ARTH 101 Exam 3
baroque
-17th century -general characteristics of ____ styles included the manipulation of space, light, mass, volume, and texture to express power -dynamic painting dominated the ___ era (manipulations of space, light, mass, volume, and texture to express power and optimism)
emperor constantine
-313 CE. Edit of Milan (Christians were no longer persecuted) -emperor accepts Christianity, which causes it to boom -you were baptized on death bed
synthetics
-AKA acrylics -a mixture of pigment and a plastic vehicle, which may be thinned with water
vehicles
-AKA mediums or binders -water, oil, wax, synthetics (plastics) -they support the surface upon which the paint is applied (AKA the ground)
early renaissance architecture
-Italian church architecture derived from romans and following eras -Brunelleschi was concerned w/ a clarity of design achieved through logical and mathematical organization of elements -new design gave a cool, serene atmosphere to ____ buildings -private homes were massive and fortress-like, interiors lavishly decorated but exteriors austere and forbidding -stone used for palace exteriors & was often heavily rusticated -roofs were ceramic tiles -15th century __ continued to gothic style in N. Europe
high renaissance painting italy
-Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo perfected the use of pyramidal compositions (ex: lines on Last Supper), massive monumental figures, harmonious color schemes, and simplified groupings of calm figures -themes of mythology, real landscapes, and real people became increasingly important -portraits projected psychological insight into personality of the sitter -venice developed unique style, placed more emphasis on color than sculptural forms -
early renaissance painting Italy
-Medici & other wealthy families commissioned numerous paintings to decorate churches, public buildings, & their homes -subjects mostly religious, but some portraits and pagan myth illustrations -one point & aerial perspective were scientifically developed -figure-triangle composition was introduced -directed lighting, careful shading (chiaroscuro) and proportional scaling of figures developed earlier in ___ than in the north -fresco was most important but egg tempera was also used on wooden panels and canvas
high renaissance sculpture
-Michelangelo was the country's most outstanding sculptor, moving from a ____ style, which inspired mannerism
byzantine overview
-___ art moved away from the naturalism and realism of classical Greece and rome and to a flattened, abstract style -wanted to portray complex religious doctrines and beliefs -____ icon: a specific kind of image, either a portrait of a scared person or portrayal of sacred event (commonly made out of wood panels but could be made out of ivory - a luxury, used in prayer for affluent citizens)
baroque painting holland
-___ was protestant and puritanical -religious paintings were not needed for church interiors bc they were intentionally austere -art was produced primarily for the middle class merchants who wanted to decorate their homes -portraiture, genre, still life, and landscape painting flourished -only Remembrandt produced religious works and then only by treating the religious subjects in terms of everyday life
mannerism painting italy
-____ artists reacted against the calm of the high renaissance -their disturbing style was achieved through clashing color, ambiguity of space, asymmetry, frantic action, contrived poses, and elongated figures
rococo
-a continuation in a lighter, more graceful, vein of tendencies already established in the baroque period -like baroque, it was dynamic, open, asymmetrical and somewhat sketchy -typically an art of the aristocracy and realistic appearance, the ___ differed from the baroque bc it was almost always decorative in effect -it was always more interested in pleasing the senses than educating
the relief process
-a process consisting of cutting or etching a printing surface in such a way that all that remains of the original surface is the design to be printed -wood cuts -wood engravings -linoleum or lino-cuts
flying buttresses
-a projecting support composed on an arched structure that slants from a separate pier, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports -important in gothic period of the middle ages -
roman basilica
-a roman courthouse -they were used for Christian practices later on -turned out to be perfect buildings for what Christians needed -St. Peter's ___ derived from the Roman basilica
serigraph
-a stencil-based printing process in which ink is forced through a fine screen onto the paper beneath -screen printing (AKA Silk Screen)
linear perspective
-a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon -was used along with aerial perspective in early renaissance, but imperfectly -disguised symbolism was introduced, halos were eliminated, and light sources were definite -fresco painting was unimportant and manuscript illuminations were only occasionally produced
tenebrism
-a unique form of shading which uses extremes of light and dark for dramatic effect -used by Caravaggio in Baroque painting
high renaissance painting Germany
-also England and the Netherlands -Italian high renaissance art significantly affected the styles of these countries -Durer and Hans Holbein were the most successful at combining the Italian and the northern traditions -engraving and woodcuts continued to be produced throughout Europe -Durer is best known printmaker
mannerism architecture italy
-appeared only in secular architecture -parodied renaissance ideals and used classical elements in unheard of ways for secular buildings
Romanesque sculpture
-architectural sculpture in southwestern France was the most innovative -____ (relief) was used to decorate the entry portals (tympanums) and interiors of churches -styles, forms, and subjects were derived from manuscript designs -metal ___ was significant in germany
gothic sculpture
-both freestanding and architectural sculptures were important -works were used to communicate church dogma and honor the nobility -French ___ went from stiff, to realistic, to courtly (refined) -german ___ developed new interest in realism & expressionism
early renaissance sculpture
-both relief and freestanding sculpture made great advances in the 15th c. Italy -portraits were extremely realistic w/ correct representation of skeletal structure -equestrian figures were popular -contrapposto reappeared for the first time since fall of rome (roman sculpture was important source of style/subject) -relief sculpture was extremely convincing through use of linear perspective and sculptor's aerial perspective -northern sculpture remained gothic
leon battista alberti
-built the Pallazzo Rucellai -well educated, wrote "On the Art of the Building" -extremely influential in Ren -inspired by the Colosseum (three levels, pilaster-flat column (first time on private structure)) -used rustification -stone benches for public
early Christian sculpture
-burial coffins (sarcophagi) were the most significant sculptural forms in this era -freestanding figure sculpture was rare (bc of pagan associations) -early works show signs of roman influence, but primary interest was in symbolic content, not visual appeal
classical baroque style
-characteristics include calm, serene compositions done in the manner of high renaissance -this style of French painting was sponsored by the king and his court -grand subjects like mythological or historical narratives were preferred, but portraiture, genre, & landscape were also popular -poussin is known for his very formal, classical approach to historical, mytholigcal, and religious subjects
high renaissance architecture france
-church construction continued in the gothic manner -palaces and chateaux were built in a new French Renaissance style which combined northern heritage w/ Italian elements
early Christian minor arts
-church furnishings, carved ivory panels, and church metal work were more important than sculpture
gothic architecture
-churches w/ modified basilican plans were important -elegant structures built w/ exoskeleton system of piers and flying buttresses -interiors displayed ribbed vaults & pointed arches -walls reduced in mass & had complex decorations -castles, fortresses, town houses & city halls were important too
donatello
-complete break with medieval traditions -studied the human body -used actual models in his studio -sculpture of david that looks like a girl
baroque painting france
-due to overpowering taste of Louis XIV, painting in general became less spirited in ___ -prior to 1650 artists painted for a variety of patrons -after mid-century, they served the king and decorated the royal palaces
early medieval architecture
-during period of migrations, little architecture was needed/existed -Carolingian period: development of basilican & central plan churches based on early Christian models (tho much larger scale) -Ottonian period: western facades (westwork) of the churches developed extensively `
printmaking structure
-each print is an original and is valued as original artwork -it is expected that each artist will have signed and numbered each print consecutively, in pencil -the edition is the actual group (number) of prints produced of the same image (can be three or can be 300) -edition number is typically written as a fraction 3/32 (3rd print from edition of 32 prints) -info is included at the bottom of the print with title of image and artist signature -when edition is complete artist often destroys or cancels the plate(s) to prevent further prints -also have Artist Proofs
early Christian architecture
-earliest church services were held in roman houses -after toleration began, the roman "basilica" was used/modified for congregational worship -a few central plan churches (Martyry) were used in the west, but mainly reserved for baptisteries & mausoleums -emphasis on low, horizontal structures w/ plain exteriors & elaborate interiors
byzantine architecture
-exclusively religious, preference for central plan church -emphasis on complex, mysterious interior spaces covered by domes and half domes w/ richly ornamented surfaces -invention of pendentive and squinch made it possible to construct round domes over rectangular -spaces -EX: Haga Sophia or San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy
byzantine painting
-fresco and mosaic cycles (stories) in formal, elegant styles were favored -majority were destroyed during Iconoclastic Controversy -panel paintings (icons) and manuscript illuminations were produced in big quantities -forms of __ emphasized "other wordly figures" with long slender proportions and little body delination under the drapery -symbolic content more important than naturalism
medici family
-great patrons of the arts -very wealthy family -employed artists, musicians, and scholars and allowed them to live w/ them -encouraged them to express their "genius"
rococo architecture
-had no particular meaning -it was mainly a style of ornament and interior decoration -there is a heavy reliance on painted ornamentation
baroque painting italy
-illusionistic ceiling paintings, mostly religious, were dynamic, expansive, & emotionally charged -intense colors, exaggerated poses/gestures, and diagonally arranged compositions were typical -Caravaggio's use of tenebrism influenced artists throughout Europe -renaissance values were perpetuated in important art academies (Bolognese Academy est. by Caracci family)
early medieval painting
-limited examples of wall painting exist, but only from later periods -major efforts of painting were directed towards the art of manuscript illumination -styles more abstract than the Mediterranean sources from which they were copied -emphasis on narrative content and expressive/symbolic use of color
gothic painting
-manuscript illumination was most important -panel painting began to develop -works produced in university and cathedral schools, and royal courts -religious & secular subjects coexisted and the nobility began to patronize the arts
Romanesque painting
-manuscript painting followed the formalized trends of the ottonian period -regional differences in use of line, color, and form developed -wall painting existed, but not as popular as manuscript illustrations
early medieval minor arts
-metal work was the most innovative during migration period -jewelry and religious objects were made of metal, then decorated w/ enamel and gems -stressed figure compositions and symbolism-based upon early Christian prototypes
byzantine minor arts
-mosaic was still the favored technique -carved ivory and metal book covers were most significant -reliquaries (shrines) and other church liturgical (worship) pieces were produces in precious metal and ivory
early Christian painting
-most important early painting was found in the catacombs, done in a sketchy style -after toleration began, fresco & mosaic depictions decorated church interiors -manuscript illumination in codex (paged volume) form, & some panel paintings expressed religious values -primary purpose was to educate or instruct, not entertain
byzantine sculpture
-numerous ivory panels were produced as church sponsored works and private commissions -private works display much stronger ties to Greek classicism than church sponsored works
Leonardo di vinci
-often considered the true "renaissance man" -was an artist, engineer, scientist, architect -often called the "cannon of proportions" -studied the relationship of human anatomy and geometry -human figure was the source of proportions for classical architecture
baroque sculpture
-only significant in Italy and France during the 17th century -major influence on style in both countries was Gianlorenzo Bernini -he influenced generations of carvers w/ his intensely powerful and emotional style
fresco
-painting mixed with water and applied to wet plaster -imaged transferred via a cartoon
encaustic
-pigment in a wax vehicle that has been heated to a liquid state
egg tempera
-pigments are mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with the white or whole egg) and thinned to a watery consistency with water -applied to a support coated w/ gesso (thin mixture of plaster & glue)
watercolor
-pigments mixed with a binder such as gum Arabic, thinned with water -opaque form = gouache
planographic
-printing from a flat surface, relies on the fact that water will not mix with oil -lithography
oil
-probably the most widely used medium for painting -traditionally the vehicle is __ and the support (ground) has been canvas -impasto = thick paint -two methods of painting w/ ___: 1) direct 2) indirect
early renaissance painting northern europe
-religious and secular subjects were made for the nobility and rising merchant class (wool and banking) -except for interest in portraiture, the subjects of Flemish painting were mostly religious -three-quarter view portraits developed first in Flanders -by midcentury, manuscript illumination was replaced by panel painting -oil painting on wooden panels was developed in flanders
baroque architecture italy
-religious architecture served the counter-reformation -complex forms w/ undulating rhythms and oval motifs were built on a grand scale -leading architects: Borromini and Guarini -St. Peter's finally completed after 120 years of construction
high renaissance architecture italy
-rome was the center of art in Italy, but building flourished in venice -Florence less important than in previous century -h_____ buildings became somewhat lighter & more graceful than 15th cen. works but had same basic principles -central plan churches (St. Peters) were ideal, but long plans were also built -influential architects: Bramante, Michelangelo, and Palladio -Italy & france = most innocative work
mannerism sculpture
-sculptors used mythology almost exclusively -works were commissioned by private patrons -many elements found in ____ paintings are also found in sculptor: elongated torso, small heads, unusual poses -sculpture also influenced French and Spanish artists
Romanesque architecture
-several regional styles: 1) design focused on making churches larger, w/ fireproof ceilings (barrel, groin, and rib vaults) 2) typically well-lighted interiors 3) well organized for interior traffic circulation (ambulatory) -churches followed modified basilican plan w/ massive blockish forms -clear geometric divisions (both interior and exterior) w/ lots of use of arch and barrel vaults
gothic minor arts
-stained glass for church interiors was most important -metal work, ivory carving, and tapestry weaving were also significant
baroque painting flanders
-tenebrism, rich brushwork, intense colors, and a wide range of subjects were typical of Ruben's work -studio methods of the renaissance were continued -assistants did the prep and preliminary work designed by the master who would add the finishing touches
high renaissance and mannerism
-the 16th century, often called Cinquecento (means the 1500s) -the two major styles of 16th century: ______ -h_____ ideals in art included order, unity, harmony of proportion, clarity, simplicity, balance, and symmetry -m_____ was essentially a reactionary movement to ideals of h____ -new interest in science, exploration, nature, man
the intaglio process
-the opposite of relief printmaking -the lines to be printed are the ones that are cut -engraving -etching -dry point -aquatint -mezzotint -collograph
baroque architecture france
-the palace of Versailles and the design of surrounding gardens exemplified the elegance of the French ___ design & power/wealth of French monarchy -secular buildings were dominant -style is called classical __ bc of the classicism of the renaissance (symmetry and clarity of volumes/masses, the use of classical orders, spherical domes) were combined w/ those of the ___ (grand scale, ostentatious materials, emphasis on expansive space & theatrical lighting)
printmaking overview
-the print is a hand produced image that has been transferred from a printing surface to a support (usually paper) -to be considered art, the artist has to personally prepare the printing surface (matrix) and has directed the printing process
painting
-the process of coating a surface with color, usually with a brush or palette knife -use pigments and a medium (vehicle or binder)
printmaking processes
-the relief process -the intaglio process -planographic -serigraph -monotype
printmaking history
-the technique began in northern Europe, as a means of reproducing books and gradually became an art form -earliest books were printed from individual blocks of wood, each page had to be carved separately -transition to individually carved letters (type) which could then be individually set (typesetting) to form words revolutionized this process & greatly increased the use -by 1450, metal type was being used (allowed for smaller and more permanent letters) -books continued to be embellished w/ illustrations (illuminations) drawn by artists (similar to early bibles) but quite often carved into blocks of wood (woodcut) by trained craftsmen
early medieval sculpture
-there are some small examples, but monumental relief ___ (religious) did not appear until end of Ottonian period (900-1024 CE) -similar linear effects between the sculptural reliefs & illuminated manuscripts
middle ages
-three periods: 1) early medieval period (migration period, Carolingian period, ottonian period) 2) Romanesque 3) Gothic
rococo painting
-to a large extent, French painting was a branch of interior decoration -color was very important, although it tended to be lighter and more subtle -typical subjects: idyllic scenes of aristocracy enjoying their life of leisure
Filippo brunelleschi
-traveled to rome and studied ancient structures -was selected to complete the Cathedral of Florence (a gothic cathedral) -the dome was uncompleted for over 100 years, rain/snow would fall in -inspired by the Pantheon -received the commission in 1420 -vs. Ghiberti in commission award (Ghiberti was more uncluttered, cast in one piece, etc.) and Ghiberti won
artists proofs (A.P.)
-trial runs of a print which an artist makes to determine if all factors (design, color, technique, etc.) are correct, prior to the actual production of the edition -if the artist feels that these are successful images, they will be included in the edition, but marked as _____
baroque painting spain
-two styles developed: 1) intense mysticism (El Greco) 2) detached realism (Velasquez) -tenebrism and illusionism were important to both
the renaissance
-two time periods: 1) the early renaissance (15th century) AKA Quattrocento (means the 1400s) 2) the high renaissance and mannerism (16th century) AKA Cinquecento (means the 1500s) -spread of the black plague, big jolt to Christianity, people who lived wanted to celebrate this life, not be worried about heaven
monotype
-usually created by applying ink (water or oil-based) to a non-porous surface like plexiglass -ink is removed from the surface with a rag, qtips or brushes -the plate is then run through a press with paper on top to create a print -monoprinting
early renaissance graphics
-woodblock printing has been used in Europe since the 12th century in the textile industry, but it was not until 14th century that woodcuts were used artistically -expanded manufacture of paper & invention of printing press nurtured the development of printmaking -woodcut developed early in the century and engraving developed later
rusticated
the edges of stones are beveled to emphasize the joints between them -found in early renaissance architecture
pigments
used in making colors come from many different sources: -clay -coal tar -vegetable matter -synthetic materials
