ART HISTORY TEST 3

Evangelist Page

Each Gospel of the Four Evangelists, the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, may be prefaced by a portrait of the Evangelist, usually occupying a full page.

Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

Text Page

Contains text

transept aisle

Crosses and separates the nave from the sanctuary. You may find an additional transept aisle in the rear of the house of worship separating the narthex from the nave.

Kaaba

(Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine

Otto III

Frankish King of Ottonian Dynasty and Roman Emperor from 983 to 1002; attempted to revive the glory and power of ancient Rome with himself at the head of a theocratic state; made Rome the administrative center of his empire and revived elaborate Roman customs; had no children

Insular

(adj.) relating to, characteristic of, or situated on an island; narrow or isolated in outlook or experience

Qur'an

Holy book of Islam

Harem al Sharif

The Temple Mount, known in Hebrew as Har HaBáyit or as Har HaMōriyā and in Arabic as the Haram al-Sharif, the Noble Sanctuary, is one of the most important religious sites in the Old City of Jerusalem.

vellum

fine parchment prepared from the skin of a young animal e.g. a calf or lamb

Prophet Muhammad

the founder of Islam, believed to be the last true prophet sent by God, wrote the Koran which were his revelations

Mosque

(Islam) a Muslim place of worship

Hiberno Saxon

(aka Insular) an art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages

Opus modernum

"modern work" referring to the originality of the gothic style

Santa Sabina

Period: 422-432 CE Early Christian Church example

illuminator

Person who decorated the manuscript

Initial page

1st letter or couple of letters blown up and decorated the initial letters of an important gospel passage are enlarged and transform into decorative patterns.

Gospel Book

A Christian manuscript containing the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and, John.

portal

A door, gate, or entrance

Muslim

A follower of Islam

tripartite division

Division of the exterior of a building into 3 sections - Done to make interior understood from exterior organization

chevet

The east, or apsidal, end of a Gothic church, including choir, ambulatory, and radiating chapels.

ribbed vaults

constructed by intersecting pointed arches rather than rounded arches, and open up more space in the church interior for larger windows and creates the effect of space soaring vertically, and transfers weight from roof to the piers; beautifully stained glass filled the windows that filtered sunlight and provided multi-colored display of light; often used during Gothic period

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

portal sculpture

sculptures around the main doors of a church

Missionaries

.

Monasteries

.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Canon table

A concordance, or matching, of the corresponding passage of the four Gospels as compiled by Eusebius of Caesarea in the fourth century

reliquary

A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Mihrab niche

A semicircular nice set into the qibla wall of a mosque; its only function was to indicate the direction of Mecca, although it was extensively decorated.

Abbot Suger

Abbot of Saint-Denis. Set the stage for the heavy decoration of costly stained-glass windows and sculptures in the cathedrals of the Gothic age. Mark the beginning of Gothic architecture.

horseshoe arch

An arch of more than a half circle which is typical in Islamic architecture

Pointed arch

An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture.

relics

Bones or other objects connected with saint; considered worthy of worship by the faithful.

illuminations

Books copied by hand by monks and nuns which were embellished with elaborate, colorful designs

Aachen

Capital of the Carolingian empire, established by Charlemagne, in modern day Germany

trumeau

Column holding up lintel in portal

Notre Dame

French name for Mary the Mother of Jesus

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.

westwork

In a Carolingian or Romanesque church, the tower-like west end presenting a façade at the entrance and often containing an entrance vestibule.

Triforium

In a Gothic cathedral, the blind arcade gallery below the clerestory; occasionally, the arcades are filled with stained glass

radiating chapels

In medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept.

Muhammad's Night Journey

Muhammad supposedly ascended through the seven heavens, entering at the Dome of the Rock and ending at the Garden of Eternal Abode

Scribe

Person who transcribed the words for the manuscript

speaking reliquary

Reliquary that reveals the function of itself, sometimes it is a different body part but the shape always tells the function and sometimes actually does match up with the relic inside. Was used as a liturgical prop so a cleric could literally bless, touch, and heal faithful with his a saint's hand

tetramorphs/evangelical beasts

Symbols of 4 evangelists. Matthew = man, Mark = lion, Luke = bull, John = eagle.

Church of the Holy Sepulcher

The church within the walled Old City of Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified.

archivolt

The continuous molding framing an arch. In Romanesque or Gothic architecture, one of the series of concentric bands framing the tympanum.

Île-de-France

The region around Paris that was the domain of French kings, where the Gothic style developed.

gable

The triangular part of a wall that is enclosed between the sloping portions of a roof.

Cult of Relics

Thought that powers of the saint might be manifested through his relics and things associated with. (obsession with having things [relics] relate-able to Christ like a piece of cross/ect. --> Romanesque/pilgrimage/longitudinal form

Cathedral School of Chartres

Universities began developing during this time and would have subjects like liberal arts, math, and science. *Importance:* Education in the high classical periods of Greek and Rome provides inspiration to sculptors and artists during the Gothic period (Visitation)

flying buttress

a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch

Pilgrimage Church

a church that has a gallery, ambulatory (side aisles that travel around the entire church so that pilgrims could circumnavigate church without disturbing services, radiating chapels that hold relics. excample: Saint-Sernin One visited by many of the groups of faithful to venerate relics of the saints for grace and indulgences. The nave was increased in length; the side aisles were doubled and extended around the ambulatory to facilitate the flow of crowds.

rose window

a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals

engaged columns

a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall

illuminated manuscript

a decorative art of the Middle Ages characterized by large ornate capitals and decorated borders

Palatine chapel

a palace chapel

tempera

a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium

kings' gallery

a row of sculptures of kings (or other Old Testament patriarchs and prophets), on the front facade of a Gothic cathedral; usually representing Old Testament kings, who were anointed by God to rule His earthly realm, these sculptures can also represent French monarchs

modular system

a system that employs the repetition of portions or segments of a design (Plan of Saint Gall)

lancet window

a tall, narrow window crowned by a sharply pointed arch

transverse arch

an arch which crosses from one side of the nave to the other side at a 90 degree angle

zoomorphic

animal-shaped; having the form of an animal

Santiago de Campostela

city in the remote province of Galicia, in the far northwestern corner of the Iberian peninsula; during the Middle Ages, despite its isolated location, it became one of the half dozen most important sites of Christian pilgrimage.

sexpartite vault

in this type of vaulting, one bay of quadripartite vaulting is divided transversely into two parts so that each bay has six compartments; this is a rib vault with six panels

Renovatio Imperii Romani

means the renewal of the Roman empire: it was Charlemange's official seal

Bronze casting

model in clay, coated in wax, cover in a mould, melt the wax out, fill with bronze, let solidify and break clay away

three-story elevation

nave arcade, triforium, clerestory or nave arcade, gallery, clerestory

Bishop Bernward

one of the great patrons of Ottonian architecture, a tutor of Otto the Third, a builder of the Saint Michael at Hildesheism Bishop of St. Michael's. close to imperial family. designed bronze doors. patron of the church.

Carpet page

page covered in ornamental, geometrical designs with little or no text

compound piers

piers with columns or pilasters attached to their rectangular core

Four Evangelists

the authors of the four gospels, Saints John, Luke, Matthew and Mark

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

Qibla wall

the wall of a mosque that faces Mecca; the wall Muslims face when praying

seven-part vault

vaulting where ribs are divided into 7 compartments (durham cathedral)

Basilica Ulpia

was an ancient Roman civic building located in the forum of trajan that separates the courtyard from the temple (served inspiration for romanesque churches)

Scriptoria

writing rooms where monks copied the works of early Christianity, such as the Bible, but also the works of Latin classical authors

quadripartite vault

a vault which is divided into 4 sections by its ribbing