Art Nouveau
It was Nancy, which makes sense since it had been a home in the 18th century to Rococo, which has much in common with Art Nouveau
Apart from Paris, what was the other principal Art Nouveau centre in France? And why does this actually make sense?
Curved windows, flamboyant brackets, random rubblework and overhanging eaves
How could Guimard's general style be described as?
1. It started out of a search for a new style as a way out of the stylistic impasse at that time (always the same, and kinda 'fake') 2. It was influenced by the emphasis on the use of 'new' materials such as iron and glass 3. It followed the calls for structural honesty (by Viollet-le-Duc) and for organic design (by Louis Henry Sullivan), as well as the belief in the necessity of reviving craftmanship 4. Most important single influence (on continental art nouveau, not on britain) was Viollet-le-Duc's demand for a 'sinewy' architecture incorporating iron for a lighter structure (demand made in his second volume of Entretiens in 1872)
How did Jugendstil start / what was their idea / motivation?
The dynamic curves of Horta and Hankar are replaced by straight lines. But they did share the emphasis on craft Leading architect: Henrik Petrus Berlage (1856-1934)
How did the Art Nouveau express itself in Holland? And who was the leading dutch architect in the Art Nouveau?
The famous Samaritaine Department Store in Paris, 1904-07 It has an iron-frame interior and clearly derives from Sedille's Printemps Store (1882-83)
Name a building by Jourdain and where it derived from
Apartment block at no. 29 boulevard de Coucelles in 1902 Features: 1. A circular freestanding lodge (for the concierge) wrapped around a 2. Semicircular passage (into which the staircase opens)
Name a building by Schoellkopf and its main features
Paul Hankar (1850-1901), his own house in Defacqz, Brussels in 1893 It is characterised by the windows sporting wooden tracery of Hapanese inspiration
Name one other belgian architect of the Art Nouveau movement and a building he did
He got the commission to design the entrances of the newly completed underground railway in Paris, the Métropolitain (fell on the same time as the Paris Exposition of 1900) There was a competition for it, which Guimard did not enter, but he got the commission through a friend in the Municipal Council They were constructed in 1900-13
Name something Guimard got to design for the city of Paris, which is not a building When, where and how?
Diamond Worker's Union in Amsterdam, 1898-1900 by Henrik Petrus Berlage
Name the building, the time and place and the main architect
Staircase in the Diamond Worker's Union in Amsterdam, 1898-1900 by Henrik Petrus Berlage
Name the building, the time and place and the main architect
Amsterdam Exchange building in 1898-1903, by Henrik Petrus Berlage
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Apartment block at no. 29 avenue Rapp in Paris (1900-01) by Jules Lavirotte
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Crystal Palace in the Hyde Park in London, 1851 by Joseph Paxton Built for the great exhibition in 1851 A cast iron and plate glass structure But got destroyed in 1936
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Curved facade of the Maison Tassel in Brussels, 1892-93 for Professor Tassel, by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Céramic Hôtel at no. 34 avenue de Wagram in Paris (1904) by Jules Lavirotte
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Ecole du Sacré Cœur in Paris, 1895 by Hector Guimard
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Fluid staircase in the Maison Tassel in Brussels, 1892-93 for Professor Tassel, by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Palace of machines / Galerie des machines in Paris (Grenelle), 1889 by architect Ferdinand Dutert and structural engineer Victor Contamin Constructed for the Exposition Universelle, but demolished in 1910
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Paul Hankar's own house in Brussels, 1893 With the japanese inspired wooden tracery
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
Plans of the Maison Tassel in Brussels, 1892-93 for Professor Tassel, by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The Castel Béranger in Paris, 1894-99 by Hector Guimard
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The Castel Béranger in Paris, 1894-99 by Hector Guimard (Facade of particokoured brick, rubble, millstone, sandstone and glazed ceramic tiles in weird and almost uncoherent combination)
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The Maison Coilliot in Lille (France), 1898-1900 by Hector Guimard
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The Maison du Peuple in Brussels, 1895-1900 by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The Salle Humbert de Romans in Paris (1897-1901, demolished in 1907) by He tor Guimard
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The entrance front of the Hôtel Solvay in Brussels, 1894-1900 by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The entrance gate of wrought iron and copper at the Castel Béranger in Paris, 1894-99 by Hector Guimard (Combining gothic, rococo and japanese effects)
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The entrance hall of Castel Béranger in Paris, 1894-99 by Hector Guimard (Designed as a metal cage of iron, glass bricks and faience (glazed ceramic beads, figures and other small stuff))
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The exterior of the Salle Humbert de Romans in Paris (1897-1901, demolished in 1907) by He tor Guimard
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The famous Samaritaine Department Store in Paris, 1904-07 by Frantz Jourdain
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The plan of the Hôtel Solvay in Brussels, 1894-1900 by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The plan of the Maison du Peuple in Brussels, 1895-1900 by Victor Horta
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The plan of the Salle Humbert de Romans in Paris (1897-1901, demolished in 1907) by He tor Guimard
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
The staircase hall and the staircase Castel Béranger in Paris, 1894-99 by Hector Guimard (Designed as a metal cage of iron, glass bricks and faience (glazed ceramic beads, figures and other small stuff))
Name the building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
1. Green painted stalks like antennae 2. Protective glass canopies like dragonfly wings 3. Designed as an affront to the Beaux-Arts classicism of the day 4. Constructed out of interchangeable prefabricated parts of metal and glass 5. In total 141 entrances, of which only two are still in place (of the originals)
Name the main characteristics of Guimard's entrances to the Métropolitain stations
1. Gently curved façade with its unique juxtaposition of stone, glass and iron 2. Bow windows, widening as they rise, seperated by slender iron mullions 3. Windows are surmounted by exposed cast-iron beams 4. Interior: pricipal reception zone is T-shaped 5. Exceptionally fluid staircase with exposed ironwork resembling plants 6. The floral ornament of the ironwork in the staircase is continued on the surrounding walls and the floor in form of painted decoration
Name the main characteristics of the Maison Tassel by Horta (name 6)
1. Upper floors are supported on iron V-shaped stilts (which derived from illustrations in Viollet-le-Duc's Entretiens 2. It shows the usual features of most French primary schools: 3. The bands of yellow brick or stone punctuated by large panels of windows, often topped by 4. Shallow arched lintels of red brick (like on the upper level) 5. Ground level was cleared for a playground (making good use of limited space) 6. Now only the facade remains, the rest was changed
Name the main characteristics of the ecole du sacré cœur (and what/who they were inspired by)
His own house was built in 1899, and it is a playgul Art Nouveau jewel. He did add then the strange Hochzeitturm in 1907, crowned with five rounded protuberances (Höcker/Ausstülpung) like organ pipes. They recall the stepped gables (triangles part of the roof in a house/ of under the roof in a house) of late-medieval brick buildings in North Germany
Name the main feature of Olbrich's own house in the Colony and when it was added
1. Rugged, largely unadorned brickwork 2. Bold clock tower 3. Mullioned windows 4. Three exchange halls 5. Their construction in brick, iron and glass 6. Widely influential on continental architecture into the 1920s 7. A way out of the historical revivalism towards a strong and timeless vernacular architecture appropriate to the new country
Name the main features of the Amaterdam Exchange building and it's importance (name 7)
1. Facade is more like a weird advertisment dir 'handcrafted' materials: it contains particoloured brick, rubble (waste or rough fragments of stone, brick, concrete), millstone, sandstone and glazed ceramic tiles 2. Entrance gate of wrought iron and copper, somehow uniting gothic, rococo and japanese effects 3. Staircase hall designed as a metal cage if iron, glass bricks and faience (glazed ceramic beads, figures and other small stuff)
Name the main features of the Castel Béranger
1. It is a house and a shop (for a ceramics merchant) 2. Facade is main attraction: 3. Faced with green enamelled (glasiert) lava blocks 4. Recedes (schwinden / zurückfallen) in the upper storeys behind curvilinear membranes of timber and ceramic 5. Produces an almost shocking effect like photographs of open-heart surgery
Name the main features of the Maisom Coilliot
1. A somewhat gawky (unbeholfen / schlacksig) facade of stone 2. Remarkable concert-hall with eight metal supports, all leaning inwards like jungle trees 3. Yellow-glass cupola, supported by the eight metal supports 4. In total: strange grotto-like room, part gothic part Art Nouveau
Name the main features of the Salle Humbert de Romans (name 4)
Métro station by Hector Guimard in 1900-13
Name the work, the artist and the time it was built
1. Menier Chocolate Works at Noisiel-sur-Marne (near Paris), in 1871-72 by Jules Saulnier 1.1 it is built with a metal frame encased in polychrome brick and tile 2. Bon Marché department store in Paris, 1869-79 by L. C. Boileau and Eiffel 2.1 more extensive use of glass and iron, outer walls still masonry construction, but interior seperated by iron cages 3. Au Printemps department store in Paris, 1881-83 by Paul Sédille 3.1 more extensive use of glass and iron, outer walls still masonry construction, but interior seperated by iron cages 4. Palace of machines / Galerie des machines in Paris (Grenelle), 1889 by architect Ferdinand Dutert and structural engineer Victor Contamin 4.1 a hige pavillon made of iron, steel and glass (largest vaulted building ever constructed at that time)
Name three of the first buildings in France to use the steel frame technique and how they used it
1. Apartment block at no. 29 avenue Rapp (1900-01) 2. Céramic Hôtel at no. 34 avenue de Wagram (1904) Both show Lavirotte's more exuberant style with sculpted glazed bricks
Name two buildings by Lavirotte and their main features
1. No. 24 rue Linnois in Nancy (1903-04) 2. Nos. 60-62 quai Claude-le Lorrain in Nancy (1902)
Name two buildings of Lucien Weissenburger
Staircase of the Van Eetvelde House in Brussels, 1895-98 by Victor Horta
Namethe building, the time and place it was built and its main architect
1. Chunky primitivist staircase 2. White and yellow glazed brickwork around the staircase
What are the main features of the Diamond Workers Union building in Amsterdam?
1. Curved façade of stone, iron and glass 2. Interior: succession of reception rooms flowing into each other, separated by glass screens (some are even removable) 3. Imperial-plan staircase 4. Materials: onyx, marble, ormolu and brocades (very sumptuous materials -> a very sumptuous house)
What are the main features of the Hôtel Solvay? (Name 4)
The Studio: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art was an illustrated fine arts and decorative arts magazine published in London from 1893 until 1964 The magazine exerted a major influence on the development of the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements
What is The Studio?
A vertical bar between the panes of glass in a window
What is a mullion?
A structure dividing a space into two parts
What is a partition?
The ringroad around the inner city of Vienna. Many public buildings were erected along it in an eclectic historic style, also calle the Ringstrassenstil, and it had elements of Classical, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture
What is the Ringstrasse?
Historicism or historism (German: Historismus) comprises artistic styles that draw their inspiration from recreating historic styles or imitating the work of historic artisans.
What is the historismus school?
architecture concerned with domestic and functional rather than public or monumental buildings
What is vernacular architecture?
Architecture based upon local needs and defined by the availability of particular materials in particular regions (basically taking what is available where you want to build)
What is vernacular architecture? (Same as neo-vernacular basically)
A relaxed style of domestic architecture
What kind of style did the english architects develop around 1900?
They got published in The Studio which helped them to become internationally known aechitects
What played a major role in Baillie Scott's and Voysey's carreer and how?
1. It was a luxurious apartment block 2. It got awarded a prize by the City of Paris in 1898 3. Guimard moved his own studio to it
What was the Castel Béranger designed for and what else 'happened' with it?
1. Movement for social reform 2. Intense religious debate 3. Age of socialism (where the use of period styles would be condemned as an expression if bourgeois individualism)
What was the climate of the Netherlands in the 1880s and 90s like?
1. The Diamond Workers Union in Amsterdam, 1898-1900 2. Amsterdam Exchange building in 1898-1903
What were Berlage's key buildings? When and where were they built?
Around 1900, known as Art Nouveau in France, Belgium, Britain and the USA, known as Jugendstil in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia and known as stile Floreale in Italy
When and where did the Art Nouveau movement happen?
Built in the artists' colony on Mathildenhöhe (Darmstadt) in 1899-1901 by Joseph Maria Olbrich Main features: 1. Approached through a portentous (done in a pompously or overly solemn manner so as to impress) arched recess rich with symbolical ornament 2. Recess is flanked by two huge figures of Man and Woman -> representong the role of the building as a 'Temple of Work'
When and where was the Ernst Ludwig Hause built, who built it and what are its main features?
The Hôtel Solvay in Brussels (avenue Louise) in 1894-1900 by Victor Horta
Which of Horta's private houses is seen as his finest? When and where was it built?
The staircase in the house of Edmond van Eetvelde in Brussels, 1895-98 by Victor Horta 1. In an octogonal space 2. Space is ringed with a circle of frail iron columns 3. Iron columns seem to sprout at the top in tendril like forms, but it is in fact coloured glass forming part of the 4. Glazed dome in the centre of the room, supported by the iron columns 5. In general a very naturalistic interior (glass shades if the lamps in form of flower petals)
Which was Horta's most ambitious staricase, where and when was it built and what are its main features?
Commissioned by a Dominican priest, but without permissionof his superiors, he was therefore shortly banished from the country and the building was demolished 6 years after its completion
Who commissioned the Salle Humbert de Romans and what happened to it?
Hugh Mackay Baillie Scott was an english architect, 1865-1945 who designed bold, broad-eaved neo-vernacular houses, similar to those of C. F. A. Voysey, but with experimental open plans similar to Frank Lloyd Wright's (1867-1959)
Who was Baillie Scott, where and when did he live and what did he do?
Henrik Petrus Berlage (1856-1934) lived in the Netherlands, was a prominent dutch architect of the Art Nouveau Studied architecture in Zurich (Polytechnic School) from 1875-78 and was strongly influenced / inspired by Gottfried Semper (german architect who had tought in Zurich before berlage's time) and by Voillet-le-Duc He is seem as the follower of Petrus Cuypers (1827-1921) , the dutch architect who helped bring the renewal of dutch architecture
Who was Berlage, where and when did he live and what did he do?
Charles Francis Annesley Voysey was a british architect and furniture and textile designer, 1857-1941 Known for several country houses he designed and his wallpapers, fabrics and furnishings in a simple Arts and Crafts style
Who was C. F. A. Voysey, when and where did he live and what did he do?
He was an austrian architect (1833-1894) key representative of the Historismus school He was a principal architect of the Ringstrasse, where he built many neo-baroque buildings
Who was Carl von Hasenauer?
He was the Grand Duke of Hesse (1868-1937) and he founded the artists' colony on the Mathildenhöhe, a hill outside Darmstadt, in 1899 He also summoned Baillie Scott and C. R. Ashbee to Darmstadt in 1897 to design a new drawing-room and dining-room in the neo-baroque grand-ducal palace He also invited Joseph Maria Olbrich to the artists' colony in 1899
Who was Ernst Ludwig and what did he do?
- He was a german architect, author and diplomat, 1861-1927, lived in an attachment to the German Embassy in London from 1869-1903 where he studies the recent developments in English architecture - He wrote the three-volumed study Das englishe Haus, Berlin 1904-05 - He promoted many of the ideas of the English Arts and Crafts movement within Germany and had a subsequent influence on early pioneers of German architectural modernism such as the Bauhaus
Who was Hermann Muthesius, when and where did he live and what did he do?
He was a Viennese architect (1867-1908) He was a pupil of Carl von Hasenauer and of Otto Wagner (at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts) He designed several houses in the colony on Mathildenhöhe (Darmstadt), including his own and the Ernst Ludwig Haus He was also one of the founders of the Vienna Secession
Who was Joseph Maria Olbrich, where and when did he live and what did he do?
Louis Henry Sullivan (1856-1924) was an american architect, also called the 'father of skyscrapers' and 'father of modernism' He was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture". The phrase "Form follows function" is attributed to him
Who was Sullivan, where and when did he live and what did he do?
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was a french architect (1814-1879), born in paris, but died and burried in lausanne, switzerland He restored many medieval landmarks after they got destroyed during the french revolution He is considered by many to be the first theorist of modern architecture. He believed that the materials should be used 'honestly'; that the outward appearance of a building should reflect the rational construction of the building.
Who was Violet-le-Duc, when and where did he live and what did he do?
For the Belgian Worker's Party (founded in 1885), built in 1895-1900, demolished in 1964 1. The building followed the plan of its wedge-shaped site (circular place Emile Vandervelde) 2. Its large, curved facades combined brick, stone, metal and glass 3. Almost deliberate clumsiness: recalls Viollet-le-Duc's structural honesty
Who was the Maison du Peuple built for and what are its main features? (Name 3)
Hector Guimard (1867-1942), mainly in Paris, but born in Lyon and died in New York (moved there in 1938 because his wife was jewish and he saw the war coming) Left the school of beaux-arts without a diploma in 1889 to work for a construction company He visited Brussels in 1895 where Horta's work inspired and influenced him a lot He is one of the most successful and popular of all Art Nouveau architects
Who was the dominant Art Nouveau architect in France? When and where did he live and what did he do?
Victor Horta (1861-1947) in Belgium (born in Ghent, died and mainly active in Brussels) He studied in Paris (for 18 months) from 1878 where he was impressed by the monumental classical urbanity of the city and the buildings of iron and glass like the Bon Marché store He build innovative Art Nouveau buildings for rich families in brussels, but soon returned to the Beaux-Arts classicism (in which he had been trained in Paris and Brussels) because he felt it was more adaptable for the 20th century purposes
Who was the leading Belgian Art Nouveau architect, when and where did he live and what did he do?
1. Charles Plumet (1861-1928) 2. Jules Lavirotte (1864-1924) 3. Frantz Jourdain (1847-1935) 4. Georges Chedanne (1861-1940) 5. Xavier Schoellkopf (1869-1911) They had a more sophisticated style than Guimard, with their stine-built facades with organic detailing
Who were Guimards 'rivals' in Paris? And what was their style like?
Capitalists, engineers and entrepreneurs, all rich enough to be able to experiment with progressive political views And rich enough to indulge in the costly fantasies of Art Nouveau
Who were Horta's patrons?
They were glass-makers and furniture makers like 1. Emile Gallé (1846-1904) 2. Louis Majorelle (1859-1926) The architects were less successful. To name some of them: 3. Emile André (1871-1933) 4. Eugène Vallin (1856-1922) 5. Lucien Weissenburger (1860-1929)
Who were the leading figures in the so-called School of Nancy between 1894-1914? And what was their profession?