Art history test 2
What did the Oath of Horatii serve as?
An example of patriotism and sacrifice Painted on the eve of the French Revolution
What year did the revolution end?
1799
What was the Council of Trent
A 16th-century Counter-Reformation initiative which firmly resisted Protestant objections to using images in religious worship, insisting on their necessity for teaching the laity.
What is a camera obscura?
A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside.
What is an anamorphic image?
A distorted image recognizable only when viewed with a special device, such as a cylindrical mirror, or by looking at the painting at an actute angle.
How is the moment depicted in Bernini's David indicative of the Southern Baroque stylistic tendencyies?
A focus on Biblical and Christian beliefs
What was The Enlightenment?
A new way of thinking critically about the world and about humankind, independently of religion, myth, or tradition. The basis of Enlightenment thought was empirical evidence.
in 1700, what did Rococo first appear in France as?
A style of interior design
What did Diego Velasquez paint?
A wide variety of themes ranging from religious subjects to royal portraits and historical events. His masterwork, Las Meninas, is extraordinarily complex visually and mixes true spaces, mirrored spaces, picture spaces, and pictures within pictures. It is a celebration of the art of painting itself.
How did Albrecht Durer infuse symbolism into his works? i.e. Fall of Man and Knight, Death, and the Devil
Albrecht combined human anatomy with Christian morales/stories
What was the most important art form in 17th-century England?
Architecture
How is Neoclassicism different from the Rococo style?
Art in the Neoclassical period focused on portraying political truths of that time in a dramatic way. This period played a role in influencing french revolutionists (Jacques-Louis David, Death of Marat) , while rococo art was more decorative and light.
Who is Artemisia Gentilleschi?
Artemisia Gentilleschi was the first woman to paint large scale historical and religious paintings, the first woman to be admitted into the Accademia dell' Arie del Disegno in Florence, the first woman to make her living by her brush, the only female artist to adopt Caravaggism, and most significantly, one of the greatest artists of the Italian Baroque (17th century).
Who is Charlotte Corday?
Assassinated Louise David, then got guillotine
Flemish Baroque art is more closely tied to what type of art than the art of much of the rest of Northern Europe?
Baroque art of italy
divine right
Belief that king's absolute power is God's will
How did Bernini incorporate the Pope's ancestry into his artworks? i.e. the baldacchino.
Bernini incorporated the Pope's ancestry into his artworks by using elaborate Biblical scenes
In painting, how did Caravaggio break new ground?
By employing stark and dramatic contrasts of light and dark (tenebrism) and by setting religious scenes in everyday locales filled with rough-looking common people.
How does Caravaggio bring naturalism to the Baroque style?
By introducing new subjects, lighting, and the concept of naturalism, portraying subjects and people as they are with no preparatory drawings. He brought tenebrism and Chiaroscuro.
What had a profound influence on Protestantism in Holland, France, Scotland, England and North America and brought about a radical change in artistic style?
Calvinism
Baldacchino (Bernini-16th-Century-Vatican City, Rome)
Canopy-like structure Type of Baroque Architecture
In the 17th century, Flanders remained ____ and under ____ control
Catholic & Spanish
How are the Protestant and Catholic influences seen in the art of each region?
Catholic influences use Biblical scenes while Protestant isn't, it focuses on the Church's agenda
Who was the lead architect of the Palace of Versailles? (16th century)
Chad
In the 17th century, what changes fueled the creation of a worldwide marketplace?
Changes in financial systems, lifestyles, and trading patterns, along with expanding colonialism
What artistic technique is exclusively associated with Caravaggio?
Chiaroscuro
What are the characteristics of the Neoclassical style?
Classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling
What did Claude Lorrain specialize in?
Classical landscapes rendered in linear and atmospheric perspective. His compositions often incorporated ancient ruins and his fame rivaled Poussin's.
What role did Spain play in this split?
Controlled the "Spanish Netherlands" and used secret police to hunt out Protestants.
Who greatly influenced the Enlightenment's rationalistic and materialistic thinking and became editor of the pioneering Encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot
Who are the leading Christian Humanist artists?
Desiderius Erasmus, Sir Thomas Moore, and Albrecht Durer
Who was the greatest Spanish Baroque painter?
Diego Velasquez, court painter to Philip IV.
What is the foundation of Christian Humanism?
During the Renaissance into 16th century, it is the joining of Christian settings, ex: music/ideals/biblical subject matter with humanism via anatomy. Combining human logic with divine matters.
How do portraits become distinctly different within the Dutch Baroque style?
Dutch Baroque art is primarily secular, often consisting of portraits of people going about their day-to-day activities. They were lifelike and seemed like they would come into action and come alive at any moment in Dutch Baroque art.
Where did the Rococo style first begin?
Early 18th century in France
What were the principal centers of the Enlightenment?
England and France
What is worldwide mercantilism?
Extensive voyaging and geographic exploration, improved cartography, and advances in shipbuilding.
Caravaggisti
Followers of Caravaggio
What did it mean to be a Caravaggisti?
Followers of Caravaggio, and most followed his technique of tenebrism (the use of dark shadows to obscure parts of the composition).
Who emphasized the sculptural qualities of buildings?
Francesco Borromini
Who produced innovative portraits of middle-class patrons in which a lively informality replaced the formulaic patterns of traditional portraiture?
Frans Hals
Who were the Philosophes?
French intellectuals who were inspired by the work of Newton and Locke who shared the conviction that the ills of humanity could be remedied by applying reason and common sense to human problems.
What does fête galante mean?
Gallant party, referring to the Rich French, and Louis XIV invented this technique
What key role did Pope Sixtus V play in the Roman Catholic Church's lengthy campaign to reestablish its preeminence?
He augmented the papal treasury and intended to rebuild rome as an even more magnificent showcase of Church power.
What role did Jacques-Louis David play during the French Revolution?
He reorganized the Academe and produced numerous and spectacular propaganda exercises.
Chiaroscuro (Renaissance)
High contrasts of light and dark Originated during the Renaissance Evolved rapidly in the 17th century Rembrandt developed the technique and took it further than anyone else
How were the characteristics of Dutch painting the product of a new kind of language?
How were the characteristics of Dutch painting the product of a new kind of language?
What types of paintings were very popular in Baroque Italy?
Illusionistic ceiling paintings
The 1784 Oath of Horatii takes place where and glorifies what?
In an austere Doric hall and glorifies the civic virtue and heroism of an ancient Roman family.
Who were two architects who achieved international fame for harmonizing the principles of Andrea Palladio with the Italian Baroque and French classical styles?
Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren
Tenebrism (17th century)
Introduced by Caravaggio Painting in shadowy manner; everything in shadow with punches of light. Ex: Calling of Saint Matthew; Conversion of Saint Paul
How does the French Revolution affect David's subject matter?
It caused him to abandon his classical approach and paint scenes depicting contemporary events , and was deeply involved in the political scene.
What happened to Art in the Catholic countries after the Reformation?
It took on a strong emotional and anti-intellectual character
What was the Rococo style?
It was associated with the regency that followed the death of Louis XIV and with the reign of Louis XV, it was a style in art and architecture that was the perfect expression of the sparkling gaiety the wealthy cultivated in their elegant homes.
How does Baroque art and architecture contrast from the Italian Renaissance classicism?
Italian Renaissance art is precision and orderly rationality and Baroque art is dynamic, theatrical, and highly ornate.
What was the name of the radical revolutionary group that David belonged to?
Jacobin
Who exalted classical art as "the imitation of nature in her most beautiful and perfect form"?
Jacques-Louis David
How were Marat and David connected?
Jacques-Louise David admired Marat for his gift of speech and they were friends.
What German art historian wrote of the "Noble Simplicity and Calm Grandeur" of the Neoclassical style?
Johann Joachim Winckelmann
What artist do we associate with camera obscura?
Johannes Vermeer
What did Aelbert Cuyp and Jacob van Ruisdael specialize in?
Landscapes depicting specific places, not idealized Renaissance settings.
Vanitas
Latin for "vanity"; references fragility of life; mortality
What was Holland known to be the great center of?
Lens-grinding and the manufacturing of scientific instruments.
Exemplum Virtutis
Literally means "Model/Example of Virtue"; example of focus on morality in art. Ex: Angelica Kauffman, Mother of the Gracchi
fête galante
Literally means "amorous festival"; scenes of outdoor entertainment Ex: Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera
Who expanded the Louvre and built a gigantic palace-and-garden complex at Versailles featuring sumptuous furnishings and sweeping vistas?
Louis XIV
Who commissioned the Palace at Versailles? (16th century)
Louis XIV commissioned the Palace at Versailles, and the lead architect was Chad.
What artist invented fete galante?
Louis XIV invented fete galante
What social and political events caused the split of The Netherlands?
Mainly because of the domination of the Dutch over the economic, political, and social institutions of the Kingdom. Also the treatment of the French-speaking Catholic Walloons in the Dutch-dominated United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the difference of religion between the Belgians and their Dutch king.
What is distinctly different about Bernini's David?
More human anatomy
What are the characteristics of the Northern Baroque style?
More natural scenes, less focus on Biblical scenes
How is it a reflection of the wealth of early 18th century French Society?
Over elaborate vs lower class revolutionist being poor
What did Jan Vermeer specialize in?
Painting Dutch families in serenely opulent homes.
Which popes brought many of Sixtus V's dream to fruition, which Rome still bears the marks of their patronage everywhere?
Paul V, Urban VIII, Innocent X, Alexander VII
Who was the leading Flemish painter in the 1600s?
Peter Paul Rubens, whose work and influence were international in scope.
What events caused the French Revolution?
Political conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the "reform" of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.
Who commissioned Maderno to complete the façade of Saint Peters? (16th century)
Pope Paul V
What caused a widespread unrest and warfare in Europe during the 17th and early 18th centuries?
Pronounced political and religious friction
What did the Catholic Church launch the Counter-Reformation in response to and as a challenge to?
Protestant Reformation
Jacobins (17th century)
Radical revolutionary political group during French Revolution. Jean-Paul Marat and Jacques Louis David were both members.
How would you describe Rembrandt's lighting?
Rembrandt lighting is characterized by an illuminated triangle under the eye of the subject, on the less illuminated side of the face. The key light is placed high and to one side at the front, and the fill light or a reflector is placed half-height and on the other side at the front. The key in Rembrandt lighting is creating the triangle or diamond shape of light underneath the eye. One side of the face is lit well from the main light source while the other side of the face uses the interaction of shadows and light, also known as chiaroscuro, to create this geometric form on the face.
How would you compare the Southern Baroque style to the Renaissance?
Renaissance style focused more on scientific and accurate representations, created linear, often architectural bases which the figures were then placed in, and Renaissance artists studied the effects of light and shadow, and even human anatomy. The Baroque style is a Catholic counter-movement to rising Protestantism. They needed a visual language that reemphasized the Catholic belief. It is something of a revival od early Christian art. Many Baroque artists, like Caravaggio, painted incredibly dramatic biblical scenes that were meant to give the stories a sense of realism and immediacy to the viewers. Other artists, like Caracci, focused on illusionist paintings.
Whose mathematical and scientific achievements helped create this new approach to the acquisition of knowledge?
Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
By 1800, what overthrew the monarchy in France and achieved independence for the British colonies in America?
Revolutions
What are the characteristics of the Rococo style?
Rich, elaborate, fancy
What is considered to be the end of the Baroque period?
Rococo and was replaced by the Neoclassicism during the American and French Revolutions at the end of the 18th century.
Who rejected the idea of progress and argued for a return to natural values and exalted the simple, honest life of peasants?
Rousseau
What are the characteristics of the Southern Baroque style?
Spanish/Christian depictions
What family did Pope Urban VIII belong to?
The Barberini family of Florence, Italy
What was the Baroque style the product of?
The Baroque style was the product of an alliance between the Catholic Church-Reformation and 'absolute monarchy'.
Two major political entities vying for expanded power and authority in Europe
The Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg dynasties of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
Which artwork is an example of this naturalism?
The Calling of St. Matthew (1500s) by Caravaggio
What was the leading art patron in 17th-century Italy?
The Church in Rome
In the 18th century, what began in England and soon transformed the economies of continental Europe and North America and eventually the world?
The Industrial Revolution
Also, how did Protestantism affect Dutch culture as a whole?
The Reformed Church rejected the luxury and ritual of the papacy and considered the making of religious pictures and sculptures to be idolatrous, so that in the non-Catholic countries Church patronage almost ceased and most artists turned to new secular objects.
Who was the major art patron in 17th-century France?
The Sun King, the absolutist monarch Louis XIV
In 1648, what had formally recognized the principle of religious freedom, serving to validate Protestantism (predominantly in the German states)?
The Treaty of Westphalia
What granted freedom of religious choice in Europe and marked the abandonment of the idea of a united Christian Europe and accepted the practical realities of secular political systems and allowed the Dutch Republic to receive official recognition of its independence from Spain?
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
What style did Baroque architects emphatically reject?
The classical style
Why did the elite abandon the court of Versailles for the pleasures of town life?
The death of Louis XIV in 1715
What caused the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic), Sweden, and France to expand their authority and caused the Spanish and Danish power to diminish?
The end of the Thirty Years' War
Who was Rembrandt van Rijn?
The greatest Dutch artist of the age, who usually painted religious themes and portraits. His oil paintings are notable for their dramatic impact and subtle gradations of light and shade as well as the artist's ability to convey human emotions. He was also a master printmaker renowned for his etchings.
What illusion did Andrea Pozzo create in Sant'Ignazio in Rome?
The illusion that Heaven is opening up above the viewer's head by continuing the church's architecture into the painted nave vault.
How would you compare Rembrandt's use of lighting compared to Caravaggio?
The impact of the Caravaggio, however strong, is necessarily instantaneous and superficial, the impact of the Rembrandt fills us slowly and subtly.
Who was Nicolas Poussin?
The leading French proponent of classical painting, who spent most of his life in Rome and championed the "grand manner" of painting, which called for heroic or divine subjects and classical compositions with figures often modeled on ancient statues.
What did the Italian 17th-century art and architecture, especially in Rome, embody?
The renewed energy of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and communicated it to the populace.
Painted in 1717 and set in a lush landscape, The Pilgrimage to Cythera celebrates what?
The romantic dalliances of the moneyed elite.
What became the great theme in man's quest for knowledge in the 16th and 17th centuries?
The scientific and philosophical meaning of dynamics became the great theme in man's quest for knowledge in the 16th and 17th centuries.
What did Neoclassicism incorporate?
The subjects and styles of ancient art
What led to the popularity of portrait paintings set against landscape backgrounds?
The taste for naturalism
What was largely responsible for the political restructuring of Europe during the mid-16th century?
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
Why did Phillip IV commission large numbers of artworks during the 17th century?
To project power and authority, over both Spaniards and foreigners alike
What was the aim of much of Italian Baroque art?
To restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality
What is the complexity of Velazquez's Las Meninas?
Velasquez is painting a painter who is painting these dolls. The fact that a mirror is in the background, reflecting even more to the portrait reveals that the painter might be studying this, as well, along with the person in the background, who appears to be interrupting this artistic moment, the idea of subject and object is challenged in the portrait because the painter is looking directly at the viewer, indicating that the viewer might actually be a part of the artistic canvas in front of him.
Who was the is representative figure of the Enlightenment spirit, instrumental in introducing Newton and Locke to the French intelligentsia, and attacked the injustice of the old order?
Voltaire
What are the functional and symbolic meanings of the baldacchino?
Was the first Baroque monument of world significance. One of Bernini's greatest contributions to one of the holiest Catholic sites, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was needed to make the new altar a more conspicuous presence.
De Hooch (1600s) and Vermeer (1600s)
When the Dutch were searching for new ways of precisely conveying the visible aspects of nature, de Hooch and Vermeer not only refined the illusionistic effects of oil-paint, but is probable that they used some system of lenses and mirrors to achieve a greater accuracy of observation.
What brought prosperity to the Dutch Republic's predominantly Protestant citizenry, which largely rejected church art in favor of private commissions of portraits, genre scenes, landscapes, and still lifes?
Worldwide trade and banking
memento mori
literally means "reminder of death"; refers to each object in a Vanitas still life
Transverberation
means to be pierced thru by an arrow, causing a mystic vision Ex: Bernini, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
What is a vanitas painting? (Netherlands-17th-century)
ons of human life, and human power. It depicted often things that will wither or die, or that symbolize death