel, was proud of his legs, people today see this image as feminine....should instead be seen as refined, wealth, power He wears stockings...impractical items but symbolize wealth and power, the leisure class that does not have to work Later women adopted this as a sign of refinement and leisure but first belonged to men and used to show a clear class distinction...the poor wore practical clothes - classical column in black marble in background Expression - haughty, superior, body language, hand on hip, looking down at us, figuratively and literally based on how the painting is hung. Viewer is insignificant, demeaning us through his portrait...size of portrait....bigger than life...more powerful than anyone..not tall in stature,,,so heels and size of painting to make him He did not stand for the entire portrait...sign of a great artist...ability to paint from memory...King much too busy to stand around posing

Maderno, Façade of St. Peter's 17c

the front facing of St. Peters - a greater importance ( new idea at this time) placed on the façade during the 17th (?) century Italy, The first thing that you see on the church is monumental, impressive, beautiful because this is the time that people are leaving the church *made of marble, travertine, emphasizing the central doorway by the triangular shape ( pediment) Corinthian columns, front door sticks out ever so slightly = emphasizing, almost reaching out to you they want to bring you inside ( advertising the church)