Arterial Review

The SMA arises approximately 1 cm below the origin of the...

Celiac Trunk

The vessels of patients with ___ may be incompressible because of arterial wall calcification, a condition that leads to falsely elevated pressures

Diabetes

The vein most commonly used in the lower extremity as a reversed vein bypass graft is the...​

Great Saphenous Vein

The point at which aliasing occurs is known as...​

Nyquist Limit

The largest branch of the celiac trunk is the...​

Splenic Artery

What does the Reynolds number describe?​

The point at which flow becomes turbulent

In a normal study, what should the ankle systolic pressure be?

The same as or greater than the highest brachial blood pressure

Following cessation of exercise in an individual with normal vascular function, how long does it take for lower extremity blood flow to return to resting values?

1-5 Minutes

The cuff for obtaining pressures in the fingers should be what size?​ A. 0.5-1 cm​ B. 3 cm​ C. 5 cm​ D. 2-2.5 cm​

2-2.5 cm

The most common anatomic variant of the aortic arch is a common origin of the innominate and left CCA, which occurs in ___% of people

22%

The presence of multiple renal arteries is the most common variant of the renal arteries, occurring in up to ___% of individuals

30%

The most common anatomic variant of the aortic arch is... A. An origin of the left vertebral from the aortic arch​ B. An origin of the right subclavian from the aortic arch​ C. A common origin of the innominate and left common carotid arteries​ D. An origin of the right common carotid from the aortic arch​

A common origin of the innominate and left common carotid arteries

A 57 year old male presented to the vascular lab for lower extremity arterial testing. Exercise testing was stopped due to symptoms of claudication. Post exercise ankle pressures measured slightly above resting ankle pressures. What is suspected in this patient?​ A. Occlusion or stenosis at a single level​ B. A nonvascular cause of leg pain​ C. Multilevel arterial disease​ D. Isolated iliac artery occlusion​

A nonvascular cause of leg pain

Which of these statements about bruits is not true?​ A. A bruit is a low frequency sound heard on auscultation​ B. A prominent bruit will be heard over an arterial occlusion​ C. The absence of a bruit cannot rule out disease​ D. A bruit persisting through diastole is usually associated with severe stenosis​

A prominent bruit will be heard over an arterial occlusion

The measurement that helps in differentiating between inflow and outflow disease by determining the time between the onset of systole and the initial systolic peak is the...​

Acceleration Time

This represents the time period between the onset of systole and the point of maximum peak velocity

Acceleration Time

What is the term for the outermost layer of the arterial wall?​

Adventitia (Externa)

Which of the following may be a source of emboli?​ A. Ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque​ B. Mural thrombus with an aneurysm​ C. Cardiac dysrhythmias​ D. All of the above​

All of the above

Which component of the reflected signals does power Doppler encode?​

Amplitude

What is the most common form of nonsurgical intervention for focal atherosclerotic disease in the lower extremity?​

Angioplasty

The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of which artery?​

Anterior Tibial Artery

Which bypass graft would most likely be seen in a patient with bilateral common iliac artery obstruction?​

Aortobifemoral

The ___ arteries arise at right angles from the interlobar arteries and course on top of the renal pyramids

Arcuate

What is the name of the tiny intrarenal branches that arise at right angles from the interlobar arteries and course above the renal pyramids?​

Arcuate Arteries

What does a volume plethysmographic waveform with a normal amplitude, a rounded peak, and an absent dicrotic notch most likely indicate? A. Normal arterial inflow B. Arterial disease proximal to the level of tracing C. Arterial disease distal to the level of tracing D. Arterial occlusion at the level of the tracing

Arterial disease proximal to the level of tracing

What is indicated by the presence of a bruit?​ A. Arterial occlusion directly beneath the point of auscultation​ B. The absence of arterial disease​ C. Arterial stenosis proximal to the point of auscultation​ D. Venous thrombosis​

Arterial stenosis proximal to the point of auscultation

A technique whereby atherosclerotic plaque is mechanically removed by cutting or pulverizing it and then extracted by suction or downstream embolization is termed...​

Atherectomy

After it crosses the lateral margin of the first rib the subclavian artery becomes known as the...​

Axillary Artery

The axillary artery becomes the ___ artery

Brachial Artery

A vibratory reaction in the tissue distal to a stenosis

Bruit

This is also known as thromboangitis obliterans, occurs in men younger than 40 years of age, and is strongly associated with heavy cigarette smoking

Buerger's Disease

Which disease involves the thrombosis of the small or medium-sized arteries of the extremities and occurs predominantly in male smokers?​ A. Allen's disease​ B. Buerger's disease​ C. Raynaud's disease​ D. Thoracic outlet disease​ ​

Buerger's Disease

The ___ is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta

Celiac Trunk

The common hepatic, splenic, and left gastric arteries are branches arising from which abdominal artery?​

Celiac Trunk

What symptom involves cramping muscle pain that is induced by exercise and relieved by rest?​

Claudication

At the inguinal ligament, the external iliac artery becomes what peripheral artery?​

Common Femoral Artery

A patient with a history of tibial artery surgical repair now presents with foot drop, muscle necrosis, and sever pain. What diagnosis is suspected?​ A. Compartment syndrome​ B. Pseudoaneurysm​ C. Raynaud's syndrome​ D. Arteriovenous fistula​

Compartment Syndrome

Following repair of injuries to the anterior tibial artery after a motor vehicle accident, your patient complains of weakness in the calf muscle, paresthesia, and pain on passive stretching of the calf muscle. What condition does this suggest?​ A. Cystic adventitial disease​ B. Compartment syndrome​ C. Paget-Schroetter syndrome​ D. Acute arterial occlusion​

Compartment Syndrome

One of the chief limitations of CW Doppler is... A. Polarity of the reflected signal frequency shift cannot be determined; direction of blood flow cannot be defined​ B. The two transducer system is inherently more expensive​ C. Depth information is not possible; precise location of flow pattern cannot be determined​ D. The sample volume is too small to interrogate deeper vessels​

Depth information is not possible; precise location of flow pattern cannot be determined

A disease in which segmental pressure studies may show falsely elevated Doppler pressures due to arterial wall calcification is...​ A. Diabetes mellitus​ B. Takayasu's arteritis​ C. Raynaud's syndrome​ D. Marfan syndrome​

Diabetes Mellitus

In measurements of segmental pressures, gradients of 20-30mmHg between corresponding segments of the legs indicate...​ A. Disease below the level in the leg with higher pressure​ B. Disease above the level in the leg with higher pressure​ C. Disease at or above the level in the left with lower pressure​ D. No significant disease​

Disease at or above the level in the leg with lower pressure

Hemorrhage within the layers of the arterial wall is known as... ​

Dissection

What is the best method for evaluation of a suspected popliteal aneurysm A. Pulse volume recording B. Duplex ultrasound C. Segmental pressures D. CW Doppler

Duplex Ultrasound

Which of the following correctly describes an advantage of PW Doppler over CW Doppler?​ ​ A. PW Doppler is more accurate in measuring high velocities​ B. PW Doppler does not exhibit aliasing​ C. Echoes can be received from a specific depth with PW Doppler​ D. PW Doppler is more accurate in measuring low velocities​

Echoes can be received from a more specific depth with PW Doppler

What is the most serious risk from femoropopliteal aneurysms?​

Embolization

Which of the following is a cause of blue toe syndrome?​ A. Venous thrombosis of the pedal veins​ B. Hyperemic flow from arteriovenous fistulas​ C. Congenital absence of the dorsaslis pedis artery​ D. Embolization from proximal arteries​

Embolization from the proximal arteries

This can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and is carried along in the bloodstream; most commonly arises from ulcerative atherosclerotic plaque, mural thrombus in an aneurysm, or the heart

Embolus

What is the term for a fragment of atherosclerotic debris that courses distal through the vasculature until it lodges in a small vessel?​

Embolus

Which procedure consists of the surgical removal of the atherosclerotic plaque from an artery?​ A. Atherectomy​ B. Angioplasty​ C. Thrombectomy​ D. Endarterectomy ​

Endarterectomy

Which of the vessel courses along the medial aspect of the psoas muscle?​

External Iliac Artery

What does a high pitched signal heard on audible Doppler analysis always indicate?​

High Frequency Shifts

Using the four cuff technique for segmental pressures, what is the relationship of normal high thigh pressures and brachial pressure?​ A. High thigh pressures are not compared to brachial pressure​ B. They are equal​ C. High thigh pressures are at least 30 mmHg less than brachial pressure​ D. High thigh pressures are at least 30 mmHg greater than brachial pressure​

High thigh presures are at least 30 mmHg greater than brachial pressure

Following exercise, what is a normal response for ankle pressures in comparison with resting values?​

Increase

The ___ feeds the left third of the transverse colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

The left colic artery, sigmoid branches, and the superior rectal artery are major branches of the...

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Segmental renal arteries give rise to the ___ arteries, which course alongside the renal pyramids

Interlobar

Within the renal cortex, the arcuate arteries give rise to the radially oriented ___ arteries

Interlobular

What is another name for the hypogastric artery?​

Internal Iliac Artery

Which of the following is a late complication of extremity bypass grafts?​ A. Intimal hyperplasia​ B. Pseudoaneurysm​ C. Arteriovenous fistula​ D. Hematoma​

Intimal Hyperplasia

Your patient has undergone a femoral to anterior tibial bypass graft. During routine postoperative surveillance of the graft, you detect retrograde flow in the native anterior tibial artery just proximal to the distal anastomosis. What is the most likely explanation for this finding? A. It is consistent with severe obstruction in the native outflow artery B. It is evident because blood moves from a higher pressure energy in the bypass graft to the lower pressure energy of the diseased native vessel C. It represents a steal phenomenon that may result in graft failure D. It is a normal finding because blood moves from the lower pressure of the bypass to the higher pressure of the diseased native vessel

It is evident because blood moves from a higher pressure energy in the bypass graft to the lower pressure energy of the diseased native vessel

Which of these statements about primary Raynaud's phenomenon is correct?​ A. It results from ischemia caused by distal arterial spasm​ B. It relates to vasodilation of a healthy vessel​ C. It can be the first manifestation of thromboangiitis obliterans​ D. It is often evident after an acute arterial occlusion​

It results from ischemia caused by distal arterial spasm

Individuals with ectopic or horseshoe kidneys commonly have this anatomic variant of the renal arteries

Multiple Renal Arteries

What is the most common variant of the renal arteries?​ A. Retroaortic renal artery​ B. Multiple renal arteries​ C. Anterocaval course of the right renal artery​ D. Congenical absence of one main renal artery​

Multiple Renal Arteries

An aneurysm resulting from infection is known as...​

Mycotic

Which term describes a pale skin color due to insufficient blood flow?​

Pallor

A type of plethysmography that detects cutaneous blood flow by sending infrared light into the tissue is termed... A. Photoplethysmography B. Air plethysmography C. Volume plethysmography D. Impedance plethysmography

Photoplethysmography

___ detects cutaneous blood flow by sending infrared light into the tissue with a light emitting diode

Photoplethysmography

The best way for a vascular technologist to palpate a pulse is to...​

Place their fingertips over the pulse site

Which syndrome results in the medial displacement of the vessel due to compression by fibrous bands or the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle?​ A. Thoracic outlet syndrome​ B. Compartment syndrome​ C. Adductor canal compression syndrome​ D. Popliteal entrapment syndrome​

Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome

A pulse palpated in the groove behind the medial malleolus of the ankle corresponds to which artery?​

Posterior Tibial Artery

What complication that may follow femoral artery catheterization involves a characteristic to-and-fro Doppler waveform seen within a tract leading to a perivascular hematoma?​

Pseudoaneurysm

This is calculated by dividing the peak to peak frequency by the mean frequency

Pulsatility Index

What quantitative index is calculated by dividing the peak to peak frequency difference by the mean frequency?​

Pulsatility Index

In which syndrome does recurrent digital vasospasm occur in response to cold exposure or emotional stress?​ A. Buerger's Syndrome​ B. Raynaud's Syndrome​ C. Takayasu's Syndrome​ D. Thoracic Outlet Syndrom​

Raynaud's Syndrome

What severe symptom of decreased blood perfusion is aggravated by elevation, is relieved by dependency, and often occurs when the patient goes to bed at night?​

Rest Pain

With which type of bypass graft will there be a size discrepancy between the graft and the native artery at both the proximal and distal anastomotic sites?​

Reversed Vein Graft

The main renal artery divides at the hilum of the kidney into ___ renal arteries

Segmental

You are performing a photoplethysmography on a patient with chronic ankle and calf edema. The PPG sensor is placed slightly proximal to the medial malleolus, and the patient dorsiflexes five times then relaxes, resulting in this tracing. What does it suggest?​ A. Within normal limits​ B. Not venous but arterial insufficiency​ C. Significant valvular incompetence​ D. Acute DVT​

Significant Valvular Incompetence

Which method of Doppler display exhibits a gray scale trace representing the entire range of reflected frequency shifts from the location of the sample volume?​ A. Spectral analysis​ B. Analog waveform​ C. Power Doppler​ D. Color flow​

Spectral Analysis

During performance of a postoperative study for a reversed saphenous bypass graft, which of the following potential complications should you consider? A. Stenosis at the proximal anastomosis B. Arteriovenous fistula C. Increased flow secondary to retained valve cap D. Pseudoaneurysm at mid graft level

Stenosis at the proximal anastomosis

The ___ artery continues as the axillary artery after if passes the lateral margin of the first rib

Subclavian Artery

Which vessel normally exhibits a triphasic waveform?​ A. Common carotid artery​ B. Subclavian artery​ C. Vertebral artery​ D. Internal carotid artery​

Subclavian Artery

Photoplethysmography was performed on your patient. Venous refilling time was 10 seconds without a tourniquet applied and 25 seconds with a tourniquet applied to the lower thigh. What is the diagnosis?​ A. Deep valvular insufficiency​ B. Superficial venous thrombosis​ C. Deep venous thrombosis​ D. Superficial valvular insufficiency​

Superficial Valvular Insufficiency

The ___ is the second major branch of the abdominal aorta

Superior Mesenteric Artery

The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, jejunal and ileal branches, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery are major branches of the...

Superior Mesenteric Artery

The renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta approximately 1cm distal to the...​

Superior Mesenteric Artery

What artery supplies the small intestine, right colon, and transverse colon?​

Superior Mesenteric Artery

How should the patient be positioned to obtain digital pressures of the toes?

Supine

What should the patient's position be when you are taking ankle pressures?​

Supine

This is a chronic inflammatory process that primarily affects the aorta and its major branches and occurs primarily in females; due to homogeneous segmental wall thickening, the "macaroni" sign is an indicator

Takayasu's Arteritis

Which of these conditions most commonly affects the subclavian, renal, and carotid arteries and the ascending aorta and predominantly affects females?​ A. Takayasu's arteritis​ B. Temporal arteritis​ C. Polyarteritis nodosa​ D. Kawasaki disease​

Takayasu's Arteritis

What is suggested by an acceleration time of less than 133 msec obtained in the femoral artery?​ A. Proximal iliac artery stenosis​ B. The absence of significant iliac artery disease​ C. Distal femoral artery occlusion​ D. Pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery​

The absence of significant iliac artery disease

The ABI is calculated by dividing the ankle pressure by...​

The highest of the two brachial pressures

Which of the following is always true of patients who suffer from intermittent claudication?​ A. Peripheral blood flow is reduced at rest​ B. There is pressure drop distal to the obstructed segment after exercise​ C. Marked peripheral vasoconstriction occurs in response to exercise​ D. There is always a pressure drop distal to the obstructed segment at rest​

There is always a pressure drop distal to the obstructed segment after exercise

What is the primary function of the vasa vasorum?​

To provide nourishment to the tunica adventitia

Percentage diameter and area reduction measurements are most accurate when obtained in which imaging plane?​

Transverse

In pulse-wave Doppler studies, loss of the spectral window characterizes which type of blood flow?​ A. Parabolic flow​ B. Turbulent flow​ C. Laminar flow​ D. All of the above​

Turbulent Flow

Which of the following is not a risk factor for development of atherosclerotic disease?​ A. Diabetes mellitus​ B. Male sex​ C. Underweight​ D. Hypertension​

Underweight

In the presence of arterial obstructive disease and distal ischemia...​ A. Vasoconstriction increases and distal resistance increases​ B. Vasodilatation increases and distal resistance decreases​ C. Vasoconstriction increases and distal resistance decreases​ D. Vasodilatation decreases and distal resistance decreases​

Vasodilatation increases an distal resistance decreases

On which axis on the spectral display is time displayed?​

X-Axis